心肌缺血性冠状动脉狭窄中CTA、CCA、MPI检查的临床价值研究

目的探讨心肌缺血性冠状动脉狭窄冠状动脉CT血管造影、传统冠状动脉造影、心肌灌注显像检查的临床价值。方法因冠心病或可疑冠心病而行CTA、CCA和MPI患者80例,3项检查均于1个月内完成并对结果进行分析。结果 MPI检出可逆性缺损（心肌缺血）患者14例;不可逆性缺损（心肌梗死）8例。CCA与CTA检出可逆性缺损的阴性预测值分别为12%,98%。结论冠脉CTA诊断致心肌缺血性冠状动脉病变有较高的NPV,中等的灵敏度和特异性,但阳性预测值却较低;MPI目前仍然是评价冠状动脉血流动力学相关性狭窄的必要手段。     

单分支主动脉覆膜支架修复伴锚定区不足的急性Stanford B型夹层：附8例报告

背景与目的 单分支型主动脉覆膜支架及其传输系统是近年国内研发的新型支架系统,适用于锚定区不足的主动脉夹层,是累及左锁骨下动脉（LSA）主动脉夹层的新选择。笔者通过总结使用该支架系统行胸主动脉覆膜支架腔内隔绝术（TEVAR）治疗锚定区不足的急性Stanford B型的病例,评估其近期效果与安全性。方法 回顾性收集2019年4月—2020年1月,在云南省阜外心血管病医院血管外科采用Castor^?一体化分支型主动脉覆膜支架行TEVAR的Stanford B型夹层伴锚定区不足的8例患者的临床资料。分析手术过程及围手术期并发症情况。结果 8例患者中,男7例（87.5%）,女1例（12.5%）;中位年龄42（33~64）岁;BMI（25.5±3.8）kg/m²。8例均成功植入支架,初始技术成功率100%,无围手术期死亡及神经系统并发症,无I型内漏。平均住院时间为（14.8±3.7）d。平均随访时间为223（60~370）d,所有主体、分支支架血管通畅、无相关I和III型内漏,无神经系统并发症,无左上肢缺血表现。结论 应用单分支覆膜支架行TEVAR治疗Stanford B型夹层伴锚定区不足是一种安全、有效的方法,中远期疗效有待随访。     

肠系膜动脉瘤破裂出血的诊治分析：附8例报告

背景与目的 肠系膜动脉瘤是一种罕见的疾病,大部分患者确诊时动脉瘤已出现破裂大出血,病情危重,治疗风险大。本文回顾性分析肠系膜动脉瘤破裂患者的病例特点,探讨该疾病诊断和治疗方式的选择。方法 回顾性分析于2016年1月—2020年12月在湖南省郴州市第一人民医院血管外科收治的8例肠系膜动脉瘤破裂出血患者的临床资料和随访情况。结果 8例患者行腹部CTA或腹部增强CT明确诊断为肠系膜动脉瘤破裂出血。患者均行急诊手术治疗,其中6例行腹腔动脉造影+栓塞术;1例因腔内治疗失败后选择行开放手术;1例首选开放手术。8例患者均抢救成功,3例患者腔内治疗术后出现腹痛腹胀,药物保守治疗好转;1例患者开放手术术后出现创伤性胰腺炎,予以药物治疗治愈。所有患者住院期间均无再出血、肠缺血、肠坏死等并发症与再次手术。8例患者均随访12个月,患者正常饮食后无腹痛腹胀不适,无再次出血;复查腹部增强CT或CTA提示动脉瘤栓塞良好,血肿明显吸收。结论 临床医生要提高对肠系膜动脉瘤破裂出血疾病的认识和警惕,及时做出正确诊断。手术治疗方案可分为开放手术和腔内治疗,均安全和有效,术前应根据患者病情、瘤体位置和形态决定具体手术方案。     

