Modified Kasai's procedure for a choledochal cyst with a very narrow hilar duct

Excision has been widely recognized as the treatment of choice for choledochal cysts. For biliary reconstruction after cyst excision, we have strongly recommended hepaticoenterostomy at the hepatic hilum with a wide anastomotic stoma to prevent postoperative cholangitis. However, we recently treated two infants in whom a wide anastomotic stoma could not be made due to a narrow hilar duct. Therefore, a hepatic portojejunostomy with Roux-en-Y anastomosis (Kasai's procedure) was performed after cyst excision in both case to permit free drainage of bile. The mucosa of the hilar duct was everted and fixed to the liver parenchyma to prevent stricture formation. Both babies have done well since the surgery.     

Choledochal cysts in infants and children: experiences over a 20-year period at a single institution

This analysis was undertaken to compare the clinicopathological features of infants with choledochal cysts to those of older children with these entities and to evaluate the surgical outcomes for both subject groups. The medical records of all children admitted to the Cathay General Hospital with choledochal cysts over a 20-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-five subjects were included and divided into the infant (<1 year at presentation; 8 subjects) and classical pediatric (1–18 years at presentation; 17 subjects) groups. Anatomical subtypes were: IA (16), IC (6), and IVA (3). The median biliary amylase value was markedly elevated for the pediatric group but not for the infant group. Most (82.4%) patients in the pediatric group, but none in the infant group, presented with abdominal pain. Jaundice and clay-colored stool were present in all patients in the infant group but only 35% of those in the pediatric group. All patients underwent choledochocystectomy and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy with good outcomes. Neonates/infants with choledochal cysts present differently from older children with these entities. Amylase measurements may serve to distinguish biliary atresia with cystic dilatation from choledochal cyst in neonates/infants. Prognosis following radical cyst excision and reconstruction with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is excellent.     

Choledochal cyst: A 10-year experience

A retrospective study of 11 cases of choledochal cyst over a period of 10 years is presented. There were 8 females and 3 males in a ratio of 2.67∶1. The classical triad of jaundice, mass and abdominal pain was seen in none of our patients. Ultrasonography was diagnostic in 9 out of 11 (80%) patients. Surgical procedures performed were, complete excision of the cyst with Roux en Y hepaticojejunostomy (nine cases), internal drainage of the cyst (one case) and excision of the extrahepatic cyst with Roux en Y hepaticojejunostomy in one case of Type IV choledochal cyst. One patient died in the immediate postoperative period. Others have remained well upto 10 years follow-up. We recommend total cyst excision with hepaticojejunostomy as the treatment of choice.     

腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合手术总结

目的 本研究对腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合手术6年经验进行总结,探讨该技术的近期和远期疗效.方法 从2001年4月至2007年3月,本课题组采用腹腔镜技术治疗先天性胆总管囊肿患儿102例,平均年龄3.2岁.其中13～28d9例,29d～6个月23例,7个月～3岁28例,4～18岁42例.采用四trocars技术完成胆道造影、胆囊和胆总管囊肿壁全层切除;同时利用腹腔镜头对扩张的肝内胆管进行探查;从脐部切口提出空肠,直视下行Roux-en-Y空肠吻合,然后还纳肠管;经结肠后上提空肠的肝支,镜下将肝管与空肠连续吻合.结果 102例全部在腹腔镜下完成手术,无中转开放手术者,平均手术时间224min(155～456min),手术中出血5～10ml,无手术中需要输血者.21例患儿合并肝门部肝管狭窄,行肝管扩大成形术;其中1例患儿手术后并发胆漏,持续腹腔引流26d,自然愈合.2例患儿分别于手术后第二天至第五天和第七天并发消化道出血.1例5岁女孩手术后7.5h突发心跳骤停,高血钾(K+10.85mmol/L),死亡.其他98例患儿手术后恢复顺利,手术后3～6d出院.1例患儿于手术后6个月发生空肠肝支梗阻坏死,行坏死肠管切除,二次肝管空肠Roux-Y吻合手术.患儿手术后经3～72个月的随访肝功能正常,无结石和胰腺炎发生.结论 腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合手术是治疗先天性胆总管囊肿可靠的手段,镜下放大的手术视野有利于精确的手术操作,近期和远期疗效良好.手术后早期有必要密切观察血钾的变化.     

