神经导航在经蝶垂体腺瘤显微切除术中的应用

目的探讨神经导航系统在经蝶垂体腺瘤显微切除术中的应用价值。方法对21例垂体腺瘤患者实施导航指引的经蝶入路手术。结果神经导航系统能准确指引手术进行,术中无一例损伤颈内动脉等重要结构,术后患者临床症状均有所改善,并发症少。结合术中镜下所见、术后复查影像及随访资料,肿瘤全切率达90.5%,复发率仅4.8%。结论经蝶入路的垂体瘤导航手术能提供实时的三维解剖信息,准确指导手术进行,安全性好,肿瘤全切除率高,并发症少。     

手术导航系统维修分析

手术导航设备在近年来已成为众多医院手术定位仪器的首选,这种新技术综合应用了计算机辅助技术和影像定位技术。在手术导航使用、维护和维修过程中需要多方综合计算机软件、硬件技术和知识。本文从原理、软件和硬件三方面介绍手术导航系统,并从计算机软件和硬件两方面分析手术导航系统的维修要点。     

259例鼻内镜额窦病变手术治疗分析

目的 探讨鼻内镜额窦病变手术的方法、并发症及处理.方法 回顾性分析259例(498侧)鼻内镜额窦病变手术患者的临床资料,术前行鼻窦薄层CT冠状位和矢状位鼻窦重建,结合术中鼻内镜准确定位及开放额窦开口,按不同病变程度选择不同手术方式.结果 术后9侧眶周青紫,无视力下降及复视,7 d后自然吸收;未发生脑脊液鼻漏等严重并发症.术后6个月复诊(3例失访),99.2%(254/256)患者症状均有明显改善.结论 根据术前鼻窦薄层CT冠状位和矢状位鼻窦重建及术中内镜准确定位评估额窦开口及额隐窝的解剖;术中在注意清理保护额窦口周围正常黏膜及保证额窦引流通道通畅的前提下,根据额窦病变范围及程度的不同,由简入繁选择开放额窦范围;术后的长期随访、合理用药以及术腔的定期清理.这些措施的综合运用可使鼻内镜额窦病变手术获得较满意疗效.     

影像导航鼻内窥镜手术围术期的护理

目的探讨护理干预对影像导航鼻内窥镜手术并发症及患者舒适度的影响。方法总结了320例影像导航鼻内窥镜手术的围术期护理。结果术前护理评估23例患者有长期服用抗凝药物史,阿司匹林耐受不良综合征患者3例,哮喘病史30例,术中哮喘发作3例,术后2例,均因有备药、抢救及时,哮喘发作得到有效控制。术后患者采用集束化护理策略进行护理,32例患者术后出血,其中22例局部冷敷后出血停止,10例通知医生再次填塞后停止,无严重出血并发症发生。12例患者术后眶周淤血,及时处理后消退。结论加强围手术期的护理,针对具体情况采取相应的、有预见性的干预措施,可有效预防及减少并发症的发生,减少患者不舒适,促进其早日康复。     

259例鼻内镜额窦病变手术治疗分析

目的 探讨鼻内镜额窦病变手术的方法、并发症及处理.方法 回顾性分析259例(498侧)鼻内镜额窦病变手术患者的临床资料,术前行鼻窦薄层CT冠状位和矢状位鼻窦重建,结合术中鼻内镜准确定位及开放额窦开口,按不同病变程度选择不同手术方式.结果 术后9侧眶周青紫,无视力下降及复视,7 d后自然吸收;未发生脑脊液鼻漏等严重并发症.术后6个月复诊(3例失访),99.2%(254/256)患者症状均有明显改善.结论 根据术前鼻窦薄层CT冠状位和矢状位鼻窦重建及术中内镜准确定位评估额窦开口及额隐窝的解剖;术中在注意清理保护额窦口周围正常黏膜及保证额窦引流通道通畅的前提下,根据额窦病变范围及程度的不同,由简入繁选择开放额窦范围;术后的长期随访、合理用药以及术腔的定期清理.这些措施的综合运用可使鼻内镜额窦病变手术获得较满意疗效.     

鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤内镜下切除疗效分析

目的探讨单纯使用鼻内镜手术治疗鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的疗效。方法回顾性分析40例接受鼻内镜手术的鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤患者的临床资料。结果40例患者均在鼻内镜下独立完成切除手术,无严重并发症发生。术后随访12～36个月,10例（25%）复发,其中6例在门诊局麻下,4例全麻下行鼻内镜手术完全切除复发病灶。结论鼻内镜下切除鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤有其独特的优势,对于Krouse分期T1～T3期病变,可首选鼻内镜手术。     

计算机导航辅助脊柱外科手术的配合体会

目的 总结计算机导航辅助脊柱外科手术的配合经验.方法 熟悉导航系统原理和操作,严格掌握手术过程中应注意的问题,减少导航操作中产生的误差.结果 724例计算机导航辅助脊柱外科手术定位准确,无误差出现,配合成功.结论 加强护理配合,严格操作规程,细心维护是手术定位精确无误的关键.     

鼻内镜下治疗鼻内翻性乳头状瘤(附36例报道)

目的 探讨鼻内镜下切除鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的方法及疗效.方法 对36例鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤根据Krouse分期行鼻内镜下或联合柯陆径路手术切除.结果 术后随访3～6年.治愈33例(91.66%),复发3例(8.3%).结论 鼻内镜及对侵及上颌窦的KrouseⅢ期联合柯陆径路治疗鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤疗效确切,可有效预防术后复发,且并发症及出血少.     

计算机辅助导航系统及其在骨科的应用

计算机辅助导航系统将空间立体导航技术、计算机图像处理及可视化技术与临床手术结合起来,使手术器械的位置在术中通过影像实时显示,从而确保手术的安全。因精确性、安全性及快速性的特点使其在临床逐渐得到广泛应用,并逐渐形成计算机辅助外科,在骨科领域如脊柱外科、关节外科、创伤外科等方面导航系统也充分发挥了重要作用,逐渐形成计算机辅助矫形外科。     

Douzy鼻内镜下手术治疗鼻腔、鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的效果观察及护理

目的观察鼻内镜下手术治疗鼻腔、鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤（NIP）的临床效果,总结护理措施。方法选择我院2009年4月-2013年10月收治的NIP患者86例,随机分为鼻内镜组（42例）和鼻侧切组（44例）,鼻内镜组采用鼻内镜进行手术治疗,鼻侧切组行鼻侧切术进行治疗。观察两组术后复发率和并发症发生率,并总结鼻内镜组护理措施。结果鼻内镜组术后复发率及并发症发生率均明显低于鼻侧切组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论鼻内镜下行鼻腔、鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除手术并配合以适当的护理措施可以取得良好的临床效果,术后复发率低,并发症少。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.