低位直肠癌选择性侧方淋巴结清扫研究进展

盆腔侧方淋巴结(Lateral pelvic lymph node,LPLN)是低位直肠癌患者常见的局部转移部位,同时也是术后局部复发的主要部位,然而目前对于LPLN转移的治疗方案仍没有明确的定论.同时LPLN的转移应被看作是局部而不是全身,新辅助放化疗(Chemoradiotherapy,CRT)并不能替代手术清扫,...     

A case of lateral pelvic lymph node recurrence after TME for submucosal rectal carcinoma successfully treated by lymph node dissection with en bloc resection of the internal iliac vessels

In Japan, lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) is generally performed for the treatment of T3-4 lower rectal carcinoma, and not for T1 lower rectal carcinoma, because of a low positive rate in patients with T1 lesion. We experienced a rare case of lateral pelvic lymph node recurrence after total mesorectal resection for T1 lower rectal carcinoma, successfully treated by LLND with en bloc resection of the internal iliac vessels. There is no guideline for the treatment of patients with isolated lateral lymph node recurrence; however, surgery should be considered for such patients.     

Extent of lymph node dissection in rectal carcinoma

Basing on 170 specimens of advanced rectal cancers radically resected, metastatic rule and extent of lymph node dissection were studied in order to guide future surgical treatment. In 170 cases, 77 had lymph node metastases. The lymph node metastatic rate was 45.3% and metastatic degree was 8.9% (527/5 912). Metastasis of the rectal cancer, according to the lymphatic anatomy, can be divided into upward, lateral and downward drain. Because the rectal cancer at any site can lead to the upward metastasis, the upward lymph node dissection, up to the base of inferior mesenteric artery (the third line of lymph nodes), must be done in all rectal cases, otherwise, 10% of patients would have residual cancer. In view of the lateral metastasis occurring only in rectal cancers under the peritoneal reflection, for which lateral lymph node dissection is necessary or one eighth of patients would have residual lesion. Generally, no lateral lymph node dissection is needed in cancers above the peritoneal reflection. Pathologic factor influencing the lymphatic metastasis is the form of tumor growth, such as poorly differentiated and mucoid adenocarcinomas aggressively growing deeply and extensively resulting in a higher lymph node metastatic rate, for which lymph node dissection must be performed.     

对Ⅲ期低位直肠癌行择区扩大淋巴结清扫的临床意义

背景与目的：目前对于Ⅲ期低位直肠癌的淋巴结清扫范围存在争议：日本学者多主张行择区扩大清扫双侧髂总、髂内、髂外和闭孔淋巴结脂肪组织;欧美学者则多主张行全直肠系膜切除术,辅以新辅助治疗。本研究旨在探讨对Ⅲ期低位直肠癌行择区扩大淋巴结清扫的临床意义。方法：对31例Ⅲ期低位直肠癌的病例(术前影像学分期,术后经病理证实)行择区扩大淋巴结清扫,即顺序清扫双侧髂总、髂内、髂外和闭孔淋巴结脂肪组织,尽量保留盆腔自主神经,除非神经受到肿瘤浸润,并与35例行传统根治术的低位直肠癌的病例进行比较。结果：行择区扩大淋巴结清扫组内有5例侧方淋巴结阳性(低分化腺癌4例、黏液细胞癌1例,较高、中分化腺癌有明显差异)。行择区扩大淋巴结清扫组在性功能障碍、排尿困难发生率及手术时间上与行传统根治术组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),行择区扩大淋巴结清扫组在吻合口瘘和手术失血量上与行传统根治术组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但择区扩大淋巴结清扫组在盆腔复发率及5年生存率上优于传统根治术组。结论：对Ⅲ期低位直肠癌行择区扩大淋巴结清扫对降低盆腔复发、提高生存率有临床意义。     

