慢性肾功能不全患者心肌背向散射积分参数变化的临床意义

目的 :探讨心肌背向散射积分参数评价慢性肾功能衰竭患者心肌病变的临床价值。方法 :应用背向散射积分联机分析技术检测 3 6例慢性肾功能衰竭患者和 3 0例正常人前间隔标化平均背向散射积分值 (AII% )以及背向散射积分周期变异幅度 (CVIB)。结果 :与正常人比较 ,慢性肾功能衰竭患者的心肌AII %明显增高 (2 2± 0 2vs 1 6± 0 4,P <0 0 5 ) ,而CVIB则明显降低 (5 2± 1 0vs 7 1± 1 2 ,P <0 0 5 )。结论 :心肌背向散射积分参数可以定量客观地评价慢性肾功能衰竭患者的心肌病变     

应用声学密度定量技术预测再灌注心肌存活

目的　评估声学密度定量 (AD)技术预测再灌注心肌存活的可能性。方法　对心肌梗死的病史六个月以内的 16例患者于PTCA术前及术后第 3天、半年进行 AD技术测定。仪器采用 HPSONOS- 5 5 0 0超声诊断仪。S4探头 ,频率 2～ 4MHz。将感兴趣区域置于梗死区 ,测量心肌的背向散射 (IBS)积分的心动周期变化幅度 (CVIB)和室壁增厚率。将测量所得参数进行配对 t检验 ,数据以 x± s表示 ,P<0 .0 5为有统计学意义。结果　 16例患者中 ,PTCA术后第 3天 ,CVIB较术前改变超过 1d B的有8例 ,(4 .1± 1.6 vs5 .5± 1.8d B,P<0 .0 5 ) ,CVIB…     

背向散射积分技术在评价伴靶器官损害高血压患者心肌纤维化中的应用

目的研究背向散射积分(IBS)作为高血压患者心肌纤维化早期指标的可行性。方法根据2007年欧洲高血压学会(ESH)/欧洲心脏学会(ESC)指南中亚临床靶器官损害标准将原发性高血压患者分成两组:非靶器官损害组(1组,42例),靶器官损害组(2组,51例),健康对照组36例。用IBS技术测量对照组、1组和2组室间隔心肌、左心室后壁心肌、左心房后壁心肌及心腔的IBS指标,计算并比较各组标化背向散射积分(IBS%)值是否存在差异。结果各部位的IBS值在对照组、1组、2组呈逐渐增高趋势,2组最高。其中左心房后壁IBS%值2组[(181±48)dB]与1组[(164±27)dB]、对照组[(164±27)dB]比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),左心室后壁IBS%值2组[(190±43)dB]与1组[(169±36)dB]、对照组[(166±28)dB]间差异有统计学意义(分别为P<0.05,P<0.01),室间隔左心室侧1/2处心肌IBS%值在2组和对照组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论超声IBS技术可以评价伴有靶器官损害的高血压患者左心室心肌纤维化程度,但尚不能作为高血压患者心肌纤维化的早期指标。     

超声背向散射积分技术定量评价糖尿病性心肌病的临床研究

目的　探讨背向散射积分技术在评价糖尿病患者心肌病变方面的应用价值。方法　采用 HP Sonos-5 5 0 0型超声诊断仪配置的 AD-IBS软件 ,对比测定 33例 2型糖尿病患者和 2 2例健康志愿者心肌组织的 IBS% (背向散射积分均值的校正值 )和 CVIBS%(背向散射积分周期变异率的校正值 )。结果　 1糖尿病组室间隔及左心室后壁 IBS%较对照组增大 ( P值分别 <0 .0 5和 <0 .0 1) ,CVIBS%较对照组减小 ,但无统计学差异 ;2左心室收缩功能参数 EF(射血分数 )和 FS(短轴缩短率 )两组间无统计学差异 ;舒张功能参数 TVI-E/ TVI-A(二尖瓣口舒张期血流 E峰和 A峰时间速度积分比值 )糖尿病组显著低于对照组 ( P<0 .0 5 )。结论　糖尿病患者心肌组织特征与健康者显著不同 ,背向散射积分测定可以定量评价糖尿病患者早期心肌病变     

