单纯外侧入路手术治疗肘关节恐怖三联征

目的探讨单纯外侧入路内固定治疗肘关节"恐怖三联征"的手术技巧及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2004-01—2016-12诊治的21例肘关节"恐怖三联征",均采用外侧入路手术,尺骨冠状突骨折及桡骨头骨折均用无头挤压螺钉内固定,撕裂的外侧副韧带用带线锚钉修复重建。结果 21例均获得随访,随访时间平均31.6(12~72)个月。骨折愈合时间10~16周,平均12周。末次随访时所有患者肘关节屈伸、旋转活动及内外翻应力时肘关节均保持稳定,屈伸活动范围均可达到15°~130°,旋转活动度平均140°。末次随访时肘关节功能MEPS评分平均89(75~100)分,其优8例,良11例,可2例。结论单纯外侧入路手术治疗肘关节"恐怖三联征"可取得满意的疗效,尺骨冠状突骨折、桡骨头骨折固定及修复外侧副韧带后,肘关节已经获得相对稳定,无需作内侧切口修复内侧副韧带。     

股骨颈骨折空间移位的三维重建研究

 目的 通过三维重建研究并测量移位型股骨颈骨折中股骨头的空间移位,探讨股骨颈骨折严重程度及判断预后。方法 收集80例移位型股骨颈骨折患者（Garden分型Ⅲ型40例、Ⅳ型40例）双侧股骨近端多层螺旋CT扫描的薄层原始数据（DICOM格式）,导入三维重建软件生成双侧股骨近端三维模型。在健侧股骨近端生成患侧的镜像模型并与健侧相配准,使患侧镜像模型在健侧处形成新的蒙罩,在蒙罩上进行关键点标记,通过三维测量技术来计算股骨头空间移位参数,并对数据进行整理和分析。结果 GardenⅢ型骨折股骨头小凹最深点位移为（23.70±10.00）mm,Ⅳ型（30.24±8.96） mm,两者比较差异有统计学意义;GardenⅢ型骨折中股骨头中心的位移为（14.36±5.61）mm,Ⅳ型为（18.77±5.45） mm,两者比较差异有统计学意义;GardenⅢ型骨折中股骨头空间偏转的角度为29.18°±15.74°,Ⅳ型为39.08°±17.08°,两者比较差异有统计学意义。移位型股骨颈骨折股骨头移位方向主要为后下方。结论 Garden分型对移位型骨折的认识存在一定局限性;三维重建及空间测量技术能更科学、准确地评价股骨颈骨折后股骨头移位的程度,为骨科医生评估骨折类型、严重程度及预后,制定更合理的手术方案提供更为宽广的临床思路。     

人工桡骨头置换在肘关节恐怖三联征中的应用

 目的 观察人工桡骨头置换治疗肘关节恐怖三联征的近期疗效。方法 2011年6月至2012年6月采用人工桡骨头置换治疗肘关节恐怖三联征6例,男4例,女2例;年龄23~50岁,平均39岁。新鲜肘关节骨折脱位5例,陈旧性骨折1例。桡骨头骨折MasonⅡ型2例,MasonⅢ型4例。对肘关节恐怖三联征进行切开复位,尺骨冠突骨折固定（螺钉固定1例、不可吸收缝线固定4例）、人工桡骨头置换、外侧韧带复合体修复及环状韧带修复或重建（修复环状韧带1例、掌长肌腱重建环状韧带2例）。术后第5至7天逐步开始肘关节功能锻炼。术后复查肘关节正侧位X线片,术后3个月复查肘关节三维CT,并采用Myao肘关节功能评分（Myao elbow performance score,MEPS）评价肘关节功能。结果 6例均获得随访,随访时间10~24个月,平均16.8个月。术后3个月肘关节MEPS评分85~95分,平均91.7分;优5例,良1例。肘关节活动度（采用标准中立位0度法测量）：屈82°~95°,平均87°;伸15°~32°,平均21°;旋前82°~90°,平均86°;旋后45°~80°,平均56°。随访期间未出现肘关节不稳、脱位或半脱位、创伤性关节炎及感染。1例因桡骨头假体位置欠佳使肱骨与桡骨头假体间隙变窄而影响肘关节屈曲活动度。2例出现未影响肘关节功能的Hahi 1级异位骨化。结论 采用人工桡骨头置换治疗伴有桡骨头粉碎性骨折的肘关节恐怖三联征能恢复肘关节稳定性,减少肘关节僵硬、脱位及半脱位等并发症的发生。     

