Endovascular treatment of the subclavian artery: stent implantation with or without predilatation.

The endovascular treatment of subclavian artery (SA) lesions is less invasive than open surgical repair, with a low rate of complications. We report our experience in 89 subclavian obstructive lesions (n = 86) treated with stenting: 76 (85.3%) stenoses and 13 (14.6%) total occlusions. The left side was most frequently involved (83.1%), localized at the prevertebral segment in 91%. Technical success was obtained in 83 (93.3%) cases, 100% in stenotic lesions and 53.8% in total occlusions. There were nine global complications (10.1%): five (5.6%) at site of puncture, two distal embolization (2.2%), and two (2.3%) major events. The long-term follow-up was 3.51 +/- 1.98 years, during which time 13 (16.8%) restenoses and 2 (2.6%) reocclusions were noted. Subgroup analysis of patients with stenting after predilatation versus direct stenting technique showed in-hospital complications only in the first group, with a restenosis rate of 28.5% vs. 4.7%, respectively (P = 0.003). We consider stenting for SA obstructive lesions the first therapeutic option.     

血管内支架成形术治疗基底动脉狭窄

目的探讨血管内支架成形术治疗基底动脉狭窄的策略和疗效。方法回顾性分析了8例基底动脉狭窄患者血管内支架成形术治疗的技术要领和效果。结果全组技术成功率100%,术后残余狭窄率均<5%。7例患者随访6个月,愈合Malek评分为1分者4例,2分者2例,4分者1例。1例MoriC型患者术中并发脑干梗死。结论我们的初步经验认为血管内支架成形术是治疗基底动脉狭窄,预防基底动脉系统脑卒中的安全、有效方法。     

Concomitant coronary and subclavian steal caused by ipsilateral subclavian artery stenosis and arteriovenous fistula in a hemodialysis patient.

Patients with chronic renal failure, because of concomitant conventional cardiovascular and uremia-associated risk factors, are at risk of developing diffuse and accelerated atherosclerosis involving both the coronary and peripheral territories. We report an end-stage renal failure patient with a history of coronary artery bypass surgery who developed both angina and dizziness during hemodialysis via a left forearm arteriovenous fistula. Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosed the presence of significant subclavian artery stenosis. The patient then underwent successful percutaneous stenting of the left subclavian artery. His angina and dizziness symptoms resolved subsequently.     

Transesophageal echocardiographic identification of left subclavian artery stenosis with steal phenomenon

In this report, we present the first case of the transesophageal echocardiographic identification of left subclavian artery stenosis and steal phenomenon.     

支架成形术治疗椎动脉起始段狭窄的疗效观察

目的评价椎动脉起始段狭窄患者行支架成形术的有效性与安全性。方法对21例椎动脉起始段狭窄患者行支架成形术,使狭窄段管径恢复正常。结果21例患者共放置24枚支架,椎动脉起始段狭窄率术前为73.6%,术后25.5%,术后脑血管造影显示狭窄段全部成形良好,无并发症发生。随访3～18个月,患者临床症状消失17例,症状明显改善3例,症状复发1例。结论支架成形术治疗椎动脉起始段狭窄是安全有效的方法。     