CTP与HR-MRI对颈动脉狭窄患者行颈动脉支架置入术疗效的评估及应用价值

背景与目的 颈动脉狭窄是导致脑卒中尤其是缺血性脑卒中的重要原因,早期发现及有效治疗是减少缺血性脑卒中发生的关键。颈动脉支架置入术（CAS）是治疗颈动脉狭窄的常用方法,但术中和术后可能发生各种并发症,以及发生再次狭窄或闭塞的风险,因此,通过有效的方法对其进行疗效评估具有重要的临床意义。本研究分析CT灌注成像（CTP）与高分辨磁共振成像（HR-MRI）对颈动脉狭窄患者CAS术后疗效的评估效能。方法 收集2017年2月—2020年2月期间44例颈动脉狭窄并接受CAS治疗的患者资料,所有入选患者于手术前、手术后2个月行CTP、HR-MRI以及DSA检查,比较患者手术前后CTP与HR-MRI参数的差异,以DSA检查结果作为金标准,比较两种方法诊断颈动脉残余狭窄的效能。结果 CTP结果显示,与术前比较,患者术后2个月大脑动脉相对脑血流量明显增多,相对通过时间、相对达峰时间明显减少（均P<0.05）,相对脑血容量无明显差异（P>0.05）;HR-MRI结果显示,与术前比较,患者术后2个月血管面积、管壁面积以及管腔面积无明显差异（均P>0.05）,斑块面积、斑块负荷明显减小（均P<0.05）。DSA检查出16支颈动脉存在狭窄,颈动脉狭窄改善率为80.00%,CTP检查出颈动脉存在狭窄12支,颈动脉狭窄改善率为85.00%,HR-MRI检查出颈动脉存在狭窄14支,颈动脉狭窄改善率为82.50%,两种检查方式对颈动脉残余狭窄的诊断效能相当（P>0.05）。结论 CTP、HR-MRI均可用于颈动脉狭窄患者CAS疗效评估,两种方法补充使用,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

高龄膝骨关节炎患者人工单髁关节置换疗效分析

目的:探讨75岁以上膝骨性关节炎患者行人工单髁关节置换术后临床疗效。方法：自2010年4月至2015年5月应用Oxford第3代人工单髁关节治疗膝内侧间室骨性关节炎患者42例,根据手术单双侧置换情况将患者分为双侧同期置换组和单侧置换组：同期置换组11例,男3例,女8例,年龄（79.18±3.06）岁;单侧置换组31例,男13例,女18例,年龄（78.16±3.48）岁。观察比较患者患膝假体生存现状、术前后血细胞比容变化、术中及术后的失血总量,比较患者术前后膝关节HSS（Hospital for Special Surgery knee-rating）评分。结果：两组术后围手术期并发症比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。42例患者获得随访,时间（5.7±2.3）年。1例既往高血压合病史患者术后第4个月发生脑血栓,1例患者在术后第4个月发生衬垫脱位,2例患者于术后3年因其他内科疾病死亡（1例心肌梗塞,1例肺癌）。双侧同期置换组术后失血总量高于单侧置换组（P<0.05）;4例行双侧同期置换患者术后分别输血2 U。两组术后9个月HSS评分除稳定性评分其他各项评分和总分均高于术前（P<0.05）。结论：内侧单间室退变的75岁以上老年骨性关节炎患者选择人工单髁关节置换术是可行的手术治疗方法。对于双膝病变75岁以上老年患者,双侧同期人工单髁关节置换术同单侧单髁关节置换手术相比,创伤大,会增加围手术期并发症发生率,影响术后快速康复,增加失血量。虽然远期疗效同单侧单髁关节置换手术相当,但为保证手术安全性,仍建议分期手术。     