严重僵硬型颈椎后凸畸形的手术入路选择

 目的 探讨严重僵硬型颈椎后凸畸形的影像学特征及不同类型的手术入路选择。方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2012年1月,治疗17例严重僵硬型颈椎后凸畸形患者完整资料,男8例,女9例;年龄21~72岁,平均49.7岁;炎症3例,退变3例,神经纤维瘤病3例,全椎板切除术后3例,特发性2例,陈旧性颈椎骨折2例,神经肌肉源性疾病1例;后凸累及节段（4.3±1.2）个。患者临床均表现为颈部疼痛,视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale, VAS）（7.6±1.5）分,颈椎后凸畸形进行性发展,其中合并脊髓病变4例、神经根痛2例、不能平视3例、吞咽困难1例。患者术前均摄颈椎过伸、过屈位及颈椎牵引位X线片,并通过矢状位CT重建片评价颈椎僵硬来源。继续颅骨牵引下,根据脊髓压迫情况、后凸累及节段及僵硬来源等因素分别采用前路、后路及前后路联合手术入路,术后根据颈椎后凸Cobb角恢复及Odom标准评价疗效。结果 术后17例患者均获得随访,随访时间2~5年。根据CT检查结果,17例患者中,僵硬来源于前方骨性强直7例、后方6例、前后方4例。采用前路手术4例,后路2例,前后路5例,后前路3例,前-后-前路1例,后-前-后路2例。术前Cobb角平均49.3°±14.6°,末次随访平均2.1°±6.8°,平均矫正角度47.2°;Odom 标准：优7例,良8例,可2例,优良率88.2%（15/17）。1例患者术后3个月出现近端交界区后凸,遂行翻修术;17例患者术后均获骨性融合,随访期内无一例发生后凸矫正角度显著丢失。结论 CT有利于判断颈椎后凸畸形的僵硬来源;手术入路的选择取决于脊髓是否受压、后凸累及节段的长短、颈椎后凸畸形的僵硬来源等因素;僵硬来源于颈椎前方骨性强直采用前路手术,来源于后方强直采用后路手术,来源于前后方强直需前后路联合手术。     

延期联合入路三钢板内固定治疗Pilon骨折合并腓骨骨折

目的：探讨采用踝关节前内侧入路联合后外侧入路延期内固定治疗Pilon骨折合并腓骨骨折的临床疗效。方法：自2016年12月至2018年12月采用踝关节前内侧入路联合后外侧入路三钢板复位固定治疗18例Pilon骨折合并腓骨骨折患者,男12例,女6例;年龄38~51（44.00±3.45）岁;根据Rüedi和Allgöwer分型,Ⅱ型9例,Ⅲ型9例。所有病例为闭合性骨折。术后7 d采用Burwell-Charnley标准对关节面骨折复位情况进行评价,比较术后9、12个月Mazur踝关节评分以评价术后踝关节功能改善情况。结果：18例患者均获随访,时间12~18（14.00±1.57）个月。术后7 d根据Burwell-Charnley标准对关节面骨折复位质量进行评定：优13例,良5例。所有骨折愈合,愈合时间9.5~15（12.00±1.43）个月。所有患者术后无感染、皮肤坏死、内固定松动断裂及骨折复位丢失等并发症。根据Mazur踝关节评分标准,术后12个月（92.11±5.28）分较术后9个月（89.33±5.20）分明显提高（t=7.976,P<0.001）。结论：延期踝关节前后联合入路三接骨板内固定治疗Pilon骨折合并腓骨骨折,术中操作便捷,复位满意,固定持续可靠,术后并发症少,踝关节功能恢复满意。     