Subclavian angioplasty: Immediate and late results in 50 patients

In order to assess the therapeutic outcome of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for subclavian stenosis, 50 patients were followed up clinically as well as with a velocimetric Doppler after attempted angioplasty. A minimal clinical follow-up of 9 months was expected. Subclavian stenoses were due to atheroma in 49 patients and to Takayasu's disease in 1 case. Indication of angioplasty was curative in 34 (68%) symptomatic patients (posterior fossa ischemia and/or upper limb ischemia) and preventive in 16 (32%) asymptomatic patients (severe difference of blood pressure between the 2 arms and/or association with carotid stenosis or axillo-femoral bypass). Angioplasty was successful in 45 patients (primary success rate = 90%). Three (6%) thrombosis occurred due to the percutaneous approach, one of the axillary and one of the brachial artery without any significant sequelae, and one of the aorta requiring an aorto-bifemoral bypass. A complication occurred in 2 unsuccessful angioplasties (4%): an ischemic stroke occurred in 1 case and a thrombosis of the dilated site requiring a surgical bypass. Clinical follow-up over a period of 9–101 months (mean = 41) was performed in 43 out of the 45 patients who had undergone angioplasty successfully. Two patients had a follow-up shorter than 9 months: one died after 5 months, the other was lost to follow-up. By the end of the clinical follow-up, 37 (84%) out of the 44 followed-up patients had benefitted from the procedure. Doppler study performed in 35 out of the 44 followed-up patients (80%) over a period of 2–90 months (mean = 39) showed 5 restenosis (14%). This study demonstrates the good long-term results of angioplasty in case of subclavian artery stenosis. Though there are complications, angioplasty could be proposed as a first choice treatment for subclavian stenosis as compared to surgery. Indications in asymptomatic patients should be carefully weighed as complications may occur. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Angiographic evaluation of a carotid-subclavian bypass graft in a patient with subclavian artery stenosis and left internal mammary artery bypass graft

The incidence of coronary subclavian steal syndrome is estimated to be 0.4%. When revascularization is necessary, the preferred technique is the carotid-subclavian bypass graft. Failure of a carotid-subclavian graft is rare. We present a patient with subclavian stenosis who required reevaluation of both the carotid subclavian conduit and the left internal mammary bypass graft. A combined femoral and left brachial approach is recommended for evaluating the carotid-subclavian graft and left internal mammary artery graft in patients with bypassed subclavian artery stenosis and prior myocardial revascularization. © 1994 Wiley-Liss,Inc..     

Immediate and late outcomes of subclavian artery stenting

Stenting for subclavian artery occlusive disease is being increasingly utilized. To determine the immediate and late outcome of subclavian artery stenting, we studied 38 consecutive patients in whom the procedure was attempted. Technical and clinical success was achieved in 35 patients without complications. Failures occurred only in completely occluded arteries. Late clinical success was demonstrated in 31 patients. Three patients had recurrent symptoms. Two had angiographic restenosis within 4 months of the procedure; both were successfully redilated. The third patient had a new lesion, which was successfully stented. One patient died from lung cancer 10 months after the procedure. We conclude that stenting for subclavian artery occlusive disease has favorable immediate and late clinical outcomes and may be considered as a primary therapy. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 46:169–172, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Iatrogenic subclavian artery and aortic dissection with mesenteric ischemia following subclavian artery angioplasty: Endovascular management

Subclavian stenosis affects up to 5% of patients referred for coronary artery bypass grafting. Albeit usually asymptomatic, this condition can cause myocardial ischemia due to a steal phenomenon from the distal subclavian artery when the left internal mammary artery is used as a coronary bypass. We describe a case of proximal subclavian artery angioplasty complicated with aortic dissection and subsequent life‐threatening mesenteric ischemia. For the first time, we illustrate an endovascular approach to both complications consisting in urgent stenting of the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery followed by staged thoracic endovascular aortic repair due to progressive aortic dilatation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

症状性锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞的腔内治疗效果分析

目的 探讨症状性锁骨下动脉窃血综合征患者血管腔内技术治疗的临床有效性和安全性。方法 选取首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院血管外科2011年1月至2015年8月收治的症状性锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞患者38例,其中男27例,女11例;平均年龄为（66.2±10.8）岁。患者均表现为头晕等神经系统症状,部分合并上肢缺血症状。运用血管腔内技术,对锁骨下动脉进行球囊扩张成形及支架植入术。结果 36例患者均成功植入球扩式支架,术后双上肢收缩压差显著改善,神经系统症状消失或改善33例,无效2例,1例术中发生脑梗死,经康复锻炼后好转;2例操作没成功,保守治疗。随访期间再狭窄3例,支架断裂1例。结论 严格掌握适应证,采用腔内技术治疗锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞的神经系统症状安全有效,操作简单。     

Angioplasty of an asymptomatic total occlusion of the left subclavian artery to provide access for coronary angiography and intervention: a case report.