老年患者胃肠肿瘤根治手术术前衰弱与术后并发症的相关性

目的 探讨老年患者胃肠肿瘤根治手术术前衰弱与术后并发症的相关性。
方法 回顾性分析2018年9月至2021年1月择期全麻下行胃肠肿瘤根治手术的老年患者567例,男416例,女151例,年龄≥65岁,ASA Ⅰ—Ⅴ级。收集患者临床资料及相关临床指标等围术期资料,采用改良衰弱指数（mFI）评估患者术前衰弱状态。根据术后30 d是否发生并发症将患者分为三组：无并发症组,一般并发症组和严重并发症组。收集并记录年龄、ASA分级等围术期相关临床资料。采用Logistic回归分析术后并发症的危险因素。
结果 术后30 d内共有276例（48.7%）患者发生一般并发症,51例（9.0%）患者发生严重并发症。单因素分析显示,与无并发症组比较,一般并发症组和严重并发症组年龄明显增大,ASA Ⅲ或Ⅳ级比例、衰弱比例明显升高（P＜0.05）。Logistic回归分析结果显示术前衰弱是术后30 d内严重并发症的独立危险因素（OR=3.545,95%CI 1.294～9.711,P=0.014）。
结论 术前衰弱是老年患者胃肠肿瘤根治手术术后30 d内发生严重并发症的独立危险因素。     

老年股骨颈骨折合并尿毒症患者行人工股骨头置换术的治疗体会

目的:探讨老年股骨颈骨折合并尿毒症患者行人工股骨头置换术的治疗方法及疗效。方法：2016年1月至2020年12月收治21例老年股骨颈骨折合并尿毒症患者行人工股骨头置换手术治疗,男3例,女18例;年龄65~83（77.2±1.9）岁。所有骨折患者合并尿毒症且需长期维持血液透析;患者透析龄2~11（6.3±1.6）年,血透次数2~3次/周。患者受伤至入院手术时间3~7（4.0±2.1） d。术前积极纠正患者的贫血及低蛋白血症,通过血液透析调整患者的血钾及血肌酐指标。结果：所有患者切口Ⅰ期愈合,无伤口感染、假体松动、脱位及深静脉血栓并发症发生。所有患者术后及时恢复日常血液透析维持血肌酐及血钾水平稳定。21例患者术后随访5~23（16.8±2.6）个月。Harris 评分由术前（24.8±2.5）分转为术后（87.2±3.1）分。结论：老年股骨颈骨折合并尿毒症患者行人工股骨头置换手术,只要围手术期处理得当,配合术后积极康复治疗,可以获得很好的临床疗效。     

半髋置换治疗高龄股骨颈骨折的快速康复疗效

目的：高龄股骨颈骨折患者应用快速康复理念进行半髋关节置换手术治疗,分析并评价其早期临床疗效。方法：2015年1月至2016年12月收治股骨颈骨折患者466例,进行回顾性分析,其中高龄患者154例,年龄80~96（83.9±3.2）岁,女127例,男27例,GardenⅢ型68例,GardenⅣ型86例,应用快速康复理念优化围手术治疗策略,进行半髋关节置换手术治疗。记录手术等待时间、手术时间、术后输血率、住院时间、并发症及术后髋关节功能等,统计并分析评价其临床疗效。结果：154例患者中,12例失访,随访率为92.2%,平均随访时间24.6个月（14~38个月）,32例（20.8%）在入院48 h内完成手术,67例（43.5%）在入院72 h内完成手术,76例（49.4%）术后48 h内出院,术后输血率15.9%。1例因假体脱位再次入院,再入院率为0.6%,其余患者无因浅表或深部感染、假体周围骨折再次入院。末次随访患者Harris髋关节评分90.2±7.1,优106例,良23例,可9例。结论：应用快速康复理念半髋关节置换治疗高龄股骨颈骨折患者,可有效缩短住院时间,减轻患者痛苦,降低输血率,降低术后并发症率,同时不增加患者的再入院率,能取得良好的临床疗效。     