前内侧入路结合外侧入路内固定治疗肘关节三联征

目的：探讨前内侧入路结合外侧入路治疗肘关节三联征的临床疗效。方法：2009年11月至2013年3月,采用前内侧入路结合外侧入路治疗肘关节三联征17例,男11例,女6例;年龄22~68岁,平均36.6岁;左侧10例,右侧7例。术中前内侧入路采用肘关节前内侧切口桡侧腕屈肌和掌长肌之间劈开指浅屈肌入路对冠状突骨折进行复位内固定,外侧入路采用肘关节外侧Kocher入路,沿肱骨外上髁在肱三头肌和肱桡肌间隙切开,向下在后侧的肘肌和尺侧腕伸肌间隙切开,显露外侧副韧带、关节囊和桡骨小头,采用微型钢板及螺钉固定桡骨小头,用带线锚钉修复外侧副韧带复合体。术后根据Mayo肘关节功能评分评价肘关节功能。结果：所有患者获得随访,时间13~24个月,平均12.4个月。所有患者术后末次随访时肘关节平均屈曲（134.0±8.8）°,平均伸直受限（6.4±2.3）°。末次随访时Mayo肘关节功能评分：疼痛42.4±5.9,屈伸活动17.6±2.6,关节稳定性9.7±1.2,日常生活功能22.1±2.5,总分91.8±7.9;优13例,良4例。术后2例出现一过性尺神经麻痹症状,异位骨化1例,无感染、骨折不愈合、肘关节不稳、脱位及僵硬等并发症发生。结论：前内侧入路结合外侧入路治疗肘关节三联征疗效可靠,术中能充分显露骨折部位,利于内固定植入,带线锚钉修复韧带可使关节获得充分稳定性,利于早期功能锻炼。     

肘部损伤"三联征"的手术治疗及入路选择

目的 探讨肘部损伤"三联征"(肘关节后脱位复合桡骨头骨折、尺骨冠状突骨折)的手术方法,分析各种手术入路的优缺点和适应证,以期优化肘部损伤"三联征"的治疗.方法 2003年6月至2008年8月共收治17例肘部损伤"三联征"患者,男11例,女6例;年龄22～48岁,平均34.5岁;受伤至手术时间3～7d,平均5.4 d.桡骨头骨折按照Mason分型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型5例;尺骨冠状突骨折按照ReganMorrey分型:Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型12例,Ⅲ型2例.采用外侧入路9例,外侧入路联合内侧入路2例,前侧入路6例.尺骨冠状突骨折行摘除1例,内固定16例;桡骨头骨折行内固定14例,单纯桡骨头切除1例,桡骨头置换2例.术后测量肘关节活动度,并对肘关节功能采用Mayo肘关节功能评分(MEPS)进行评估.结果 所有患者获得12～48个月(平均21个月)随访.所有切口均一期愈合,无骨不连、骨不愈合及前臂缺血性肌挛缩发生.出现迟发性尺神经麻痹1例,异位骨化2例.末次随访肘关节平均活动度:屈伸128.3°±6.8°,旋转74.6°±4.2°.MEPS评分:优6例,良8例,可2例,差1例,优良率82.4%.除1例桡骨头切除患者外,其余患者术后肘关节稳定性好,影响评分的主要因素为运动受限和日常生活功能部分丧失.结论 肘部损伤"三联征"为复杂类型的肘关节损伤,应根据骨折和损伤类型选择合适的手术入路.     

