肢带型线粒体肌病一个家系的临床和病理特点研究

目的研究肢带型线粒体肌病一个家系中患者的临床和骨骼肌病理特点。方法对一组以进行性肌肉无力为主要特点的家系中的3名患者进行临床资料收集及肌肉活检病理分析,对家系成员行线粒体基因检测。结果该家系患者发病年龄为30~47岁,主要表现为躯干肌及四肢近端肌无力和运动耐力下降,晚期出现呼吸肌受累。血肌酸激酶水平轻度升高,血乳酸升高,电生理检查结果示肌源性损害。骨骼肌病理检查显示3名患者均存在典型的破碎红纤维(RRF),且患者病程越长(分别为2年、4年和14年),肌无力严重程度越重,RRF数量越多(分别为5%、10%和30%)。细胞色素c氧化酶(COX)染色中RRF以深染为主,也可见阴性的RRF。琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)染色均未发现琥珀酸脱氢酶高反应性血管(SSVs)。基因检测发现该家系存在mt DNA A3243G突变。结论肢带型线粒体肌病患者选择性累及躯干和四肢近端肌群,骨骼肌中的RRF数量与患者病情进展程度呈正相关。     

线粒体肌病和线粒体脑肌病组织化学及电镜的研究

本文报告了2例线粒体肌病、3例线粒体脑肌病(MALES1例、MER-RF2例)。所有病例的速冻连续切片的GT染色均见有RRF。在HE—NADH—TR、ATP酶、PAS、、磷酸化酶及SND染色中均见有RRF样增强纤维。细胞色素C氧化酶染色中有2例的切片出现阴性染色肌纤维、考虑为复合体Ⅳ活性低下,余3例染色正常。电镜下观察到除有大量形态异常的线粒体外,并在这些线粒体内见有结晶状、板层状及同心圆样的包涵体。     

8例肢带型线粒体肌病患者的临床、病理特点和线粒体基因突变分析

目的分析肢带型线粒体肌病患者的临床、病理特点及线粒体基因突变情况。方法回顾分析8例肢带型线粒体肌病患者的临床特征及肌肉病理改变,并进行线粒体DNA(mtDNA)突变分析。结果 8例患者发病年龄为5～30岁,病程2～36年,主要表现为四肢近端肌无力和运动耐力下降,仅1例有双下肢肌痛。血肌酸激酶水平呈轻中度升高。电生理检查结果最示骨骼肌呈肌源性或神经源性损害。骨骼肌病理检查结果显示所有患者存在破碎红纤维(RRF),细胞色素C氧化酶染色可见深染的RRF,也可见阴性的RRF。4例患者存在tRNAleu~(UUR)A3243G突变,1例为tRNAlys A8344G突变,1例同时存在tRNAleu~(UUR)A3276G和ATP酶6编码基因G9196A(D224N)突变,1例为细胞色素b编码基因G15221A(D159N)突变,1例则为细胞色素C氧化酶亚单位Ⅲ的编码基因A9567G(I121V)突变。结论肢带型线粒体肌病主要表现为四肢肌无力和运动耐力下降。骨骼肌病理改变存在一定的异质性。mtDNA的tRNA基因可能是家族性肢带型线粒体肌病的热点突变区。     

线粒体肌病与脑肌病的神经心理学特征

线粒体肌病和脑肌病的骨骼肌活检均有线粒体形态异常。用琥珀酸脱氢酶染色后,4％以上的肌纤维外周出现线粒体聚集,称线粒体肌病;累及中枢神经系统的谓之线粒体脑肌病。脑肌病综合征包括:(1)眼肌麻痹、视网膜病变和心脏传导阻滞的Kearns—Sayre综合征;(2)伴有蓬毛样红纤维(RRF)的肌阵挛癫痫;(3)线粒体脑病,乳酸酸中毒和卒中样发作(MELAS)。神经心理学检查的目的,在于确定     

线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作的临床研究进展

线粒体病是一组与线粒体氧化磷酸化功能异常相关的遗传代谢性疾病。其中线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作（MELAS）是最常见的类型。其标志性的临床表现为卒中样发作，多同时伴随其他系统损害。辅助检查可以发现血乳酸酸中毒，MRI检查多显示大脑后部皮质和皮质下白质的灶性损害。肌肉病理检查发现不整红边纤维（RRF）、琥珀酸脱氢酶深染的肌纤维（RBF）和微血管。     

抗线粒体抗体在线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和脑卒中样发作综合征患者肌纤维中的免疫组织化学表达