Reports and follow-up of angioplasty and stenting of asymptomatic totally occluded subclavian arteries are limited. We present a case of unstable angina and arterial occlusion of all four extremities treated with subclavian angioplasty and stenting with subsequent coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. Twelve-month follow-up is also provided.     

Determinants of immediate and long-term results of subclavian and innominate artery angioplasty.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous angioplasty (PTA) is widely used in the treatment of subclavian/innominate artery obstruction, but factors of long-term PTA outcome are poorly understood. Our aim was to evaluate the efficiency of PTA on symptom resolution and identify determinants of long-term outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventy-six lesions were treated in 75 patients (58.7% men) aged 60 +/- 8.5 years. PTA was successful in 70 (93.3%) patients, including 58/58 (100%) stenotic lesions and 13/18 (72.2%) occlusions. The mean stenosis grade (QCA) was reduced from 78.9% +/- 16.6% to 13.5% +/- 10.7% (P < 0.01). A great majority of lesions (87.1%) were stented. In 5 (7.1%) high-risk lesions a proximal or distal neuroprotection system was used. There were no strokes or embolic events. Minor complications occurred in 7 (9.3%) cases. Fifty-seven (89%) of 64 symptomatic patients had complete symptom resolution. The mean follow-up was 24.4 +/- 15.5 months (up to 66 months). Ten restenoses (15.6%), including 9 (13.8%) in-stent restenoses and 1 (16.7%) restenosis after balloon angioplasty, were diagnosed in 64 patients and followed up for at least 6 months. Nine symptomatic restenoses were successfully treated with repeated angioplasty. Cox multivariable analysis revealed the following independent predictors of restenosis: implantation of more than one stent (P = 0.005), low stent diameter (P = 0.088), and postprocedural systolic blood pressure difference between upper extremities (P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: PTA is a safe and effective method for the treatment of the subclavian/innominate artery obstruction and leads to symptom resolution in majority of patients. Restenosis is not frequent and it can be effectively treated with repeat angioplasty. Low stent diameter, implantation of two stents, and upper limb systolic blood pressure difference are independent predictors of restenosis.     

Restenosis following subclavian artery angioplasty for treatment of coronary-subclavian steal syndrome: Definitive treatment with Palmaz-stent placement

We report a case of progressive angina pectoris 4 years post coronary bypass surgery, in which the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) was grafted to the native left anterior descending coronary artery. The coronary-subclavian steal phenomenon was proven angiographically with retrograde reflux through the LIMA graft into the distal subclavian vessel, downstream from a critical stenosis at the origin of the subclavian artery. After initially successful angioplasty of the ostial subclavian lesion, restenosis and return of angina prompted repeat dilatation and placement of a Palmaz 154-M stent. Follow-up catheterization has demonstrated persistent patency at the stented site and absence of coronary steal. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

老年后循环血流异常的多普勒超声评估

目的探讨多普勒超声评估后循环血流异常的类型、病变部位及产生原因。方法对375例经磁共振血管成像和(或)数字减影血管造影证实的颅内外动脉严重狭窄或闭塞的老年患者,采用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)和颈动脉连续波多普勒超声(CWD)评估后循环血流异常。结果375例患者共检测1875支后循环动脉,其中776支动脉血流异常:分别为狭窄血流(73支)、无血流(44支)、低流速低搏动(48支)、低流速高搏动(38支)、代偿血流(472支)和窃血频谱(101支)。狭窄血流和无血流均在病变部位直接检出,其他4种类型血流异常则是出现在病变部位近端或远端动脉的间接血流改变。结论采用TCD和CWD评估后循环血流异常,可为临床寻找后循环缺血的原因和更深入研究缺血性脑血管病的发病机制提供重要的客观依据。     