保留与不保留残端重建前十字韧带的前瞻性随机对照研究

 目的 评估保留与不保留残端对重建前十字韧带（anterior cruciate ligament,ACL）的意义及临床疗效。方法 2010年1月至2012年10月,收治93例残端存留的ACL损伤患者,前瞻性随机将其分为保留组（保留残端）和不保留组（切除残端）。保留组48例,男34例,女14例;平均年龄30.4岁;左侧25例,右侧23例;损伤至手术时间13.5 d;合并内侧半月板损伤7例,外侧半月板损伤16例,内侧副韧带损伤4例。不保留组45例,男33例,女12例;平均年龄28.8岁;左侧22例,右侧23例;损伤至手术时间14.9 d;合并内侧半月板损伤7例,外侧半月板损伤12例,内侧副韧带损伤2例。两组重建ACL移植物均为自体四股腘绳肌腱。术后两组患者分别行膝关节功能评估、稳定性评估、本体感觉功能测量和二次关节镜手术探查。结果 82例患者完成随访,其中保留组42例,随访时间（25.4±1.9）个月;不保留组40例,随访时间（25.2±1.7）个月。IKDC分级：保留组A级32例,B级9例,C级1例;不保留组A级30例,B级8例,C级2例。Lysholm评分：保留组（95.9±5.2）分,不保留组（95.4±1.7）分。Lachman试验：保留组,阴性38例,1度阳性4例;不保留组,阴性36例,1度阳性4例。轴移试验：保留组,阴性37例,1度阳性5例;不保留组,阴性34例,1度阳性6例。KT-1000测量侧-侧差值：保留组（1.1±1.2） mm,不保留组（1.2±0.9） mm。本体感觉测量关节位置觉侧-侧差值：保留组3.6°±1.8°,不保留组3.9°±2.2°。以上指标两组均无明显差异。二次手术探查移植物滑膜覆盖分型,保留组A型11例,B型6例,C型2例,D型2例;不保留组A型10例,B型5例,C型2例,D型2例。结论 保留较不保留残端并使用自体肌腱移植重建ACL对术后膝关节主观功能、稳定性、本体感觉和移植物滑膜覆盖无促进作用。     

选择性胫骨外髁U形截骨入路治疗胫骨外侧平台塌陷粉碎骨折

目的:探讨选择性胫骨外髁"U "形截骨入路治疗胫骨外侧平台塌陷粉碎骨折的方法和临床疗效。方法:自2014年1月至2019年10月,采用选择性胫骨外髁" U"形截骨入路对15例胫骨外侧平台塌陷粉碎骨折患者进行手术治疗,其中男9例,女6例;年龄25~70(38.5±7.7)岁。按照胫骨平台外侧髁骨折ABC分型,A型2例,B型6例,BC型4例,C型3例;合并内侧平台骨折5例;左膝8例,右膝7例。伤后至就诊时间1~14(3.4±1.2) d。所有患者CT提示胫骨外侧平台塌陷>2 mm,粉碎骨块>2块,胫骨外侧髁皮质完整。术后12个月采用Rasmussen骨折复位解剖学评分评价骨折复位情况,并采用Rasmussen功能评分评价膝关节功能。结果:15例患者选择性"U "形截骨一次成功,手术时间55~110(85.6±20.0) min,外侧平台手术时间20~60(30.5±10.5) min。所有患者获随访,时间12~24(14.6±2.5)个月。骨折愈合时间12~24(13.6±3.6)周。术后12个月膝关节Rasmussen骨折复位解剖学评分14~18(17.5±0.3)分,其中优13例,良2例。膝关节Rasmussen功能评分13~30(26.8±2.5)分;其中优12例,良1例,可2例。2例外侧平台高度分别丢失2 mm和4 mm,1例膝关节5°外翻畸形,1例关节僵硬(10°~100°)。未发生腓总神经损伤、腘血管损伤,术后无感染、内固定失效等严重并发症。结论:采用选择性胫骨外髁" U"形截骨入路治疗胫骨外侧平台塌陷粉碎性骨折,具有手术切口简单、骨折显露直接、复位固定准确、手术时间短,并发症少等优点,是一种有效、可靠的方法。     