小儿腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除术45例

目的总结腹腔镜下小儿胆总管囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术的经验。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2012年12月我们收治的45例小儿先天性胆总管囊肿患儿临床资料,其中囊肿型32例,梭形扩张型13例,囊肿直径约1．2-5．5em,均在腹腔镜下行胆总管囊肿根治术,空肠Roux-en-Y吻合在腹壁外经脐部小切口进行,肝肠吻合在腹腔镜下完成。结果本组45例中,1例因炎症较重,游离囊肿前壁时渗血较多,解剖困难而中转开腹手术;1例术后6d进食后出现乳糜腹（经肠内、肠外营养14d后治愈）。其余43例均未出现并发症,痊愈出院。术后平均住院时间11d。结论初期开展腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿切除手术时要严格挑选病人,先从囊肿小、炎症轻、发病时间短的病例开始,逐渐积累经验后再扩大腔镜手术指征。腹腔镜手术具有创伤小、视野清晰、恢复快,并发症少等优点。腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿切除术是先天性胆总管囊肿的理想手术方法。     

Spiral computed tomography for bilioenteric anastomotic stricture

Spiral computed tomography scanning after intravenous cholangiography (IVC-SCT) was used to assess the anatomy of the biliary tree and anastomosis in a 7-year-old girl with recurrent cholangitis 5 years after surgical excision of a choledochal cyst. The technique clearly visualized the stenosis of the hepaticojejunostomy and hepatic duct and the dilated intrahepatic ducts. IVC-SCT provides a precise, prompt, and accurate image with minimal invasiveness and is especially suitable for the preoperative evaluation of pediatric patients. Accepted: 1 March 1997     

改良肝总管空肠Roux-Y型吻合术治疗小儿先天性胆总管囊肿

目的 探讨小儿先天性胆总管囊肿的治疗方法。方法 本组２８例，男９例，女１９例，年龄１０ｄ￣１４岁，均采用改良的肝总管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ型吻合术治疗先天性胆总管囊肿。结果 ２８例均痊愈出院。随访６个月￣８年，全组患儿未见出现腹痛、黄疸、发热。其中２０例患儿，经Ｂ超检查，未见胆管狭窄及扩张。Ｘ线钡餐检查，未见有钡剂反流入胆道。结论 改良肝总管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ型吻合术是治疗先天性胆总管囊肿的较好方法。     

经腹腔镜行先天性胆总管囊肿切除肝管空肠Roux-Y吻合术的探讨

目的 探讨经腹腔镜行先天性胆总管囊肿切除，肝管空肠Roux-Y吻合术的可行性。方法 先天性胆总管囊肿5例，在腹腔镜监视下行胆囊穿刺胆道造影术，显示肝胆管和胰管病变，用电切或电凝切除胆总管囊肿。经脐部切口提出空肠，于腹壁外行空肠Roux-Y吻合，用5-0可吸收缝线，在腹腔镜监视下，将肝管与空肠端侧吻合。结果 本组5例患儿手术全部成功，手术时问平均为5．1h，(4．5h～6h)出血量20m1～50ml，吻合口直径1．0cm～1．5cm，平均住院时间6．5d，术后随访1个月～4个月，无肠粘连梗阻和吻合口狭窄发生。患儿肝功能各项指标正常。结论 经腹腔镜行先天性胆总管囊肿切除，肝管空肠吻合术是一种安全可靠的方法，具有创伤小，视野清楚，分离缝合准确、术后恢复快等优点。     

Robot-assisted resection of choledochal cysts and hepaticojejunostomy in children

Purpose

Choledochal cysts have traditionally been treated as an open procedure. However, recent publications from some large volume centres show that minimally invasive surgery has become their standard approach. Robotic surgical systems facilitate a surgeon’s ability to undertake complex procedures. We present our experience of using robot assistance to treat choledochal cysts.