再灌注治疗后心肌灌注状态对心电图QT离散度的影响

目的　探讨急性心肌梗死 (AMI)再灌注治疗后心肌微循环灌注状态与心电图QT离散度 (QTd)和临床预后的关系。方法　经静脉溶栓和经皮冠状动脉腔内球囊成形术 (PTCA)再灌注治疗成功的AMI患者 30 8例 ,再灌注治疗后 1h按照 12导联心电图ST段的下移幅度分为A和B两组。A组为ST段迅速下降组 (下降≥ 5 0 % ) ,共 2 2 1例 ;B组为ST段持续抬高组 (下降 <5 0 % ) ,共 87例。分别计算两组患者入院即刻、再灌注治疗后 1h和 2 4h心电图的QTd ,并进行比较。结果　A组患者CK、CK MB峰值均明显小于B组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,分别为 (315 5± 2 0 4 6 )vs(4 2 5 3± 2 76 2 ) ;(12 9± 80 )vs(181± 94 )。A组左心室射血分数明显高于B组 (5 7%vs 4 7% ,P <0 0 5 ) ,左心功能不全、梗死后心绞痛发生率均明显低于B组 (P <0 0 5 ,7 5 %vs10 4 % ;4 6 %vs 8 3% )。A组再灌注治疗后 1h、2 4h心电图QTd均明显低于B组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,分别为 (4 0± 14 )vs(4 6± 12 ) ;(37± 13)vs(4 5± 15 )。结论　AMI再灌注治疗后 ,心肌组织水平灌注状态与临床预后及QTd有相关性 ,QTd和心电图ST段回落速度是判断心肌微循环灌注状态的简易实用指标。     

卡维地洛对急性心肌梗死大鼠血流动力学和心肌胶原含量的影响

目的研究卡维地洛(Carvedilol)对大鼠急性心肌梗死(AMI)后血流动力学的影响及其与心肌组织中胶原含量的关系。方法23只AMI术后存活的雄性SD大鼠随机分为AMI对照组(n=11)和卡维地洛治疗(Carvedilol)组(n=12),另设假手术组(n=11)。给药6周后测量室间隔超声背向散射参数(平均背向散射积分标化值IBS%,背向散射积分周期变化值CVIB)及血流动力学参数、心功能指标。结果(1)与假手术组相比,AMI组大鼠SBP、DBP、LVSP及±dp/dtmax及其校正值(±dp/dtmax/LVSP)均显著降低,LVEDP显著增高,高频超声检测显示IBS%显著升高,CVIB显著降低(均为P<0.05)。(2)与AMI组相比,Carvedilol治疗组大鼠SBP、DBP及LVSP均未进一步降低(P>0.05),LVEDP显著降低,±dp/dtmax及其校正值(±dp/dtmax/LVSP)显著升高,高频超声检测显示IBS%显著降低,CVIB显著升高(均P<0.05)。结论第3代β受体阻滞剂Carvedilol的干预有助于恢复AMI大鼠受损的左室功能,这可能与其抑制非梗死区心肌胶原过度沉积有关。     

直接经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术对急性心肌梗死早期24小时心电稳定性的干预

为探讨直接经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术 (P PTCA)对急性心肌梗死 (AMI)早期 2 4h心电稳定性的影响 ,对发病≤ 6h并接受P PTCA治疗的 2 2例AMI患者 (P PTCA组 )进行动态心电图监测 ,持续观察其 2 4hQT间期值 (QT)和室性心律失常等心电指标变化 ,并与 15例梗死相关动脉 (IRA)未通患者 (对照组 )作对比。结果 :①P PTCA组的QT 2 4h内逐渐延长 ,其最小值 (术前 1h ,34 6± 16ms)与最大值 (术后第 2 3小时 ,391± 16ms)有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,与对照组的变化趋势类同。②P PTCA术前的心率校正QT(QTc)为 388± 15ms ,于术后开始迅速显著延长 ,至第 2小时达高值 (42 8± 17ms)后轻度缩短 ,然后又有逐渐延长趋势 ;对照组的QTc变化趋势与QT基本相同。③室性异位激动于P PTCA第 1小时 (5 31± 480次 )较术前 (185± 12 0次 )即迅速增加 ,主要见于术后的 3h内 ;对照组的室性异位激动在 2 4h内散在出现。提示AMI患者于P PTCA早期心电不稳定性增加 ,此为IRA开通和心肌再灌注损伤的临床强力指标之一。     