全膝关节置换治疗血友病关节炎围手术期处理及短期疗效评价

 目的 探讨血友病关节炎全膝置换围手术期管理、凝血因子调控及早期临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2009年3月至2014年3月采用全膝关节置换治疗8例（10膝）血友病膝关节炎患者资料,均为男性患者,年龄31~47岁,平均（38.3±5.0）岁;术前活化部分凝血活酶时间为（63.9±4.0） s,凝血因子活性为2.6%±0.9%;膝关节均有屈曲畸形,伸膝-12.0°±5.9°,屈膝-88.0°±11.4°。其中3例（3膝）合并外翻畸形,外翻角平均-3.0°±5.4°;2例（4膝）合并内翻畸形,内翻角平均-4.5°±6.0°。8例患者中,甲型6例,乙型2例,分别补充冻干人凝血八因子和凝血酶原复合物后手术。骨缺损根据AORI分型方法,T1、T2型采用骨水泥充填,T3包容型采用同种异体骨打压植骨、螺钉支撑内固定修复,T3节段型通过自体骨结构性植骨,并加用胫骨延长杆修复。采用美国特种外科医院（hospital for special surgery, HSS）膝关节评分评价膝关节功能。结果 8例患者均获得随访,随访时间9~26个月,平均14.3个月。末次随访时伸膝0°,屈膝98.5°±6.7°;HSS评分由术前（42.3±10.9）分提高到术后（88.3±4.6）分;X线片示植骨存活,假体、螺钉均未见松动、断裂。结论 全膝关节置换治疗血友病关节炎短期疗效满意,术前的预输试验有助于确定凝血因子的补充剂量。     

Treatment strategy of terrible triad of the elbow: Experience in Shanghai 6th People's Hospital

Background

Terrible triad of the elbow can be a challenging injury to treat, with a history of well-known complications. The purpose of this study is to report the outcomes of a modification of the standard surgical protocol for the repair of terrible triad of the elbow injuries.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed terrible triad of the elbow injuries treated at our hospital using a modified surgical technique. Our surgical procedure includes fixation or replacement of the radial head and repair of the ruptured lateral collateral ligament (LCL) through a lateral approach. Simultaneous fixation of the coronoid process and repair of the common flexor muscle and medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury were performed through an anteromedial incision. Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) was determined for each patient at the final clinic visit. The Broberg and Morrey classification was used for evaluating traumatic arthritis.

Results

There were 21 patients (21 elbows) included in the analysis, and the mean follow-up period was 32 months (range, 24–48 months). At the last follow-up the mean flexion–extension arc of the elbow was 126° and the mean forearm rotation was 139°. The mean MEPS was 95 points (range, 85–100 points), with 19 excellent results and two good results. Concentric stability was restored in all cases. Two patients had heterotopic ossification, one patient had radial head nonunion, one patient had a superficial infection, and one patient had ulnar nerve neuropathy.

Conclusion

Our surgical strategy for terrible triad of the elbow has the advantage of providing both bony and soft-tissue stability simultaneously, thereby allowing active early motion as well as functional recovery of the elbow.     

Surgical reconstruction of comminuted coronoid fracture in terrible triad injury of the elbow

The terrible triad injury of the elbow is the combination of an elbow dislocation, a radial head fracture and a coronoid process fracture. In this study, we explored the outcome of a modified protocol for terrible triad injury of the elbow in a consecutive series of 14 patients, with a focus on reconstruction of comminuted coronoid fractures. Fourteen patients with terrible triad injuries of the elbow were retrospectively reviewed at a mean follow-up of 23?months (range, 15–30?months) and were clinically and radiographically evaluated. For comminuted coronoid fractures, autografting with resected radial head fragment or ilium fragment with cartilage surface and transosseous suture with non-absorbable suture were performed. Internal fixation of the radial head was performed in six cases and arthroplasty in five. The collateral ligaments were repaired. Mean flexion at last follow-up was 125°, ranging from 100° to 135°. Mean extension loss was 13°, ranging from 0° to 38°. Mean pronation was 70° and mean supination was 66°. No patient experienced dislocation of the radial head prosthesis. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) was 87 (range, 75–100), with six excellent cases and eight good cases. According to our intraoperative examination, no patient demonstrated unacceptable residual instability in extension following restoration of all of the osseous and ligamentous lesions. In conclusion, our protocol can achieve stable reconstruction of the coronoid process, which promotes the functional outcome of surgical treatment on terrible triad injuries of the elbow.     

