中老年人群脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数及其序列拟合关系

目的 :测量我国中老年人群的脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数并分析其相关性,建立腰椎前凸角与相关脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数的拟合关系。方法:采用影像学测量方法,对106例中老年志愿者进行研究,其中男48例,女58例;年龄62.4±5.2岁(55~76岁)。所有志愿者行全脊柱正、侧位X线摄片,利用院内影像归档与通信系统(picture archiving and communication system,PACS)测量骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS)、腰椎前凸角(lumber lordosis,LL)、上腰弯前凸角(upper arc of total lumbar lordosis,UALL)、下腰弯前凸角(lower arc of total lumbar lordosis,LALL)、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、矢状位平衡(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)等参数,按照脊柱矢状面解剖定义和形态特点分析脊柱-骨盆矢状位形态参数及其相关性,并与青年人群相关参数进行比较,利用线性回归分析建立中老年人群LL与PI、TK的拟合关系。结果 :我国中老年人群的PI为46.5°±7.6°,PT为13.1°±6.6°,SS为32.3°±9.5°,LL为49.2°±9.1°,UALL为15.9°±5.9°,LALL为32.3°±9.5°,TK为34.0°±10.7°,SVA为-5.0±30mm;LL与SS、TK、PI、PT、SVA呈显著性相关(P0.05),PT与TK、SS呈显著性相关(P0.05),UALL与TK、SVA相关,LALL与PI相关。中老年人群与青年人群比较PI、SS、LL、LALL无显著性差异(P0.05),PT、TK、SVA、UALL有显著性差异(P0.01)。中老年人群LL预测值=0.6PI+0.4TK+10°,R2=0.375。结论:中老年人群中LL与其他相关脊柱-骨盆各参数之间存在显著相关性,我国中老年人群LL的理想预测值为LL=0.6PI+0.4TK+10°;TK、UALL、PT、SVA与青年人群有显著性差异。     

马凡综合征伴脊柱畸形患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面的形态特征

目的:探索马凡综合征伴脊柱畸形患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面的形态特征。方法:收集以脊柱畸形来我院就诊的马凡综合征患者35例,男18例,女17例,年龄10~20岁,平均14.4±2.3岁。在站立位全脊柱侧位X线片上测量脊柱及骨盆矢状面参数,包括:(1)胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK),(2)胸腰段后凸角(thoracolumbar kyphosis,TL),(3)腰椎前凸角(lumbar lodorsis,LL),(4)骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI),(5)骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT),(6)骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS),(7)矢状面平衡(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)。定义顶椎在T12、L1或者T12/L1椎间盘,后凸角度10°的后凸为胸腰段后凸;顶椎在L1/2椎间盘或以下椎体、椎间盘,后凸角度10°的后凸为腰椎后凸。采用Sponseller分型方法对患者脊柱矢状面形态进行分型,比较不同分型患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面形态。结果:本组患者在冠状面上以胸腰双弯(40.0%)、单胸弯(22.8%)以及三弯(20.0%)最常见,最大Cobb角43°~165°,平均75.2°±26.0°。在脊柱矢状面上,TK为-25°~73°(19.0°±24.1°),其中胸椎后凸正常者(20°≤TK≤50°)10例(28.6%);胸椎后凸增大患者(TK50°)5例(14.3%);胸椎后凸减小者(0°≤TK20°)13例(37.1%);另有7例(20.0%)患者表现为胸椎前凸。TL为-25°~73°(14.0°±19.0°);LL为-17°~70°(37.1°±23.3°);SVA为-9.0~7.2cm(-2.0±4.3cm)。15例(42.9%)患者表现为胸腰段后凸或腰椎后凸(9例ⅡA型,6例ⅡB型),5例患者表现为后凸区明显的椎体楔形变。骨盆矢状面上,PI为25°~74°(40.1°±12.7°);PT为-12°~34°(6.9°±9.6°);SS为14°~68°(33.3°±12.6°)。Sponseller分型Ⅰ型患者TK、LL、PI、SS明显大于Ⅱ型患者,而Ⅱ型患者TL明显大于Ⅰ型患者。未见腰椎滑脱现象。结论:马凡综合征伴脊柱畸形患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面形态差异较大,手术医生应该根据不同分型制定不同的手术策略。     