Methods

Children admitted with a choledochal cyst from March 2009 to Nov 2012 were included. There were 27 patients (20 females). Mean age 5.4 years (range 0.3–15.9). Mean weight 21.9 kg (range 5.9–78.8); 10 weighed <10 kg. The choledochal cysts were types 1c(12), 1f(10) and 4(5). The da vinci Surgical System was used for the robot-assisted resection of the choledochal cyst and hepaticojejunostomy. Roux loop was fashioned extra-corporeally. Mean follow-up is 2.7 years (range 0.9–4.7).

Results

22 cases were completed successfully with robotic assistance. Five open conversions were for anatomical concerns or technical reasons. One child had three complications (omental hernia, anastomotic stricture and subsequent bile leak). Patients were on full feeds by a median of 5 days (range 3–6) and discharged after 6 days (range 4–7).

Conclusion

Robotic-assisted resection of choledochal cysts in children is safe. They made a rapid recovery with a good cosmetic outcome.     

Foregut atresias and bile duct anomalies: rare,infrequent or common?!

The association of foregut atresias and bile duct anomalies is reportedly rare. We encountered five referrals within 2 years where the secondary diagnosis was missed at operation. Four patients initially presented on antenatal scans as a foregut atresia whereas the fifth presented at nine years with abdominal pain due to a choledochal cyst. The biliary anomalies (cholecysto-hepatic duct, liver cyst and choledochal cysts) in the first four presented as postoperative jaundice during infancy whereas the fifth patient developed subacute intestinal obstruction due to congenital duodenal stenosis at fifteen years. In the patients with duodenal atresia neither did the preoperative X ray reveal any distal bowel gas nor did the subsequent intraoperative cholangiograms reveal bifid common bile duct or pancreato-biliary malunion. Atresias were corrected by primary repair (duodenoduodenostomy for congenital duodenal obstruction in four patients and disconnection/ligation of tracheo-oesophageal fistula with oesophageal anastomosis in one patient). The biliary anomalies were corrected by excision of the abnormal bile ducts (choledochal cyst/liver cyst/cholecystectomy) with Roux en Y hepaticojejunostomy. All patients are asymptomatic and liver function and biliary dilatation has normalised. The association of foregut atresias and bile duct anomalies is not as rare as previously reported. Antenatal ultrasound suggesting either a foregut or a biliary anomaly should alert one to the association. Full radiological and/or imaging investigation may be indicated prior to corrective surgery of the primary anomaly.     

Laparoscopic management of choledochal cysts: is a keyhole view missing the big picture?

In recent years, numerous articles have promoted laparoscopic surgical treatment of choledochal cysts in children. Most of these reports assert that laparoscopic excision and biliary reconstruction are as safe as open surgery and achieve equivalent or better results. However, these conclusions are based on retrospective analyses with median follow-up periods that rarely exceed 5 years. Closer scrutiny of the laparoscopic literature indicates that the optimum procedure for treating type I and most type IVa choledochal cysts, namely radical excision of the extrahepatic bile ducts and reconstruction by wide hilar hepaticoenterostomy, preferably hepaticojejunostomy, is not being carried out in most cases. Performing a less radical excision exposes patients to a greater long-term risk of a bilioenteric stricture and its complications and malignant change in residual extrahepatic bile ducts. Currently, the long-term outcomes of surgery for choledochal cysts are being eclipsed by the short-term gains of laparoscopic techniques. The prime objective in the surgical management of choledochal cysts is the long-term health of the patient; laparoscopic techniques are simply another method of performing the surgery and they should not become the standard of care unless long-term outcomes are similar to best practice open surgery.     