单一外侧入路治疗肘部损伤"三联征"的修复技巧及疗效分析

目的 探讨采用单一肘关节外侧入路治疗肘部损伤"三联征"的手术扩大显露、修复技巧及临床疗效.方法 对2007年5月至2010年3月收治的6例肘部损伤"三联征"患者采用单一肘关节外侧入路,由深至浅依次修复下列结构:冠状突骨折、桡骨头骨折、外侧副韧带、伸肌总腱起点.并用自创的方法对冠状突骨折进行扩大显露,直视下复位与牢靠固定,对肘关节外侧结构的撕裂进行有效修复.本组患者均未做肘关节内侧副韧带的探查与修复.随访时采用Mayo肘关节功能评分(MEPS)对患者肘关节功能进行评价.结果 本组患者随访3～24个月,平均11个月.所有患者骨折均获骨性愈合,肘部屈伸活动度105°～135°,平均120.0°;前臂旋转活动度150°～170°,平均168.3°;MEPS评分93～95分,平均93.3分,均为优.所有患者均无伤口感染,伤口一期愈合.结论 单一肘关节外侧入路结合相应手术技巧的改进,解决了肘部损伤"三联征"中冠状突骨折复位与固定的疑难问题,对肘关节外侧结构的修复也更加简单、牢靠,是一种临床可行且疗效满意的手术方式.     

Surgical management of elbow dislocation associated with non-reparable fractures of the radial head

BackgroundThe “terrible triad” of the elbow is the combination of an elbow dislocation, radial head and a coronoid process fracture. Because of a combined sagittal, frontal and transverse instability, these injuries are notoriously difficult to treat. We report our results with a technique for reconstruction of “terrible triad” injuries with either no facture or a type I fracture of the coronoid process in addition to a non-reparable radial head fracture. The hypothesis of this study was that standard surgical treatment of this lesion using a “deep to superficial” stabilisation by a single lateral approach and radial head replacement enables early and reliable functional results.PatientsFrom June 2004 to January 2007, 13 patients with an average age of 40 years at the date of trauma (range 18–77) underwent reconstruction of a “terrible triad” injury of the elbow with the same technique. The mean follow-up was 25 months (range 15–48).ResultsEighty-four percent of the patients were very satisfied and satisfied. Average flexion was 131° (110–140). Average extension was ?11° (?30–0). Average pronation was 72° (40–80). Average supination was 70° (50–80). The grip strength averaged 75% of that of the non-injured side (50–105). All elbows were stable at review. Eight complications occurred.ConclusionOur results suggest that some terrible triad injuries can be successfully managed with deep to superficial stabilisation by lateral approach, consisting in three-dimensional stabilisation done by anterior capsular reinsertion with absorbable anchors, radial head replacement and lateral collateral ligament repair. This standard management provides enough stability to allow early active rehabilitation, preventing post-operative instability and stiffness. This procedure appears to be reliable and reproducible.     