经“Ｈｏｌｙｐｌａｎｅ”间隙保留盆腔自主神经侧方淋巴结清扫术的临床观察

目的　探讨经“Ｈｏｌｙｐｌａｎｅ”间隙保留盆腔自主神经（ＨＰＡＮＰ）侧方淋巴结清扫术在男性直肠癌低位保肛术中的临床应用价值。方法　比较传统手术与ＨＰＡＮＰ侧方淋巴结清扫术在男性直肠癌低位保肛术中的应用情况,对各组患者的排尿功能、性功能、局部复发率和３年生存率等指标进行分析、评价。结果　ＨＰＡＮＰ侧方淋巴结清扫术组肿瘤下缘距肛门距离较传统手术组明显缩短（Ｐ＜０.０５）;术后排尿障碍、勃起障碍、射精障碍的发生率均低于传统手术组,组间比较差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０.０５）;ＨＰＡＮＰ手术术式分型与排尿障碍、勃起障碍、射精障碍分级之间呈正相关（Ｐ＜０.０５）;两组３年生存率无明显差异;局部复发率ＨＰＡＮＰ组明显低于传统手术组（Ｐ＜０.０５）。结论　ＨＰＡＮＰ侧方淋巴结清扫术对降低局部复发率、预防术后排尿障碍、勃起障碍、射精障碍等有较好的临床价值。     

Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection in the management of locally advanced low rectal cancer: Summary of the current evidence

Lateral pelvic lymph nodes (LPLN) are a major site for local recurrence following curative resection for low locally advanced rectal cancer. Ongoing advances in imaging techniques have improved predicting LPLN metastasis (LPLNM) during pre-operative staging. However, there is ongoing debate on optimal management of this subgroup of patients with variation between guidance of different societies. In Japan, LPLNM is considered as local disease and addressed by lateral pelvic node dissection (LPLND) in addition to total mesorectal excision (TME). However, in the west, LPLNM is considered as metastatic disease and those patients are offered neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) followed by TME surgery. The potential surgical risks and morbidity associated with LPLND as well as the uncertainty of the oncological outcome have raised the concern that patients with locally advanced low rectal cancer with LPLNM could be over or under-treated.A comprehensive review of literature was performed, summarizing the current evidence on available modalities for predicting LPLNM, the role of LPLND in the management of advanced low rectal cancer and the available surgical approaches with their impact on surgical and oncological outcomes.LPLND is associated with increased operative time, blood loss and post-operative morbidity. The potential benefits for local disease control and survival still awaits high quality studies. There has been increasing number of reports of the use minimally invasive approaches in LPLND in an attempt to reduce post-operative complications.There is need for high quality evidence to define the role of LPLND in management of patients with advanced low rectal cancer.     

腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术中保留左结肠动脉对淋巴结清除术及肠功能恢复的影响

目的:探讨腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术中保留左结肠动脉（LCA）对淋巴结清除术及肠功能恢复的影响。方法:回顾性选择了2010年2月至2013年12月我院95例腹腔镜直肠癌根治术患者,其中保留LCA 47例（研究组）,不保留LCA 48例（对照组）,比较两组患者手术情况（手术时间、术中出血量、术中转开腹率、预防性回肠造口、游离脾曲）、术中淋巴结清扫情况（肠系膜根部淋巴结清扫数、阳性淋巴结检出率）、术后肠道功能恢复情况（术后肛门首次排气排便时间、腹胀腹痛持续时间、住院时间）、术后并发症发生和肿瘤复发转移、5年死亡率、无肿瘤进展（PFS）情况。结果:两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术中转开腹率对比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,研究组回肠造口比例、游离脾曲比例低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者术中淋巴结清扫数目、阳性淋巴结检出率对比差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组首次排气时间无显著差异性（P>0.05）,但研究组首次排便时间、腹痛腹胀持续时间、住院时间明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。研究组术后吻合口瘘发生率低于对照组（0.00% vs 10.42%,P<0.05）,切口感染、尿潴留、性功能障碍发生率与对照组无差异（P>0.05）。研究组患者肿瘤复发率、转移率、5年死亡率、无进展生存率与对照组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论:腹腔镜直肠癌根治术中保留LCA可提供吻合口良好血供,避免术中回肠造口、游离脾曲术,促进术后肠功能恢复,对淋巴结清扫术无影响,不增加肿瘤复发和转移的风险     

Surgical management of extra-regional lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer

One of the major problems in rectal cancer surgery is local recurrence, found in an average of 21% to 46% cases in 1990. However, the advent of chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) and total mesorectal excision (TME) improve local control and enhances survival rates in colorectal cancer (CRC). Regional lymph node involvement is determined to be an independent prognostic factor in local recurrence; however, extra-regional lymph node (ERLN) metastasis has a higher recurrence rate (up to 58.1%). Lack of supportive data in management of ERLN metastasis in CRC has added further strain and challenges to structure a unique treatment strategy. ERLN refers to extra-mesenteric involvement either in the para-aortic lymph node (PALN) or the lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN). Treatment of ERLN metastasis is challenging because of the shortage of the resources. Here, we will outline and summarize approaches and management of ERLN metastasis. We also aim to clarify the role of surgical intervention in CRC     