目的 探讨抗线粒体抗体(anti-mitochondrial antibody,AMA)在线粒体腩肌病伴高乳酸血症和脑卒巾样发作(MELAS)综合征患者肌肉组织中的免疫组织化学表达特点及其诊断价值.方法 收集经临床、病理以及基因检测确诊的MELAS综合征患者10例,以2名肌肉病理正常者和3例肌肉活体组织检查发现坏死肌纤维的非线粒体病患者作为对照组,对所有15例肌肉冰冻组织标本行AMA免疫组织化学染色.结果 普通光镜下观察发现MELAS患者骨骼肌AMA免疫组织化学染色可见大量不整棕褐色肌纤维(ragged brown fibers,RBF),其形态类似MGT染色下的不整红边纤维(ragged red fibers,RRF).而对照组未发现RBF.结论 AMA免疫组织化学下的RBF是线粒体异常增生的特异性表现,同MGT染色下的RRF类似,可以作为诊断线粒体病异常线粒体的病理学指标.     

单纯型线粒体肌病的临床和病理特点

目的探讨单纯型线粒体肌病的临床和病理特点。方法对9例单纯型线粒体肌病患者的临床和病理资料进行回顾性分析,并对其中6例进行随访研究。结果9例单纯型线粒体肌病为选择性骨骼肌受累,主要表现为波动性肌肉无力,以四肢近端为主,不累及眼外肌。大多患者肌酸磷酸激酶轻～中度增高(539～2913U／L)。肌电图检查6例为肌源性损害,3例为神经源性损害。肌活检发现8例有典型的不整红边纤维(RRF),其百分比为5％～60％;另1例有非典型RRF,但电镜观察发现线粒体形态异常和嵴内包涵体。细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)染色4例酶活性部分缺失,2例完全缺失。病理观察发现RRF的比例与临床肌无力程度呈一定的平行关系,RRF比例越高、临床肌无力越重。6例随访结果显示,经维生素B族、维生素E、辅酶Q。肌苷等药物治疗后,5例症状改善,1例死亡,死因不明。结论单纯型线粒体肌病为选择性累及躯干和四肢近端肌群的一个亚型,病理特点为典型的RRF和COX缺失,RRF与病情相关;其病程发展相对缓慢,预后相对良好。     

线粒体脑肌病的临床、病理及影像学特点

目的探讨线粒体脑肌病(ME)的临床、病理及影像学特点。方法回顾性分析20例ME患者的临床资料。结果本组中,慢性进行性眼外肌麻痹(CPEO)7例;肌阵挛性癫痫伴破碎红纤维(MERRF)6例;线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸中毒以及卒中样发作(MELAS)5例;Leigh综合征(LS)2例。临床表现为眼睑下垂7例(35%),肢体无力12例(60%),癫痫10例(50%),卒中样发作5例(25%)和精神智能障碍9例(45%)。8例患者血肌酸激酶升高;7例患者行血乳酸水平检查,均不同程度增高。EMG显示肌源性损害8例,神经源性损害4例,周围神经损害2例,正常6例。头颅MRI表现为脑萎缩、脑白质变性和不符合血管分布的卒中样改变。骨骼肌病理可见破碎红纤维(RRF)和SDH染色肌间小血管强染(SSV);细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)酶活性减低或缺失。电镜下线粒体结构和/或数量异常。结论 ME临床表现复杂多样,多有骨骼肌和脑受累。RRF和SSV是ME主要病理表现。     

晚发型MELAS患者的临床、影像学、肌肉病理和基因突变特点分析

目的总结晚发型线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸酸中毒和卒中样发作(MELAS)患者的临床、影像学、肌肉病理和基因突变特点。方法新乡医学院附属焦作市人民医院神内科自1997年1月至2021年12月收治3例晚发型MELAS患者, 均采用基因二代测序技术对患者进行线粒体DNA(mtDNA)和核DNA(nDNA)突变筛查。回顾性分析患者的临床、影像学、肌肉病理和基因突变特点。结果 3例患者的临床表现主要包括卒中样发作、头痛、听力下降、偏盲、认知功能减退和精神异常等。3例患者双上肢肌张力、肌力均正常。2例患者双下肢肌张力增高、腱反射活跃、病理征阳性。MRI检查显示3例患者颞枕顶叶皮质及皮质下长T1、长T2异常信号, CT扫描显示1例患者双侧苍白球钙化。肌肉病理染色显示3例患者有破碎红纤维(RRF)和破碎蓝纤维(RBF), 2例患者有细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)阴性肌纤维。基因检测结果显示3例患者MT-TL1基因m.3243A>G点突变, 其中2例患者血液中突变比例分别为15%、17%, 1例患者肌肉组织中突变比例为73%。结论晚发型MELAS患者肌肉病理染色可发现较高比例的RRF。m.3243A>G...     

