A dressing system providing fluid supply and suction drainage used for continuous or intermittent irrigation

In this article a dressing system is described that is capable of providing continuous or intermittent wound irrigation. It is based on a felt dressing provided with an adhesive cover and ports for fluid supply and suction drainage. At continuous irrigation (approximate rate, 70 ml/h), a 1-L fluid bag and a siphon about 30 cm in height are used; at intermittent irrigation (approximate rate, 60 ml/min), a 60-ml fluid bag and a suction balloon are used. In an experimental set-up it was shown that the supplied fluid diffused throughout the dressing felt and that the felt was partly saturated both during continuous and after intermittent irrigation, the effect of gravity being counteracted by capillary force and suction. The suction pressure at the drainage port and within the occlusively applied felt showed a linear relationship. The drainage of particles, while relatively impeded at low flow rates, was satisfactory at rates recommended for clinical use. The dressing felt was inert to adherence of bacteria and white blood cells. This dressing system would seem to provide access to the whole wound surface for active therapy through fluid supply and suction drainage.     

Technical aids in investigation and management of urethral diverticula in the female.

Three aids in the diagnosis and management of urethral diverticula are described. First, the technique of double-balloon urethrography has been modified. Diluted contrast medium is used to inflate the intravesical and external balloons so that improved delineation of the anatomy of the diverticular pouches is obtained with undiluted contrast medium. Second, for identification and irrigation with antibiotic solution of the nondraining pouches of compound diverticula, an angiographic catheter is placed in the most distal pouch using fluoroscopically guided manipulation, and then this catheter is replaced with a pigtail-shaped nephrostomy drainage catheter. Third, a 7 F Foley catheter balloon is placed in thin-walled and friable diverticular pouches to facilitate dissection.     

Undiversion in a patient with ileal conduit using cecoileal urinary reservoir, a case report]

A case of urinary undiversion in a 19 year old man with high ileal loop, who at the age of 1 year was inadvertently cystectomized for probable acute urinary retention masquerading as acute abdomen, is reported. The ileo-ceco-colonic segment was isolated and the colon was partially detubularized. After ileocecal intussusception and stabilization to the cecal wall (Hendren), a segment of ileal patch was applied to form an Indiana type pouch. The ileal loop was free from the abdominal wall and its distal end was anastomosed to the terminal ileum of the pouch. Undiversion was completed by connecting the pouch at its dependent portion with the remnant prostatic urethra. At 4 months postoperatively the pouch functions quite satisfactorily as a low pressure and good volume reservoir that empties well without reflux. His erectile and ejaculatory function have also been maintained.     

Modified draping to avoid fluid leakage in cranial surgery--technical note

Contamination under draping due to leakage of fluid from the surgical field should be avoided to maintain cleanness. A modified draping method was developed using standard draping materials but with an irrigation pouch applied directly to the scalp. The present method prevents fluid leakage along the scalp, increases surgeon comfort, and reduces postoperative room cleaning.     

A Novel Technique for Cardiopulmonary Bypass Using Vacuum System for Venous Drainage with Pressure Relief Valve: An Experimental Study

To decrease the circuit priming volume, develop safety, and simplify the equipment, a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit using a vacuum suction venous drainage system with a pressure relief valve was developed. The efficacy of this vacuum system was compared to that of a conventional siphon system. The system contains a powerful vacuum generator and a pressure relief valve to keep the negative pressure constant when blood suction is used. Using 8 mongrel dogs, the feasibility and the efficacy of this CPB system was tested. The changes in the negative pressure in the reservoir were within 5 mm Hg whether the suction lines were switched on or off. In all animals the amount of blood in the venous reservoir was stable throughout bypass. The decrease of priming volume was from 725 ml (siphon system) to 250 ml (vacuum system). At the end of CPB, the levels of hemoglobin in the vacuum system were significantly higher than those in the siphon system. These results demonstrated that this vacuum drainage system can provide simplification and a miniaturization of the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit resulting in low hemodilution during CPB.     