急性心肌梗死超急性期的超声诊断

目的 研究急性心肌梗死(AMI)超急性期时的心肌组织超声背向散射积分(IBS)的变化及对临床诊断AMI超急性期的价值.方法 将72例AMI患者分成2组:超急性期组(梗死时间在2 h以内)30例,急性期组42例(梗死时间>2 h,有典型的心电图改变);另取正常对照组30例.用HP-5500型超声诊断仪,分别测量心肌梗死区域和非梗死区域心肌组织的心动周期时间平均背向散射积分(IBS),并将其与心包IBS的比值作为心肌IBS的校正值(IB%),舒张末期与收缩末期的IBS差值即IBS的周期变化幅度(CVIB),并将其与心包IBS的比值作为心肌CVIB的校正值(CVIB%).同时作心电图的比较对照.结果 当AMI超急性期组患者心电图还无典型变化时,心肌梗死部位的IBS值已明显大于正常人[(18.8±3.4)dB比(8.3±1.2)dB,P<0.01],而CVIB明显小于正常人[(6.3 ±0.7)dB比(7.6±1.1)dB,P<0.01].急性期组患者,其IBS明显高于正常人及患者本身非心肌梗死部位[(22.2±4.1)dB比(8.3±1.2)dB,(21.1±3.2)dB比(8.7 ±0.9)dB,P<0.01],而CVIB则明显低于正常人及患者本身非心肌梗死部位[(5.6±0.8)dB比(7.6±1.1)dB,P<0.05;(5.8±0.7)dB比(9.3±0.9)dB,P<0.01].且与心电图的变化完全一致.结论 心肌组织背向散射积分对临床上诊断AMI超急性期有很高的价值,并可判断病变心肌的范围和功能状况.     

心肌梗死前心绞痛对再灌注治疗后心肌微血管功能的影响

目的 :探讨心肌梗死前心绞痛对再灌注治疗后心肌微血管功能的影响 ,从心肌微循环灌注角度阐明梗死前心绞痛的意义。　　方法 :2 4例急性心肌梗死病人分为有梗死前心绞痛 (AP)组 (AP组 ,13例 )和无梗死前心绞痛组 (无AP组 ,11例 )。所有病人在症状开始后 6小时内接受经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术及支架置入术 ,术后 12小时内行静脉心肌声学造影 ;监测心肌酶谱变化。　　结果 :两组病人基本临床情况无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。有AP组与无AP组肌酸激酶峰值分别为 1880± 2 60U/L、2 3 5 7± 3 81U/L (P <0 0 1) ,肌酸激酶MB同工酶峰值分别为 3 84± 5 4U/L、 5 3 1± 5 7U /L (P <0 0 1) ;室壁运动积分分别为 1 0 1± 1 0 4、 1 2 3± 0 44 (P <0 0 5 ) ,左心室射血分数分别为 0 61± 0 13、 0 43± 0 11(P <0 0 1) ;心肌声学造影积分分别为 1 2 3± 0 44、 1 91± 1 0 4(P <0 0 5 ) ,标化A×B值分别为 0 81± 0 2 3、 0 46± 0 3 5 (P <0 0 1) ,均有显著性差异。　　结论 :有微血管损伤的急性心肌梗死病人 ,其心肌损伤严重 ,心功能较差 ;梗死前心绞痛通过预适应效应限制心肌损伤 ,有利于心肌存活、心功能恢复及心肌微血管完整性的保存。因而 ,梗死前心绞痛不仅对心肌有保护作用 ,同时也保护微循     

苯那普利和缬沙坦对原发性高血压患者心肌声学密度的影响

目的:观察原发性高血压患者应用苯那普利和缬沙坦前后心肌声学密度各指标的变化情况,以探讨苯那普利和缬沙坦对高血压心肌纤维化的作用。方法:共入选原发性高血压患者75例(A组),随机分为3个亚组:A1组(25例),给予苯那普利10mg/d;A2组(25例),给予缬沙坦160mg/d;A3组(25例),给予苯那普利和缬沙坦半剂量合用(苯那普利5mg/d加缬沙坦80mg/d),均治疗6个月,并设立正常对照组(B组)75例。应用超声心动图测量心肌声学密度各项值:室间隔矫正的声学强度(CAI1)和左室后壁矫正的声学强度(CAI2)及室间隔背向散射积分周期变化值(CVIB1)、左室后壁背向散射积分周期变化值(CVIB2)。结果:A组的收缩压和舒张压显著高于B组,A1、A2、A3亚组用药后的收缩压和舒张压均显著低于用药前(均P<0.01);A组的CAI1、CAI2(0.88±0.06,0.73±0.06)显著高于B组(0.66±0.19,0.54±0.06)(P<0.01),而A组的CVIB1、CVIB2(6.07±0.85),(7.00±1.15)dB显著低于B组(8.60±3.12),(11.85±3.06)dB(均P<0.05);A1和A2亚组用药后CAI1、CAI2、CVIB1、CVIB2比较均差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);A3组用药后CAI1、CAI2显著低于A1、A2组用药后(P<0.01),而A3组用药后CVIB1、CVIB2显著高于A1、A2组用药后(P<0.01;P<0.05)。结论:心肌声学密度各参数可用于评价高血压心肌纤维化,苯那普利和缬沙坦都减轻心肌纤维化,两者合用在减轻心肌纤维化方面效果更明显。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.