局部治疗在直肠癌盆腔侧方淋巴结转移中的作用北大核心CSCD

盆腔侧方淋巴结(LPLN)转移是直肠癌预后不佳因素, 在低位、T3-T4期、直肠系膜淋巴结阳性情况下更常见, 但无准确预测转移的因素。高分辨率MRI是目前诊断LPLN转移的首选手段, 但阈值选择仍不明确。局部进展期直肠癌的侧方淋巴结转移治疗模式在全球存在分歧, 欧美国家主张放化疗联合直肠全系膜切除术, 而日本推荐直肠全系膜切除术联合LPLN清扫。放疗与手术联合可取得很好的局控, 利用放疗前、后MRI的侧方淋巴结信息, 可筛选出高危患者进行强化治疗, 如放化疗后行LPLN清扫或LPLN区放疗推量。目前各种手段在治疗LPLN转移方面的作用仍缺乏高质量证据, 尚需更多的研究来改善治疗策略。     

Total mesorectal excision and pelvic node dissection for rectal cancer: an appraisal

Total mesorectal excision has revolutionized the surgical treatment of rectal cancer since its introduction in the 1980s. The rationale, technique, and outcomes of total mesorectal excision in rectal cancer are explored. Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection is used by the Japanese in selected patients and has remained a controversial approach in the management of rectal cancer. The technique, controversies, and outcomes are summarized.     

直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫的研究进展与相关争议

盆腔侧方淋巴结（lateral pelvic lymph node,LPLN）是中低位直肠癌常见的淋巴回流通路,有14%～30%的局部中晚期直肠癌患者同时合并LPLN转移。然而,术前诊断的遗漏和不规范的治疗是导致术后LPLN复发的常见原因,同时也是诊疗中的难点之一。目前,侧方淋巴结清扫术（lateral pelvic lymph node dissection,LPLND）的价值与意义,在国际上尚存争议。近些年来,新辅助放化疗（neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy,nCRT）与LPLND相互替代的治疗模式趋于融合,逐渐形成了一套精确化、个体化的治疗策略。同时,随着外科器械设备的更新与淋巴结示踪剂技术的不断发展,使得以往制约LPLND的因素逐渐消失,可逐渐在临床推广开展。但针对直肠癌LPLN转移的治疗策略、nCRT后LPLND的适应证、预后价值、有效清扫范围、安全性仍存在诸多问题,需深入研究。      

A case of lateral lymph node metastasis of submucosal rectal cancer

We report a case of lateral lymph node metastasis of submucosal rectal cancer. A 54-year-old man was pointed out with stool occult blood reaction positive. Screening colonoscopy revealed an 18 mm 0-Is rectal cancer in Rb 6 cm from anal verge. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) was performed. Tumor appeared to be well treated, but pathological findings demonstrated the tumor invasion into submucosally (1,300 μm) with lymphovascular invasion ie ly (+) and v (+). Laparoscopic low anterior resection was then performed and no metastasis of lymph nodes (pSM, N0/stage I) was found. But he suddenly had an elevation of CEA (4 ng/mL to 26 ng/mL) after 14 months and following MRI and PET-CT revealed a recurrence in a right lateral lymph node (#283). Chemoradiation therapy (CRT) with CPT-11, UFT and LV was performed. After CRT, lateral lymph nodes and para aortic lymph nodes dissection were performed. Despite of the chemotherapy, he died after 13 months from a recurrence of lateral lymph node metastasis.     