Laparoscopic cecostomy tube placement in an Indiana pouch

A cecostomy tube is normally placed in an Indiana pouch for drainage and irrigation in the postoperative period. A clinical dilemma occurs when the cecostomy tube fails or is dislodged in the early postoperative period. We present the laparoscopic replacement of a cecostomy tube in the immediate postoperative period.     

保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术的技术改进

作者在30例保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术中，对手术细节上作了改进，胰腺空肠吻合时可很顺利地将胰腺套入空肠，胰管内放置长的内支撑引流管行肠腔内引流；胆道空肠吻合采用人工合成可吸收线连续单层吻合；胆道内不放置T型引流管，可避免术后胰液、胆法丢失，从而稳定内环境。本组无胰瘘发生。经胃窦放置高位空肠营养造瘘管，可明显降低术后胃排空障碍。     

Ultrasound of the distal pouch in infants with imperforate anus

Optimal surgical management of the newborn with imperforate anus depends on accurate determination of the level of the rectal pouch. Eighteen children with imperforate anus were evaluated with ultrasound. The distance from the end of the pouch to the perineum was measured. Ultrasound correctly predicted the level of the distal pouch in all 12 children who had confirmation of the pouch level by surgery or by distal contrast stomagrams. Six children have not yet had definitive surgery. Five children with a pouch to perineum (P-P) distance of less than or equal to 10 mm and three of six children with a P-P distance of 10 to 15 mm had successful correction by a simple perineal anoplasty. Three of six children with a P-P distance of 10 to 15 mm and all of those (seven) with a P-P distance greater than 15 mm were diverted with colostomies.     

The acute abdomen in patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts.

A rationale for management of the patient with an acute adbomen and a ventriculoperitoneal shunt is presented in relation to eight patients. In two patients peritonitis was due to perforation of an abdominal viscus, not shunt related, and six were due to infections of ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Resolution of abdominal symptomatology occurs within six hours after the distal end of the shunt catheter is removed from the abdomen and placed in a drainage bottle. In four of these six, infection was limited to the peritoneal end of the catheter. The ventricular fluid was sterile.     

Gastric Emptying Rate Measurement after Vertical Banded Gastroplasty

Background: In vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG), a small proximal gastric pouch is created, which is believed to fill rapidly and to empty slowly. Methods: In 13 patients who underwent VBG, gastric emptying rate was measured. A radiolabelled solid test meal was used before and 2 weeks after operation. From a region of interest above the whole stomach, the proximal pouch and the distal stomach, half emptying time as well as retention percentage were derived. Results: All patients experienced early satiety and gastric fullness after ingestion of a small test meal. The proximal pouch emptied rapidly.The evacuation of the test meal from the whole gastric region as well as the distal stomach were not altered significantly by the operation. Conclusion: VBG is a safe operation which reduced weight significantly. Early satiety, however, induced by this technique, cannot be explained alone by slow emptying of the proximal pouch. The nature of the outlet of the pouch as well as the behavior of its wall must be considered.     

Congenital pouch colon syndrome in a Saudi Arabian neonate

Congenital pouch colon syndrome is partial or complete replacement of the colon by a pouch-like structure and anorectal malformation. Commonly reported from northern India, we believe this is the first report of congenital pouch colon syndrome in a Saudi Arabian neonate. He was referred with an imperforate anus and diagnosed as having a high anorectal malformation. The patient underwent a sigmoid colostomy. Continued abdominal distension after the colostomy prompted sonography and computed tomography, which showed an air- and fluid-containing cystic structure in the abdomen. Exploration revealed a thick-walled cystic structure in continuity with the distal colostomy and with a blood supply mainly from the superior mesenteric artery. The ureters were dilated and tortuous and the pouch opened into the posterior vesical wall. The pouch was resected and an end colostomy fashioned. The etiopathogenesis classification and management of the congenital pouch colon syndrome are discussed.     