达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术治疗儿童胆总管囊肿

目的总结达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术治疗胆总管囊肿患儿的临床经验。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属第一医院小儿外科自2015年12月至2020年1月运用达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术治疗的15例胆总管囊肿患儿。其中,男3例,女12例;患儿年龄为(62.40±34.64)个月,体重为(19.67±11.84)kg;Ⅰ型10例,Ⅳa型5例。患儿就诊的主要症状是腹痛和呕吐,术前行B型超声、CT或者磁共振胰胆管成像(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP)检查,发现胰胆管合流异常7例,诊断明确后采用达芬奇机器人辅助手术治疗。结果1例因肝右动脉解剖变异中转开放手术,其余14例均顺利完成达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术,手术时间为(341.40±65.54)min,范围为240~460 min;机器人操作时间为(170.71±41.97)min,范围为95~243 min;胆肠吻合时间为(40.18±15.39)min,范围为25~67 min;胆肠吻合口直径为(14.57±9.94)mm,范围为4~35 mm。2例患儿术中输血;2例术中发现右副肝管,予行达芬奇机器人辅助下肝总管副肝管侧侧吻合术后再行肝管空肠吻合术。所有患儿随访至今,无近期或远期并发症出现。结论达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术可顺利完成对直径较细肝总管和合并副肝管患儿的胆肠吻合,是一种安全有效的方法。     

经腹腔镜手术治疗3个月内婴儿先天性胆总管囊肿

目的探讨经腹腔镜行囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合治疗3个月以内先天性胆总管囊肿的可行性和治疗效果。方法本院2011年7月至2015年7月经腹腔镜手术治疗的3个月以内先天性胆总管囊肿患儿41例,其中男13例,女28例,均为囊肿型;手术年龄8~89 d,平均(50.2±23)d,体重2.7~6.47 kg,平均(4.47±1.01)kg。33例合并黄疸,8例大便颜色变浅,7例出现白陶土样便;31例术前检查转氨酶升高。全部病例均采用经腹腔镜完整囊肿切除,肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。结果 40例患儿成功完成手术,手术时间117~296 min,平均(186±42)min,出血量5 mL;1例损伤门静脉,中转开腹,出血50 mL;术后无一例发生肠瘘、胆瘘和胰瘘;随访5~53个月,无胆管狭窄、胆管炎、粘连性肠梗阻等发生。结论 3个月以内婴儿胆总管囊肿容易发生肝功能损害、肝脏纤维化,应尽早手术治疗。经腹腔镜手术治疗先天性胆总管囊肿安全有效。     

Piezoelectric extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for bile duct stone formation after choledochal cyst excision

We report a case of bile duct stones in which piezoelectric extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) was highly effective for the clearance of stones. A 16-year-old girl, who had undergone excision of a choledochal cyst when she was 3 years old, presented a spiking fever and colic abdominal pain. Radiological investigations showed two large stones incarcerating to the proximal end of hepatico-jejunostomy anastomosis. Massive debris was also present in intrahepatic bile duct proximal to the anastomosis. She underwent piezoelectric ESWL with an EDAP LT02 lithotripter. An average of 40 min ESWL session was repeated at intervals of 2 or 3 days. Neither anesthetic nor sedative treatment was required. By the end of the sixth session, the stones incarcerated were fragmented and the debris in the intrahepatic bile duct was completely eliminated. We conclude that piezoelectric ESWL is a less invasive, effective and repeatable method, therefore, it could be a treatment of choice for bile duct stone formation after choledochal cyst excision.     