椎动脉起始部合并相邻锁骨下动脉重度狭窄支架置入的治疗

目的探讨对椎动脉起始部及相邻锁骨下动脉重度狭窄患者同时置入支架的疗效。方法在18例患者椎动脉起始部狭窄处置入球囊扩张式支架,并在相邻的锁骨下动脉狭窄处释放自膨式支架,两枚支架成T形。操作方法：采用Seldinger技术,将8F导引导管置于锁骨下动脉狭窄的近段,用0.014微导丝,通过椎动脉狭窄段,到达椎动脉远段;同时将0.018导丝通过锁骨下动脉狭窄处;然后沿着0.018导丝将球囊送到锁骨下动脉狭窄处预扩张,沿着0.014导丝,将球囊扩张支架送至椎动脉起始部狭窄处后小心释放;再沿着0.018导丝将自膨式支架送达锁骨下动脉狭窄处释放。术后3～12个月行TCD复查16例。结果14例锁骨下动脉支架术后血流通畅,椎动脉起始部支架术后血流通畅,2例锁骨下动脉支架术后血流通畅,椎动脉起始部支架术后血流速度增快,考虑椎动脉起始部支架再狭窄。术后患者的术前症状好转或消失15例,2例自觉症状无变化,1例术后24h突然出现眩晕、呕吐、声音嘶哑、吞咽困难,患侧有Horner征,面部疼痛、温觉减退,患侧共济失调。结论对椎动脉起始部及相邻锁骨下动脉重度狭窄的患者,通过同时置入支架进行血管内治疗,恢复正常血流,是较为安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Utilization of the wallstent for the treatment of innominate vein obstruction: a case report

Debilitating obstruction of the large veins may occur from external compression, neointimal proliferation or thrombosis. Appropriate interventions are contingent upon the underlying etiology and the local vascular anatomy. A case of innominate vein obstruction is presented illustrating the available intravascular therapeutic options, with special emphasis placed on intravenous stenting. © 1994 Wiley-Liss,Inc..     

锁骨下动脉粥样硬化性病变介入治疗的长期疗效观察

目的评价锁骨下动脉粥样硬化性病变介入治疗的长期疗效。方法对2003年3月至2011年6月沈阳军区总医院心血管内科诊治的72例锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞患者,实施经皮腔内血管成形术与支架植入术治疗,随访观察介入治疗后1年以上的临床疗效。结果72例患者中男性61例（84．7％）,年龄（64．9±9．0）岁,吸烟史48例（66．7％）,原发性高血压病史34例（47．2％）,糖尿病史22例（30．6％）。术前临床表现肢体供血不足62例（86．1％）、椎基底供血不足27例（37．5％）、有血管杂音24例（33．3％）、血管搏动减弱或消失72例（100％）。介入手术成功66例（91．7％）,失败6例（8．3％）。随访36（12～100）个月,随访率97．2％。上述四个方面临床治愈好转率分别为91．9％、88．9％、91．7％、93．1％,恶化病例1例,为介入治疗失败患者行外科人工血管置换术。介入成功患者患侧术后收缩压较其术前明显升高,差异有统计学意义[（115．00±21．21）mmHg vs.（82．92±51．01）mmHg,P〈0．05,1mmHg=0．133kPa]。结论经皮血管腔内介入治疗锁骨下动脉病变安全、有效,长期疗效明确。     

Percutaneous revascularization of the “unprotected” left main during acute myocardial infarction: “Dare to struggle! Dare to Win!”

Knowing the location of the vertebral and the internal mammary artery ostia is crucial during proximal subclavian artery percutaneous intervention to prevent inadvertent injury to either artery. We report a case of severe proximal left subclavian artery stenosis in a patient with a three‐vessel disease referred to coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Retrograde angiography via left radial access allowed visualization of the left internal mammary artery and the left vertebral artery ostia and placement of a Filterwire in the left vertebral artery. The proximal left subclavian artery was successfully stented without complications. Debris was retrieved in the Filterwire. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.