核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病的临床和病理特征

目的 探讨核黄素反心性脂质沉积性肌病的临床和病理特征。方法 回顾性分析4例核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病患者的临床资料结果本组4例患者表现为亚急性起病的四肢近端和躯干肌无力,不能耐受疲劳,3例患者有颈肌和脊旁肌萎缩、无力,2例有明显的咀嚼肌无力。2例肌电图示肌源性损害,1例示双侧胫神经传导速度轻度减慢。肌肉活检发现肌纤维内大量脂肪沉积,未见肌纤维坏死和再生,改良Gomorii色染色、琥珀酸脱氢酶和细胞色素C氧化酶染色以及电镜观察未发现有线粒体酶活性缺失,以及线粒体结构和数量的异常改变。应用维小素B2单药治疗后2例明显好转,2例痊愈。2例患者分别在治愈后1年、5年复发,重新给予维生素B2治疗仍然有效。结论 本病多以颈肌、脊旁肌和咀嚼肌受累,病理特征为肌肉脂肪沉积,无线粒体异常改变。维生素B2单一治疗对本病有显著疗效,此亦可与其他肌病鉴别。     

Peripheral neuropathy in two children with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy]

Peripheral neuropathy (PN) associated with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (MEM) has been reported in adult patients, while children with both conditions are rare. Electrophysiological and pathological studies disclosed evidence of PN in a 3-year-old girl and an 8-year-old boy with MEM. In both patients, peripheral nerve conduction velocities were reduced, while amplitudes of evoked potentials were normal. No ragged red fibers were found in the biopsy muscle, while most of the muscle fibers showed poor activity with histochemical staining for cytochrome c oxidase (CCO). Biochemical studies revealed deficiency of CCO in both cases. In the latter patient, CCO activity was also absent in the intramuscular peripheral nerve using CCO staining, and histopathological studies of the sural nerve revealed a marked decrease in the number of large myelinated fibers and an unusual accumulation of the mitochondria in the Schwann cell cytoplasm. These results may support the hypothesis that a common pathogenesis exists in both peripheral nerve and muscle due to mitochondrial dysfunction.     

Vascular pathology in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia with ragged-red fibers]

Vascular involvement in biopsied muscle specimens from 11 patients with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) with ragged-red fibers (RRF) was studied. Almost none of 69 intramuscular arteries examined were strongly stained with succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) except one patient who had 2 SSV (strongly SDH-reactive blood vessels) in his muscle biopsy. Although RRF and focal cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) deficiency in muscle fibers were the common histochemical changes in muscle biopsy specimens from CPEO patients, all mitochondria in both endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the arteries had normal morphology except for the two SSV and all mitochondria in the blood vessels had normal CCO activity by electron cytochemistry. The findings obtained from the present study were quite different from those in mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), and myoclonus epilepsy associated with ragged-red fibers (MERRF) in which the striking vascular involvement with SSV is the most common and major abnormality in muscle biopsy specimens. To study vascular involvement in mitochondrial encephalomyopathies is the one of very important clues to understand the pathophysiology of phenotypic expressions in mitochondrial encephalomyopathies.     

线粒体脑肌病的临床与病理

目的探讨线粒体脑肌病的临床与肌肉病理特点。方法对16例肌活检证实的线粒体脑肌病病例的临床表现、肌肉组织化学及超微结构进行分析。结果16例患者破碎红纤维(RRF)的平均比例为5.9%,11例有中央核增多,13例的SDH/CCO双染示12例有蓝纤维,且与RRF的分布一致。超微结构观察有4例找到典型晶格状包涵体。结论SDH/CCO双染有蓝纤维为线粒体肌病的诊断提供了依据,借此可与其他肌病鉴别。     

Quantitative skeletal muscle pathology of aging regarding ragged-red fibers and cytochrome c oxidase-negative fibers]

A statistical analysis of mitochondrial abnormality of aging in human skeletal muscle fibers was performed. Sixty one muscle samples were obtained from patients with acute medical illness autopsied strictly within 2 hours after death, or with orthopedic or surgical diseases biopsied with informed consents. The patients aged from 16 to 89, averaging 58 +/- 21 years in males and 21 to 92, averaging 55 +/- 20 years in females. Sections were stained by modified Gomori's trichrome, succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase-negative [CCO(-)] fibers approximately in 10,000 fibers in each muscle were evaluated. Both RRF and CCO (-) fibers were not observed below the fourth decade, but sequentially increased with age, especially after the seventh decade. The incidence of CCO (-) fibers was higher than that of RRF. RRF did not necessarily correspond to CCO (-) fibers. The present quantitative pathological result is a useful tool to evaluate the mitochondrial function in fresh human skeletal muscles by the age.     