Bryan颈椎人工椎间盘置换术后再手术原因及疗效分析

目的 探讨Bryan颈椎人工椎间盘置换术（CTDR）后再手术原因及疗效。方法 选择2003年12月—2008年12月在北京大学第三医院行Bryan CTDR且随访期内接受再手术治疗的6例患者为研究组，采用巢式病例对照研究法，选取30例年龄及性别相匹配、在同一时间段接受Bryan CTDR且随访期内未再行颈椎手术治疗的患者作为对照组。比较2组患者初次术前影像学特征，评估研究组的再手术治疗效果。结果 研究组初次术前颈椎X线片退行性变评分高于对照组，发育性椎管狭窄发生率高于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。研究组再手术治疗后，改良日本骨科学会（mJOA）评分较再手术前改善，差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）；颈椎功能障碍指数（NDI）及疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分较术前虽有改善，但差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 接受Bryan CTDR治疗的患者，如果术前颈椎退行性变程度较重，合并发育性颈椎椎管狭窄，则术后因复发性颈椎病而接受再手术治疗的风险较高。针对复发原因采取恰当的术式治疗能够显著改善患者神经功能障碍。     

主动脉腔内修复术治疗腹主动脉瘤或夹层合并腹部恶性肿瘤

目的 观察主动脉腔内修复术（EVAR）治疗腹主动脉瘤（AAA）或腹主动脉夹层（AAD）合并腹部恶性肿瘤的价值。方法 回顾性分析17例接受EVAR治疗的AAA（n=14）/AAD（n=3）合并腹部恶性肿瘤患者,其中12例于EVAR后接受腹腔镜肿瘤切除术、1例接受开腹肿瘤切除术,4例因心肺功能欠佳仅接受药物治疗;观察EVAR治疗效果。结果 EVAR成功率为100%,术中无严重不良反应及并发症;术后1个月CTA显示支架位置良好、通畅。术后随访1~28个月,期间均未见明显并发症,亦未见AAA/AAD相关死亡病例。结论 EVAR治疗AAA/AAD合并腹部恶性肿瘤效果较佳。     

Preoperative assessment of myocardial ischemia in thoracic surgery for lung cancer

BACKGROUND: Morbidity of myocardial ischemia in the thoracic surgery for lung cancer has been reported in the literatures, although, the risk of myocardial ischemia is not well identified preoperatively. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of severe coronary stenosis in the thoracic surgery for lung cancer. METHODS: From January 2004 to December 2006, data were collected concerning 175 consecutive patients underwent lung resection for lung cancer. Prior to the surgery, we performed coronary angiography on the patients with either ischemic change in the exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) testing or comorbid conditions (current or previous smoking, hypertention, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia or history of chest pain). RESULTS: Fifty-eight (33%) patients underwent coronary angiography. Coronary stenosis was detected in 19 patients (10.9%), including 6 patients (3.4%) with severe stenosis. These 6 patients received percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting prior to the lung resection, which resulted in no incidence of perioperative myocardial ischemia. Three of 6 patients with severe stenosis were negative for ischemic changes in exercise ECG testing. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of severe coronary stenosis is 3.4%, which is supposed to indicate the risk of perioperative myocardial ischemia in the thoracic surgery for lung cancer.     

Perioperative myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing elective hip arthroplasty during lumbar regional anesthesia.

Perioperative myocardial ischemia predicts unfavorable outcomes and occurs in as many as 41% of patients with coronary artery disease or cardiac risk factors undergoing noncardiac surgery. To determine the prevalence of myocardial ischemia, we studied 52 consecutive unselected patients undergoing elective hip arthroplasty during lumbar regional anesthesia. Patients were continuously monitored for 6 days using a three-channel Holter monitor. Ninety-nine episodes of myocardial ischemia occurred in 16 patients (31%), six of whom were considered preoperatively to be at low risk for coronary artery disease. Forty-four percent of the ischemic episodes were preceded or accompanied by a heart rate greater than or equal to 100/min and 56% by a heart rate greater than or equal to 90 beats/min. Ninety-six percent of the ischemic episodes were clinically silent, and 82% were not related to patient care events. Thirteen episodes of myocardial ischemia occurred preoperatively, 1 intraoperatively, and 85 postoperatively. The incidence of postoperative ischemic episodes showed a circadian variation: 44% occurred between 6 AM and noon, 33% between noon and 6 PM, 17% between 6 PM and midnight, and 6% between midnight and 6 AM. Six adverse cardiac events occurred during hospitalization (three of the six among patients with perioperative ischemia) and an additional four events during a follow-up period of 12 months (all four events occurred among patients with perioperative ischemia). Patients with perioperative myocardial ischemia had a relative risk of 2.6 (95% confidence interval 1.3-5.2) to develop an adverse cardiac event postoperatively.     