腹腔镜下手术治疗先天性胆总管囊肿198例分析

目的探讨腹腔镜下手术治疗先天性胆总管囊肿的中短期效果,总结临床体会。方法回顾性分析2006年10月至2014年4月我们收治的198例腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿患儿临床资料。其中男性53例,女性144例;年龄1个月至13岁,平均年龄38.2个月。临床特征:102例为间歇性右上腹痛,25例黄疸,7例排陶土便,13例存在腹部包块,45例有肝功能损害,31例血淀粉酶升高。均予囊肿切除、肝管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。总结分析术中、术后及随访情况。结果 198例患儿囊肿直径1~20 cm,平均4.26 cm,其中囊状扩张186例,梭型扩张12例。Todari's分型Ⅰ型191例,Ⅳ型7例。198例中,19例中转开腹手术,其中9例炎症粘连剧烈,4例肝总管细小,2例囊肿突入十二指肠,2例囊肿巨大术野暴露不清楚,1例腹腔镜下无法确认肝管,1例见右副肝管。其余179例顺利完成腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿切除、肝管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合胆道重建术。手术时间130~480 min,平均255 min。术后6例出现胆漏,3例出现吻合口狭窄,其中5例再次行开腹手术。1例出现输入袢粘连绞窄坏死,重新行Roux-en-Y吻合。1例出现粘连性肠梗阻,经保守治疗好转。其余病例随访3个月至8年,无并发症,肝功能均正常。结论腹腔镜下手术治疗先天性胆总管囊肿具有切口小、暴露清晰、恢复快等优点,但对术者要求较高,术中操作困难时及时中转开腹手术,可降低手术风险,减少并发症的发生。     

Laparoscopic surgery for choledochal cyst in children: a case review of 31 patients.

INTRODUCTION: The results of the first substantial series of children suffering from choledochal cysts treated using laparoscopic surgery at the Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China are presented. METHODS: Data from 31 sequentially treated children (average age 45.2 months, SD 36.5, range 2 to 168 months) with choledochal cyst treated by laparoscopic surgery were collected prospectively. The chief complaints included intermittent abdominal pain, vomiting, jaundice or pancreatitis. Two cases had no clinical symptoms; their diagnoses were based on prenatal ultrasound findings and confirmed postnatally. The laparoscopic technique included excision of the gall bladder and cyst, followed by a Roux-en-Y anastomosis constructed after exteriorization of the small bowel via an infraumbilical trocar incision. After repositioning of the bowel, an end-to-side hepaticojejunostomy was carried out laparoscopically. RESULTS: The procedures were carried out successfully in 27 children and the average operating time was 5.2 hrs (4-7.5 hrs). In 4 patients, the operations were converted to open surgery because of a giant cyst (diameter 10 cm; 1 case), serious inflammation and adhesions (2 cases), and hepatic duct malformation (1 case). Complications occurring postoperatively and cured by conservative treatment included hepaticojejunostomosis leakage (1 case), bowel ileus (1 case), pancreatitis (1 case), and pneumonia (1 case). Oral food intake was started within 3-5 days and patients were discharged within 7-14 days (average 8.6 days). All patients are well with bile-stained stools after an average follow-up of 16.3 months (range 2-43 months). The average cost was RMB 19,167 ($2522, range RMB 12,600-34,538). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic resection of congenital choledochal cyst and choledochojejunostomy in children is feasible and safe. The long-term results are good. There was a considerable learning curve during the development of the technique as experienced by the team.     

45例腹腔镜辅助胆总管囊肿根治术

目的本研究对腹腔镜先天性胆总管囊肿切除，肝管空肠Roux-Y吻合术进行探讨。方法从2001年6月至2003年9月，共收治先天性胆总管囊肿患儿45例，年龄2个月到12岩。其中42例为囊肿型，平均囊肿直径3.8cm（2-18cm）；其余3例为梭形，直径分别为1．5、2．0和2．2cm。本组45例患儿均经腹腔镜行先天性胆总管囊肿切除，肝管空肠Roux-Y吻合术。结果本组45例患儿手术全部成功，手术时间平均为4.3h（3．5～7．6h），术中出血量约5～10ml。本组8例患儿合并肝管狭窄，术中同时行腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除及肝管成形；6例患儿合并共同管内蛋白栓，术中通过腹腔镜导入肠道或插管冲洗清除。其中1例患儿于术后第1d发生胆漏，术后第26d时自愈；其余44例患儿术后恢复顺利，住院时间3～6d。术后随访3～30个月，无肠粘连梗阻和吻合口狭窄等术后并发症发生。结论经腹腔镜先天性胆总管囊肿切除，肝管空肠吻合术是一种安全可靠的方法，术中胆道造影全面了解胆道的结构，清晰的肝门暴露，准确的囊肿分离和熟练的缝合技术是手术成功的关键。     