原发性肉碱缺乏致脂质沉积性肌病的临床与病理特点

目的 分析原发性肉碱缺乏致脂质沉积性肌病（LSM）的临床与病理特点。方法 回顾性分析4例可能LSM患者的临床资料。结果 本组患者为亚急性或慢性起病，主要表现为近端肌无力，疲劳不能耐受；血清肌酶有不同程度的升高；肌电图示肌源性损害；病理检查示肌纤维内可见大量细小空泡和裂隙形成；MGT染色无破碎红纤维，油红O染色显示空泡为大量脂滴充填；受累纤维以Ⅰ型纤维为主。电镜证实肌纤维内脂滴堆积，可伴有线粒体的轻度增多。改善能量和糖皮质激素治疗有效。结论原发性肉碱缺乏致LSM是一种以易疲劳和肌无力为主要临床表现的脂质代谢障碍性肌病，病理改变以肌纤维内脂滴堆积为主，一般不伴有线粒体结构的明显异常。糖皮质激素治疗可获得良好疗效。     

慢性进行性眼外肌麻痹的临床和病理研究

目的总结慢性进行性眼外肌麻痹(CPEO)的临床和病理特点。方法回顾分析2015年10月至2017年7月于我院确诊的5例CPEO患者的临床及骨骼肌病理特点。结果男性2例,女性3例,均为散发病例,平均起病年龄(27.8±12.56)岁(15～51岁)。4例首发症状为眼睑下垂,1例为复视。5例均有眼睑下垂及眼球活动障碍,2例伴复视,1例有轻度颈屈肌和四肢近端肌无力,1例19岁月经初潮且身体矮小。5例新斯的明试验及血清乙酰胆碱受体抗体均阴性。仅1例肌酸激酶(CK)水平轻度升高(251 U/L)。1例心电图完全性右束支传导阻滞。5例均行肌电图检查,其中2例部分被检肌呈肌源性改变,5例重复神经电刺激均正常。5例头颅MRI均正常。骨骼肌病理改变主要为异常增多的破碎红纤维(RRF)、破碎蓝纤维(RBF)和细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)阴性肌纤维。结论 CPEO患者主要临床特点为进行性眼睑下垂和眼球活动障碍,少数患者可伴复视或轻微肢体近端肌无力、心脏传导阻滞和发育迟缓等。主要诊断措施为骨骼肌病理可见异常增多的RRF和COX阴性肌纤维。     

4例MELAS综合征患者的内分泌激素水平研究和文献复习

目的 探讨经基因及肌肉病理证实的4例线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作（mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes,MELAS）综合征患者的激素水平改变情况,并进行文献复习。 方法 2009年10月～2011年12月北京天坛医院神经内科住院的4例MELAS综合征患者,4例患者均为男性,表现为卒中样发作、癫痫、身材矮小。1例患者存在第二性征发育迟滞,1例患者合并糖尿病。2例患者进行肌肉活检,4例患者进行线粒体基因检测和内分泌激素检查。 结果 2例肌肉活检结果显示存在破碎红纤维,4例线粒体基因检测结果显示存在线粒体基因（A3243G）的突变。内分泌激素检查显示4例患者均存在内分泌异常,其中黄体生成素轻度降低1例,泌乳素增高2例,睾酮显著降低1例,甲状腺素轻度降低2例,胰岛素降低1例。 结论 MELAS综合征患者常合并内分泌异常,可存在多种内分泌激素水平的改变,包括性腺相关、甲状腺素、胰岛素等。应重视对MELAS综合征患者内分泌紊乱的诊断和治疗     

Muscle pathology in cytochromec oxidase deficiency

Summary Muscle biopsies from 16 patients with cytochromec oxidase (CCO) deficiency were examined morphologically. Two siblings had the fatal infantile form. The muscle of the older sister at the age of 5 months had numerous ragged-red fibers (RRF) and increased numbers of lipid droplets; at 28 days the brother had no RRF suggesting that the RRF formed later than 28 days. The muscle pathology in two patients with the benign infantile form improved as they grew older; numbers of RRF, lipid droplets and glycogen particles decreased and CCO activity increased in the second biopsy. In the encephalomyopathic form, RRF were seen in 5 of 12 muscles mostly in patients more than 6 years of age. Muscle spindles and blood vessel walls in the biopsies from three patients with rapid clinical aggravation had no CCO activity, suggesting that enzyme activity differed from tissue to tissue (tissue specificity).Supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (No. 62617523) from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸血症和卒中样发作综合征的临床、EEG、影像学及肌肉病理特点分析

目的 探讨线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸血症和卒中样发作(MELAS)综合征的临床症状、EEG、影像学及肌肉病理特点,以提高对其认识及诊断的正确率.方法 回顾性分析6例基因确诊的MELAS综合征患者的临床资料,分析其临床表现、EEG、影像学、肌肉病理特点.结果 6例患者中男性4例,女性2例,年龄最大者43岁,最小者4岁,平均起病年...