Postoperative myocardial ischemia in thoracic aortic aneurysms

BACKGROUND: To determine the incidence and predictors of postoperative myocardial ischemia in non-coronary risk patients undergoing surgery for thoracic aortic aneurysms. METHODS: DESIGN: a prospective, observational study. SETTING: a general intensive care unit in a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: twenty patients without ischemic heart disease, scheduled for elective surgical repair of thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. INTERVENTIONS: all patients underwent aortic replacement with prosthetic graft and routine postoperative care. Patients who developed myocardial ischemia received an infusion of coronary vasodilators. RESULTS: ECG episodes of myocardial ischemia were defined as reversible ST-segment changes of either >1 mm of depression or >2 mm of elevation at the J point. All patients survived operation. Eleven patients (ischemia group) developed myocardial ischemia, and 9 patients did not (non-ischemia group). These episodes were transient in 8 cases, but lasted longer than 3 days in 3 cases. In univariate analysis of perioperative factors between the two groups, the use of total cardiopulmonary bypass (p<0.01), the cardiac index at ICU admission (p<0.05), and the incidence of pre-existent hypertension (p<0.05) were significantly different. Multiple regression analysis identified the use of total cardiopulmonary bypass as the only predictor of myocardial ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: The use of total cardiopulmonary bypass is predictive of perioperative myocardial ischemia in surgery for thoracic aortic aneurysms, probably due to the production of proinflammatory cytokines by systemic ischemia and reperfusion. Prophylactic use of coronary vasodilators may be validated in these cases.     

Preoperative evaluation of cardiac risk using dobutamine-thallium imaging in vascular surgery

Coronary artery disease is frequently present in patients undergoing evaluation for reconstructive peripheral vascular surgery. Dobutamine-thallium imaging has been shown to be a reliable and sensitive noninvasive method for the detection of significant coronary artery disease. Eighty-seven candidates for vascular reconstruction underwent dobutamine-thallium imaging. Forty-eight patients had an abnormal dobutamine-thallium scan. Twenty-two patients had infarct only, while 26 had reversible ischemia demonstrated on dobutamine-thallium imaging. Fourteen of 26 patients with reversible ischemia underwent cardiac catheterization and 11 showed significant coronary artery disease. Seven patients underwent preoperative coronary artery bypass grafting or angioplasty. There were no postoperative myocardial events in this group. Three patients were denied surgery on the basis of unreconstructible coronary artery disease, and one patient refused further intervention. Ten patients with reversible myocardial ischemia on dobutamine-thallium imaging underwent vascular surgical reconstruction without coronary revascularization and suffered a 40% incidence of postoperative myocardial ischemic events. Five patients were denied surgery because of presumed significant coronary artery disease on the basis of the dobutamine-thallium imaging and clinical evaluation alone. Thirty-nine patients with normal dobutamine-thallium scans underwent vascular reconstructive surgery with a 5% incidence of postoperative myocardial ischemia. Dobutamine-thallium imaging is a sensitive and reliable screening method which identifies those patients with coronary artery disease who are at high risk for perioperative myocardial ischemia following peripheral vascular surgery. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Peripheral Vascular Surgery Society, New York, New York, June 17, 1989.     