The rectourogenital connection in anorectal malformations is an ectopic anal canal

Histological investigation of the rectal blind pouch and rectourogenital or rectoperineal connection was performed in 10 patients with high or intermediate anorectal malformations. Nine of the patients underwent postoperative manometric evaluation. In nine of the 10 patients, transitional epithelium typical of the normal anal canal could be found in the distal rectum or rectal end of the fistulous connection. The zone of transitional epithelium was aganglionic and showed abnormally strong acetylcholinesterase reaction. A positive rectoanal inhibitory reflex was found manometrically in all cases in which the distal rectal pouch was utilized in the reconstruction of the anal canal. The slow pressure wave activity of the reconstructed anal canal was characteristic of a normal anal canal. The manometric evidence strongly suggests that there is a functional internal sphincter in high and intermediate anorectal malformations. The present study shows that in anorectal malformations the distal rectal pouch with the fistulous connection is actually an ectopic anal canal.     

Peritoneal extravasation during percutaneous lithotripsy

Extravasation of irrigation fluid during percutaneous nephrostolithotomy is a major complication and can result in severe morbidity. We report 3 cases of peritoneal extravasation of irrigation fluid. Ventilatory difficulty and narrowed pulse pressure suggest intraperitoneal extravasation of irrigation fluid, which should be treated by rapid drainage of extravasated fluid and careful monitoring of electrolyte concentrations.     

自制膀胱冲洗比色卡在经尿道前列腺切除术后患者持续膀胱冲洗中的应用

目的分析自制膀胱冲洗比色卡在持续膀胱冲洗患者中的应用效果。方法选择2019年1月至2019年12月我院泌尿外科收治的经尿道前列腺切除术后行持续膀胱冲洗患者100例,按随机分数字表法为对照组(根据临床经验对患者引流进行判断以调节冲洗滴速)和观察组(应用自制比色卡对患者引流液进行判断以调节冲洗滴速)。对比各指标结果。结果两组一般资料的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组术后膀胱冲洗情况优于对照组,导尿管留置时间短于对照组;观察组各并发症发生率较对照组低;观察组满意度较对照组高(P<0.05)。结论自制膀胱冲洗比色卡应用于经尿道前列腺切除术后患者持续膀胱冲洗中可减少膀胱冲洗量,缩短膀胱持续冲洗时间及导尿管留置时间,减少术后并发症发生,提升患者满意度,值得推广。     

Balanced Drainage of the Contaminated Pneumonectomy Space

The patient who needs a pneumonectomy but has an infected pleural cavity faces the probability of an empyema of the pneumonectomy space. Balanced drainage of a contaminated space may avoid this very serious complication.A patient with obstructing bronchogenic carcinoma associated with distal parenchymal suppuration and empyema is discussed. A pneumonectomy with balanced drainage of the pleural space was performed. After three weeks the mediastinum was stable, and daily irrigation of the space with antibiotic solution was begun. Following fourteen days of irrigation, the cavity was filled with antibiotic solution and closed. Follow-up has shown no subsequent space problems or infection.Balanced drainage is a useful method of dealing with a contaminated pneumonectomy space.     

Frequency and causes of fluid absorption: a comparison of three techniques for resection of the prostate under continuous pressure monitoring

OBJECTIVE: To compare in a prospective study three techniques for draining irrigation fluid during transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and to assess which method minimizes the risk of increased intravesical pressure and decreased plasma sodium level, as a sign of fluid absorption. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 90 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), randomized into three equal groups, who underwent TURP using different techniques for draining the irrigation fluid. Group 1 had suprapubic drainage via the Freka(R) CystTUR Standard device (Fresenius, Germany); group 2 underwent TURP with an Iglesias continuous-flow resectoscope; and group 3 had suprapubic drainage using the Korth 'flow controller' (Olympus, Germany). The intravesical pressure was monitored continuously during surgery; an 'increased' pressure was defined as being >20 cmH2O. As fluid absorption decreases the plasma sodium level during surgery, the latter was also determined and the difference before and after surgery calculated. RESULTS: The intravesical pressure was increased in 10% of those in group 1, 90% in group 2 and none of group 3. The differences between group 1 and 2 and between group 2 and 3 were significant (P<0.001). The differences in the decrease of plasma sodium levels in groups 1-3 were not significant, but there was a significant correlation (P=0.0075) between increased intravesical pressure and minimum levels of plasma sodium. CONCLUSIONS: The three techniques for draining irrigation fluid produced significant differences in 'increased' intravesical pressure. In general, the levels of plasma sodium were not significantly different among the three techniques but patients with lower plasma sodium levels tended to have an increased intravesical pressure. In these cases, fluid absorption seems to be avoidable by an appropriate drainage technique. Nevertheless, considerable fluid absorption can occur at pressures of <20 cmH2O.     