扩大淋巴结清扫范围对低位直肠癌预后的影响

目的：探讨扩大淋巴结清扫范围对低位直肠癌术后恢复、局部复发率、生存率和生存质量的影响。方法：回顾性分析我院３２７例低位直肠癌行根治性切除的病例资料,其中１７１例行全直肠系膜切除（ＴＭＥ）,１５６例全直肠系膜切除＋Ｃ区（侧方）淋巴结清扫（ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ）。结果：无手术死亡病例,两组在性别、年龄、肿瘤临床分期、组织学类型等方面差异无显著意义。ＴＭＥ组围手术期住院时间为（１０.９±１.８）天,低于ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ组（１４.０±２.０）天;住院费用ＴＥＭ组为（１.５２±０.１１）万元,低于ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ组（２.０１±０.１５）万元（p＜０.０５）;两组在总体局部复发率上无统计学差异,但Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ｂ、Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ｃ期ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ组局部复发率明显下降,两组差异有显著性（p＜０.０５）;总体５年生存率ＴＭＥ组为５３.２％,而ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ组为５７.１％,两组无显著差异（p＞０.０５）,亚组分析显示Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ｂ期ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ组５年生存率高于ＴＭＥ组（p＜０.０５）;两组在生活质量方面无差异（p＞０.０５）。结论：Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ａ和Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ｃ期低位直肠癌行根治术且ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ术增加患者手术创伤,住院时间延长,但不提高５年生存率;Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ｂ期直肠癌行根治术且ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ术虽然延长住院时间,但可改善患者５年生存率。     

直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫和全直肠系膜切除

目前全直肠系膜切除（TME）原则已经是直肠癌手术的基本原则之一。很多学者把TME作为金标准,但不可将TME和侧方淋巴结清扫混为一谈。不可以因为TME而废除淋巴结清扫,也不可以因行淋巴结清扫而不行TME,只有二者同时进行才可达到根治肿瘤的目的。     

Lateral lymph node dissection in rectal cancer: State of the art review

Half of the local regional recurrences from rectal cancer are nowadays located in the lateral compartments, most likely due to lateral lymph node (LLN) metastases. There is evidence that a lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) can lower the lateral local recurrence rate. An LLND without neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy in patients with or without suspected LLN metastases has been the standard of care in the East, while Western surgeons believed LLN metastases to be cured by neoadjuvant treatment and total mesorectal excision (TME) only. An LLND in patients without enlarged LLNs might result in overtreatment with low rates of pathological LLNs, but in patients with enlarged LLNs who are treated with (C)RT and TME only, the risk of a lateral local recurrence significantly increases to 20%. Certain Eastern and Western centers are increasingly performing a selective LLND after neoadjuvant treatment in the presence of suspicious LLNs due to new scientific insights, but (inter)national consensus on the indication and surgical approach of LLND is lacking. An LLND is an anatomically challenging procedure with intraoperative risks such as bleeding and postoperative morbidity. It is therefore essential to carefully select the patients who will benefit from this procedure and where possible to perform the LLND in a minimally invasive manner to limit these risks. This review gives an overview of the current evidence of the assessment of LLNs, the indications for LLND, the surgical technique, pitfalls in performing this procedure and the future studies are discussed, aiming to contribute to more (inter)national consensus.     

甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移特点及清扫策略

背景与目的：目前,在甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清扫方面存有较大分歧。该研究总结甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的特点,为择区淋巴结清扫提供理论依据。方法：回顾性分析2006年7月—2014年8月收治的462例甲状腺乳头状癌患者病历资料,分析其淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素,评判cN0标准的准确性。结果：全组患者均行患侧中央区(Ⅵ区)淋巴结清扫,320例行侧颈区淋巴结清扫术(Ⅱ～Ⅴ区)或择区淋巴结清扫(Ⅱ～Ⅳ区中的部分或全部),90例行对侧中央区淋巴结活检。73.2%(338/462)符合cN0标准,病理证实其中有184例淋巴结转移,cN0标准误诊率达60.9%。颈部淋巴结总转移率为65.4%(302/462),侧颈区淋巴结转移率为42.6%(197/462),“跳跃转移”率为13.1%(42/320),对侧中央区淋巴结转移率为50%(45/90)。男性、肿瘤累及腺叶上1/3、肿瘤T3或T4、多中心病灶是淋巴结转移的危险因素。肿瘤累及腺叶上1/3是喉前淋巴结转移及“跳跃转移”的危险因素。喉前淋巴结转移及中央区淋巴结2个以上转移者侧颈区淋巴结转移率显著增加(分别为85.7%和83.3%, P＜0.05)。结论：现行cN0标准不能作为确定淋巴结清扫范围的依据;甲状腺乳头状癌易发生淋巴结转移,其中Ⅵ区淋巴结转移率最高,依次为Ⅲ区、Ⅱ区、Ⅳ区、Ⅴ区;初次手术应常规清扫患侧中央区淋巴结,建议将Ⅵ区淋巴结送冰冻病理;当喉前淋巴结有转移或Ⅵ区2个以上淋巴结转移时,或肿瘤累及腺叶上1/3者,有必要行侧颈区(或择区)淋巴结清扫;对侧中央区淋巴结转移率较高,需予以重视;中央区淋巴结再分亚区具有重要意义,应深入研究。     

Chemoradiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy for rectal cancer

Local recurrence is an important factor in determining the outcome of patients after surgery for rectal cancer, and various attempts have been made to reduce the local recurrence rate. Randomized controlled trials have shown that radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision can reduce the local recurrence rate in rectal cancer patients who undergo curative surgery. Chemoradiotherapy is more effective in achieving local control than radiotherapy alone, and preoperative chemoradiotherapy is superior to postoperative chemoradiotherapy in terms of adverse events. Recent advances have led to the identification of potential therapeutic targets such as epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and endothelial receptors. These new agents have been used in combination with conventional chemoradiotherapy, and higher pathological complete response rates have been reported for such combinations in comparison with conventional regimens. With regard to lateral node dissection, a recent study showed that postoperative chemoradiotherapy was more effective in reducing the local recurrence rate than lateral node dissection. As for adjuvant chemotherapy, one randomized controlled trial showed that patients who received uracil and tegafur as adjuvant therapy had significantly prolonged relapse-free survival times and overall survival times. As well, one metaanalysis has shown the efficacy of oral uracil-tegafur as adjuvant chemotherapy for rectal cancer.     

100例腹股沟淋巴结清扫术的临床分析

目的探讨腹股沟淋巴结清扫术在不同癌肿中的意义。方法回顾性分析2000～2006年间本院收治的100例腹股沟淋巴结清扫术患者，其中恶性黑色素瘤78例，软组织肉瘤8例，直肠肛管腺癌12例，其他2例。结果全部患者均行腹股沟淋巴结清扫术，极少病例发生炎症，淋巴管炎及下肢水肿，100例中共有47例证实为淋巴结转移，共清扫654枚淋巴结，其中192枚（29％）为转移。47例有淋巴结转移组随访，27例健在，20例死亡。结论某些恶性黑色素瘤病例实施腹股沟淋巴结清扫术是安全及必要的，今后应根据AJCC制定的新分期确定治疗方案。     

Low rates of loco-regional recurrence following extended lymph node dissection for gastric cancer

Aim

The study by MacDonald et al. [Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. N Engl J Med 2001;345:725–30] has reported low loco-regional recurrence rates (19%) after gastric cancer resection and adjuvant radiotherapy. However, the lymph node dissection was often “inadequate”. The aim of this retrospective study is to analyse if an extended lymph node dissection (D2) without adjuvant radiotherapy may achieve comparable loco-regional recurrence rates.

Methods

A prospective database of 200 patients who underwent a curative resection for gastric carcinoma from January 2000 to December 2006 was analysed. D2 lymph node dissection was standard. Recurrences were categorized as loco-regional, peritoneal, or distant. No patients received neoadjuvant or adjuvant radiotherapy.

Results

The in-hospital mortality rate was 1% (2 patients). The mean number of dissected lymph nodes was 25.9. Overall and disease-free survival at 5 years were 60.7% and 61.2% respectively. During the follow-up, 60 patients (30%) have recurred at 76 sites: 38 (50%) distant metastases, 25 (32.9%) peritoneal metastases, and 13 (17.1%) loco-regional recurrences. The loco-regional recurrence was isolated in 6 patients and associated with peritoneal or distant metastases in 7 patients. The mean time to the first recurrence was 18.9 (95% confidence interval: 15.0–21.9) months.

Conclusions

Extended lymph node dissection is safe and warrants low loco-regional recurrence rates.     

结直肠癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的研究进展

淋巴结转移是影响结直肠癌预后的重要因素之一。结直肠癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移（para-aortic lymph node metastasis,PALNM）是结直肠癌不常见的转移模式。由于其发病率相比肝转移和肺转移低,相关的研究均存在一定的局限性,因此对于结直肠癌PALNM的诊断及治疗尚存争议。腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫（para-aortic lymph node dissection,PALND）术可以为判断腹主动脉旁淋巴结有无转移提供病理依据,也可以改善部分患者的预后。虽然对于结直肠癌肝转移和（或）肺转移进行积极的手术切除已经得到普遍认同,但对于结直肠癌合并PALNM的最佳手术治疗策略仍未明确。是否进行PALND,需要权衡其安全性、有效性、复发率与其所带来的生存获益之间的关系。本文将就有关结直肠癌PALNM的研究治疗进展进行综述。