Preoperative management of the patient with coronary artery disease before abdominal aortic surgery

Coronary artery disease accounts for more than half of the morbidity and mortality associated with abdominal aortic surgery. To improve the results of vascular surgery, the risk of perioperative cardiac ischemia should be evaluated in each patient. Routine coronary angiography demonstrated severe correctable coronary artery disease in 14% of patients who had no history or electrocardiographic evidence of coronary artery disease. Exercise testing before abdominal aortic aneurysm repair will identify patients at high risk of cardiac ischemia. Dipyridamole-thallium imaging will identify high-risk patients before surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease. Some patients with symptomatic coronary disease who are at extremely high risk should undergo preoperative coronary revascularization. Others should have their vascular surgery deferred, because their cardiac risk may exceed the anticipated benefit of the vascular surgery. Patients at moderate risk may need more intensive intraoperative monitoring. Patients without evidence of cardiac ischemia with stress may undergo vascular surgery with a low risk of perioperative cardiac ischemia. Finally, patients who have evidence of ischemic heart disease should be considered for coronary revascularization following successful vascular repair in order to prolong their survival.     

Different characteristics of postoperative heart failure after surgery for aortic stenosis and coronary disease

Objective—Postoperative heart failure (PHF) remains a major determinant of outcome after cardiac surgery. However, possible differences in characteristics of PHF after valve surgery and coronary surgery (CABG) have received little attention. Therefore, this issue was studied in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR) and CABG, respectively.

Design—Three hundred and ninety‐eight patients undergoing isolated AVR for aortic stenosis were compared with 398 patients, matched for age and sex, undergoing on‐pump isolated CABG. Forty‐five AVR and 47 CABG patients required treatment for PHF and these were studied in detail.

Results—The AVR group had longer aortic cross‐clamp time and higher rate of isolated right ventricular heart failure postoperatively. Myocardial ischemia during induction and perioperative myocardial infarction were more common in the CABG group. One‐year mortality was 8.9% in the AVR group vs 25.5% in the CABG group (p?=?0.05).

Conclusions—The incidence of PHF was similar in both groups but different characteristics were found. Isolated right ventricular failure and PHF precipitated by septicemia were more common in AVR patients. PHF was more clearly associated with myocardial ischemia and infarction in CABG patients, which could explain their less favorable survival.     

中高血栓风险患者李金斯坦手术围术期不停用抗血栓药物的安全性分析

背景与目的 术前长期服用抗血栓药物的患者,围术期如继续服药会增加手术出血风险,而停药则增加血栓栓塞事件发生的风险。对于腹股沟疝手术而言,围术期抗血栓药物的管理尚无共识或高质量临床研究。因此,本研究通过观察长期口服抗血栓药物的腹股沟疝患者围术期不停药行李金斯坦手术的安全性,初步探讨该类患者围术期抗血栓药物的管理策略。方法 采用前瞻性队列研究方法,连续纳入2018年11月—2022年2月间中南大学湘雅医院疝和腹壁外科中心收治的18例因中高血栓风险而长期口服抗血栓药物的腹股沟疝患者,围术期均不停用抗血栓药物,采取神经阻滞联合喉罩全身麻醉行李金斯坦手术。对患者术中及术后出血情况、术后第１天视觉模拟疼痛评分（VAS）、术后主要心脏不良事件（MACEs）、脑血管并发症、切口不良事件、疝复发和病死率进行观察与随访。结果 18例腹股沟疝患者均为男性,其中4例曾行心脏瓣膜置换手术、1例合并房颤、9例曾行冠状动脉支架植入术、1例曾行冠状动脉搭桥术、3例既往发作心肌梗死,均为中高血栓风险患者。其中,长期口服华法林患者5例,长期口服抗血小板药物13例,包括服用阿司匹林8例、服用氯吡格雷3例、服用阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷/吲哚布芬2例。18例患者的平均住院时间（9.61±2.59）d,术中平均失血量为（3.77±2.53）mL,手术平均时长为（70.13±13.44）min。术后1例患者出现伤口明显瘀青,1例患者出现伤口少许瘀青,16例患者伤口无明显出血。无1例需输血或发生需外科处理的出血事件。术后第1天中位VAS评分为1.72分。围术期无MACEs和脑血管并发症发生。所有患者均在术后1~5 d痊愈出院,出院后中位随访19.34个月,随访率为100%。随访期间无伤口不良事件、疝复发、MACEs、脑血管并发症及死亡发生。结论 对于具有中高血栓风险的腹股沟疝患者,在全方位的围术期管理前提下,围术期不停用抗血栓药物行李金斯坦手术这一策略是安全可行的,推荐作为选择。     