The efficacy of double-balloon enteroscopy for intrahepatic bile duct stones after Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy for choledochal cysts

Introduction

Intrahepatic bile duct (IHBD) stones are one of the most complicated morbidities that occur after Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (RYH); however, the optimal therapeutic approach is controversial.

Methods

Double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) has been widely and frequently performed even in pediatric patients. We herein report the successful management of IHBD stones by biliary lithotripsy using DBE after RYH for a choledochal cyst (CC). DBE has made it possible to perform endoscopic therapeutic intervention, including balloon dilatation of an anastomotic stricture and removal of IHBD stones, without any major complications.

Conclusion

DBE is a less invasive and safe treatment method for IHBD stones in pediatric patients, which is capable of reaching the bilioenteric anastomosis after RYH for CC.     

减少儿童腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿切除术并发症的对策

目的介绍儿童腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿切除、空肠肝管Roux-Y吻合术的初步临床经验,并就如何减少术中风险和术后并发症展开讨论。方法总结上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院儿外科和上海儿童医学中心外科的61例儿童胆总管囊肿经腹腔镜手术病例。其中男18例,女43例,年龄8 d～14岁,术前均行磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)并提示为Ⅰ型胆总管囊肿,囊肿直径1.2～12 cm,均未作外引流。结果 61例中54例成功经腹腔镜完成囊肿切除、空肠肝总管Roux-Y吻合术,7例分别因囊肿巨大、炎性粘连、出血或技术原因中转开腹。术后出现吻合口漏2例;随访2～43个月,胰头部囊肿形成2例,存在胰腺炎发作1例,有粘连性肠梗阻2例,均保守治疗后缓解。结论腹腔镜下儿童胆总管囊肿切除术具有显著的微创手术优点,但需要娴熟的镜下操作技能和经验的积累,减少手术并发症的风险是将该技术在临床推广的重要前提。     

胆总管囊肿根治术后胆道梗阻的原因分析和治疗策略

目的 本研究旨在分析胆总管囊肿根治术后胆道梗阻的原因, 提出相应的治疗策略.方法 回顾2006年1月至2016年1月间47例在外院接受胆总管囊肿根治术后胆道梗阻,转入我院成功行腹腔镜二次手术的患儿,对其病因进行观察,分析及治疗.结果 出现胆道梗阻症状,即反复胆管炎或持续肝功能异常距离第一次手术的时间为术后2周~10.8年(平均1.7年).在外院接受抗炎保肝利胆PTD治疗时间2周~10年(平均2.7年),未见明显好转.接受二次手术的间隔时间为1个月~11年(平均4.5年).病理显示57.4% (27/47)患儿存在I~IV级肝纤维化.本研究发现术后胆道梗阻的原因如下:①异位肝右动脉前置压迫肝管空肠吻合口近端导致梗阻占27.6% (13/47).术中将异位肝右动脉重置于肝管空肠吻合口后方解除梗阻;②初次手术未解决伴发的单一或多处肝管狭窄占29.8% (14/47).二次手术中行肝管扩大成型+肝管空肠再吻合;③吻合口狭窄占42.6% (20/47).二次手术中行肝管空肠再吻合.中位随访时间为48个月(1~120个月),无1例发生胆道再梗阻或胆管炎.肝功能于二次术后1个月~2年恢复正常.结论 异位前置肝右动脉压迫、合并单一或多处肝管狭窄、吻合技术是胆总管囊肿术后胆道梗阻的原因.应尽早外科手术解除梗阻避免肝功能损伤及肝硬化.