肘关节“三联征”的诊治分析

目的:探讨肘关节"三联征"的诊疗要点及治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析2001年6月至2009年6月7例肘关节"三联征"的临床资料及随访结果。男6例,女1例;年龄20～68岁,平均36.5岁;均为新鲜骨折。全部病例住院后先行手法复位肘关节脱位,石膏固定,7～10d后手术治疗。均采用外侧切口入路,依次从深层至浅层修复冠状突骨折、前方关节囊、桡骨头骨折、外侧副韧带、伸肌总腱起点,冠状突骨折和桡骨头骨折复位后根据骨块大小采用不同方法固定。疗效按Mayo肘关节功能评分(Mayoelbowperformancescore,MEPS)评定。结果:本组平均随访16.3个月(5～36个月),骨折平均愈合时间4.5个月(3～6个月),异位骨化4例。肘关节活动度-20°～130°,平均106.5°;前臂旋转度70°～140°,平均121°。本组疗效优2例,良0例,一般4例,差1例。1例桡骨头切除,冠状突骨折复位后克氏针自后向前固定,术后拍X线片示冠状突骨折块发生分离移位,肘关节呈半脱位状态,随访时肘关节仍不稳定,关节功能差。结论:肘关节"三联征"应积极手术治疗,骨与软组织损伤并重处理,结合术后早期功能练习是获得良好疗效的关键。     

Risk Factors of Elbow Stiffness After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Terrible Triad of the Elbow Joint

ObjectiveTo analyze the risk factors of elbow stiffness following open reduction and internal fixation of the terrible triad of the elbow joint.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted of 100 patients with the terrible triad of the elbow joint, who had been treated at our hospital from January 2015 to December 2018. All patients were treated with a loop plate to repair the ulnar coronoid process. According to the severity of the injury, the radial head was either fixed or replaced, and the lateral collateral ligament was repaired with an anchor. According to the range of motion of the elbow during the last follow‐up, the patients were divided into two groups. The stiffness group (displayed extension–flexion or pronation–supination <100°) consisted of 30 patients. The second group, named the non‐stiffness group (exhibited extension–flexion and pronation–supination ≥100°), consisted of 70 patients. Related risk factors included age, gender, smoking, diabetes, whether the fracture is on the dominant side, mechanism of injury, fracture classification, time from injury to surgery, configuration of internal fixation of the radial head, postoperative immobilization time, and use of anti‐heterotopic ossification drugs (oral indomethacin). Both t‐test and chi squared test were used to analyze any significant differences. Only the variables with a P < 0.05 in the tests were retested into a logistic multiple regression in order to screen risk factors of elbow stiffness.ResultsAll patients were followed up for 12–48 months (average, 25.7 months), and all patients exhibited bone healing. Multivariate regression analysis showed that high‐energy injury (OR = 3.068, 95% CI 1.134–8.295, P = 0.027), time from injury to surgery > 1 week (OR = 2.714, 95% CI 1.029–7.159, P = 0.044), and postoperative immobilization time (OR = 3.237, 95% CI 1.176–8.908, P = 0.023) were independent risk factors of elbow stiffness after surgery for the terrible triad of the elbow.ConclusionHigh‐energy injury, the time from injury to surgery > 1 week, and postoperative joint immobilization time > 2 weeks are the independent risk factors of elbow stiffness after surgery of the terrible triad of the elbow, which should be treated carefully in clinical treatment.     

肘关节“恐怖三联征”的手术治疗及疗效分析

目的探讨手术治疗肘关节"恐怖三联征"的要点,分析影响临床疗效的因素。方法回顾性分析2010年6月~2013年1月收治的11例肘关节"恐怖三联征"患者的临床资料,均行手术治疗:肘外侧入路修复桡骨小头骨折和肘外侧副韧带,肘前内侧或肘内侧入路修复冠突、前侧关节囊及内侧副韧带,恢复肘关节同心圆稳定性。早期进行针对性康复训练。结果本组术中出血平均250(200~600)ml,手术时间平均2(1~2.5)h。本组11例均获随访,平均随访7.5(4~26)个月。肘关节活动度屈曲平均125°±30°,伸展25°±15°,前臂旋转120°±35°。无感染和皮肤坏死,无骨不愈合病例,4例发生骨化性肌炎。按Mayo肘关节功能评分:优4例,良5例,可2例。结论肘关节"恐怖三联征"手术治疗选择肘外侧入路联合肘前内侧或肘内侧入路可以获得良好的手术显露;骨支持结构特别是冠状突的解剖复位是手术成功关键因素,也是软组织得以良好修复的前提;早期合理的康复方案是保证手术疗效的重要环节。