Prophylactic Atenolol Reduces Postoperative Myocardial Ischemia

Background: Perioperative myocardial ischemia occurs in 20-40% of patients at risk for cardiac complications and is associated with a ninefold increase in risk for perioperative cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or unstable angina, and a twofold long-term risk. Perioperative atenolol administration reduces the risk of death for as long as 2 yr after surgery. This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial tested the hypothesis that perioperative atenolol administration reduces the incidence and severity of perioperative myocardial ischemia, potentially explaining the observed reduction in the risk for death.

Methods: Two-hundred patients with, or at risk for, coronary artery disease were randomized to two study groups (atenolol and placebo). Monitoring included a preoperative history and physical examination and daily assessment of any adverse events. Twelve-lead electrocardiography (ECG), three-lead Holter ECG, and creatinine phosphokinase with myocardial banding (CPK with MB) data were collected 24 h before until 7 days after surgery. Atenolol (0, 5, or 10 mg) or placebo was administered intravenously before induction of anesthesia and every 12 h after operation until the patient could take oral medications. Atenolol (0, 50, or 100 mg) was administered orally once a day as specified by blood pressure and heart rate.

Results: During the postoperative period, the incidence of myocardial ischemia was significantly reduced in the atenolol group: days 0-2 (atenolol, 17 of 99 patients; placebo, 34 of 101 patients; P = 0.008) and days 0-7 (atenolol, 24 of 99 patients; placebo, 39 of 101 patients; P = 0.029). Patients with episodes of myocardial ischemia were more likely to die in the next 2 yr (P = 0.025).     

Cardiac risk stratification of patients with symptomatic spinal stenosis

The leading cause of death in the perioperative period after noncardiac surgery is a cardiac event. As the number of lumbar surgeries performed in patients older than 65 years of age continues to increase, this patient population with neurogenic claudications is an at risk group for a cardiac event because of their age and associated cardiac risk factors. The authors attempted to document by means of cardiac chemical stress testing, the prevalence of silent ischemic cardiac disease in patients with neurogenic claudication who were candidates for elective lumbar surgery. Eleven of 140 patients (8%) had induced cardiac wall abnormalities on stress testing, indicating myocardial ischemia. The only risk factors associated with cardiac ischemia were smoking and history of heart disease. It is recommended that dobutamine stress echocardiography be performed in patients undergoing elective spinal surgery for symptomatic spinal stenosis if they have a history of previous heart disease, smoking, or both.     

Perioperative Myokardschäden bei nichtkardiochirurgischen Patienten

Perioperative myocardial damage occurs with a high incidence depending on the operative procedure and the patients examined and is considered to be among the most relevant risk factors for increased perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. The pathophysiology of myocardial damage in the perioperative period is still not well understood. Both ischemia with and without acute coronary occlusion and non-ischemic stimuli can put a substantial strain on the heart in the perioperative period. However, in many cases the clinical presentation does not allow a clear differentiation between ischemic and non-ischemic myocardial damage. In the majority of cases perioperative myocardial infarctions occur with only mild or even without any clinical symptoms. This is probably due to a considerable difference in phenotype and pathophysiology between perioperative and non-perioperative myocardial infarctions. As a result of this unexplained etiology of perioperative myocardial infarction it remains an open question whether the contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations for the acute coronary syndrome can be extrapolated to the perioperative situation. The present review reflects the current state of knowledge and presents an optional approach to the diagnosis and therapy of perioperative myocardial injury.