Optional sump: novel use of triple lumen closed drainage system

Background: The debate over the use of drains in abdominal surgery is controversial. Selective drainage using a closed system is the method employed by most surgeons. There are, however, specific circumstances where different forms of drainage are required. Methods: One hundred and sixty‐seven patients undergoing a mix of complex upper gastrointestinal surgery and colorectal surgery received an Axiom sump drain at the time of surgery. All side air vents were spigoted and the main lumina connected to a urine bag, with the option to convert to irrigation/suction as required. Results: Two patients required conversion to irrigation/suction, because of ongoing egress of fluid. In both cases drainage ceased without surgical intervention. The remaining cases resolved with no complications related to the drain. Conclusion: The technique described allows the use of a large bore, soft, gravity‐driven drain in cases where wound drainage is necessary. The closure of the ventilation ports maintains the advantage of a closed drainage system, yet allows for the conversion to a true sump system as required. This obviates the need for further drainage procedures.     

氨甲环酸联合钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿

目的研究慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术联合血肿腔内应用氨甲环酸对慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)术后复发率的影响。方法采用前瞻性随机对照研究,将本院近2年内慢性硬膜下血肿50例随机分为实验组和对照组,每组25例。实验组行钻孔引流术,同时血肿腔注入氨甲环酸治疗,对照组仅行钻孔引流术,其它常规治疗两组均相同。分别检测两组患者手术冲洗前后血肿液及手术后血肿腔引流液的D-二聚体,术后随访6个月,分析复发率。结果两组患者血肿液D-二聚体在术中冲洗前均高于正常,在术中冲洗后均降低,两组比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。术后2天,实验组血肿腔引流液D-二聚体显著低于对照组,统计有显著差异(P<0.05)。50例患者术后均全部治愈出院,实验组25例有2例复发,对照组有8例复发,实验组复发率显著低于对照组,统计有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论血肿腔局部纤溶功能亢进在慢性硬膜下血肿发病机制及复发中起重要作用,术中氨甲环酸在血肿腔内局部应用可抑制其纤溶功能亢进,显著降低术后血肿腔引流液D-二聚体浓度,从而显著降低慢性硬膜下血肿患者的术后复发率,值得临床推广应用。     

脊柱骨折手术后脑脊液漏合并感染的治疗(附10例报告)

目的：评价清创术后置管持续冲洗，负压吸引及一期关闭伤口对胸腰椎骨折术后脑脊液漏合并感染的治疗疗效。方法：回顾1984年1月-2000年2月434例胸腰椎骨折内固定术后脑脊液漏合并感染10例，（男8例，女2例）。结果：10例均为术后发生，脑脊液漏平均出现时间48h。感染平均出现时间4.5d。清创术后除2例部分内固定取出外，其余8例均予保留所有病例清创术后置管持续冲洗及负压吸引，一期关闭创口，平均置管时间22.5d。清创术后静脉使用抗菌素31.5d。1例因颅内及肺部感染死亡，9例患者平均随访3.5年。未见感染复发及假性硬脊膜囊肿形成，结论：彻底清创术后置管持续冲洗，负压吸引及一期关闭伤口，对胸腰椎骨折术后脑脊液漏合并感染的治疗是有效的，保留置入物，不影响对感染的控制。     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.