退变性腰椎侧凸矫形术后腰椎前凸角变化对临床疗效的影响

目的 :评估退变性腰椎侧凸(degenerative lumbar scoliosis,DLS)患者行长节段固定矫形术后腰椎前凸角与脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数匹配与否对临床疗效的影响。方法:对我院2015年6月~2016年6月行腰椎长节段矫形固定术(至少4个椎体)的DLS患者,参照理想腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)=0.6PI+0.4TK+10°,根据出院时LL分为两组,A组(匹配组,术后LL在理想LL±10°范围内)和B组(非匹配组,术后LL在理想LL±10°范围外),利用院内影像归档与通信系统(picture archiving and communication system,PACS)在全脊柱正侧位X线片上测量侧凸Cobb角、冠状位平衡(coronal vertical axis,CVA)、骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS)、腰椎前凸角(lumber lordosis,LL)、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、矢状位平衡(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)等,采用视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)评价患者术后生活质量,随访至少12个月。使用独立样本t检验比较两组影像参数和生活质量评分。结果:共纳入患者100例(A组53例,B组47例),其中男性43例,女性57例,平均侧凸Cobb角为17.5°±7.8°。两组患者随访时间、手术节段、术前侧凸Cobb角、术前的CVA、LL、SS、SVA均无明显差异性(P0.05);术后两组患者的LL、SS、SVA、PT具有明显差异性(P0.01),A组患者LL(42.2°±10.2°)较术前(31.6°±15.5°)明显改善,TK、SS增大,PT减小,术后SVA(17.9±28.5mm)较术前(46.0±37.9mm)明显改善。B组患者术后相关矢状位参数较术前均无明显变化。两组患者术后VAS评分、ODI评分较术前均有明显改善,经3~6个月的短期随访两组患者术后症状评分无明显差异性;经12个月以上随访,A组患者较B组患者腰腿痛VAS评分明显改善(P0.05),ODI评分无明显差异(P=0.08)。结论:退变性腰椎侧凸患者根据公式0.6PI+0.4TK+10°重建腰椎前凸,可以获得满意的脊柱-骨盆矢状位平衡,有助于提高DLS患者术后生活质量。     

正常国人脊柱-骨盆矢状位序列拟合关系研究

目的:建立国人腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)与骨盆矢状位序列间的拟合关系。方法:采用影像学分析,对171例正常青年志愿者进行影像学研究,男94例,女77例,年龄23.0±1.8岁(18~28岁)。均行全脊柱正侧位X线片检查,利用院内影像归档与通信系统测量脊柱与骨盆矢状位参数,包括骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS)、LL、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、颈椎前凸角(cervical lordosis,CL)、矢状位平衡(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)。利用Pearson检验进行LL与其他各参数间相关性分析,利用线性回归分析建立LL与其他各参数间线性拟合关系。根据既往研究LL=PI+9,以PI测量值为基础,运用配对样本t检验进行LL预测值与实际测量值间对比。结果:PI为44.6°±9.5°,LL为48.4°±10.8°,SS为34.4°±8.0°,TK为24.2°±9.6°,CL为7.9°±9.6°,SVA为-20.5±30.1mm;LL与PI、SS、TK、CL、SVA呈显著相关(P0.05)。运用多元线性回归分析,LL=2.958+0.760 SS+0.323 TK+0.198 PI+0.122 CL-0.118 SVA;运用简单线性回归分析,LL=0.623 PI+20.611。根据既往文献报道LL=PI+9,以此计算出的LL预测值53.7°±9.5°与实际测量值差异显著(t=7.025,P10-6)。结论:以PI为自变量的简单线性回归LL=0.623 PI+20.611能准确估计个体的LL,在西方人群中得到的LL=PI+9结果并不适用于国人LL的估计。     

国人青年人群坐-立位脊柱-骨盆矢状位序列变化研究

目的 :通过对正常国人青年人群进行坐-立位脊柱-骨盆矢状位序列的影像学研究,观察坐位脊柱-骨盆矢状位序列变化特点,探讨坐位下躯干矢状位平衡的调节机制。方法:在医院周边高校招募青年志愿者,共145名志愿者纳入研究,其中男51人,女94人,平均年龄23.1±2.3岁(19~29岁)。所有志愿者行站立位-坐位全脊柱正侧位X线片。应用院内PACS系统,测量如下参数:骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、胸椎后凸角(TK)、胸腰段后凸角(TLK)、腰椎倾斜角(LT)、脊柱矢状位平衡(SVA)、T1骨盆角(T1PA)。采用配对样本t检验,对比站立位、坐位脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数变化;运用Pearson相关分析,分别分析站立位、坐位脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数间相关性。检验水准α=0.05。结果:PI平均值为46.6°±9.1°。当体位由站立位改为坐位后,除胸腰段曲度外,脊柱-骨盆矢状位位置参数均发生显著改变。PT增大(11.8°±6.5°vs28.4°±10.0°),SS减小(34.9°±7.1°vs 19.7°±8.7°),骨盆围绕双侧股骨头中心向后旋转。LL(50.4°±10.0°vs 25.3°±11.8°)、TK(26.1°±10.2°vs 20.0°±8.9°)显著减小,LT(-5.0°±5.0°vs-1.8°±5.8°)显著增大,腰弯、胸弯代偿减小,曲度变得平直,同时腰椎相对骶骨向前倾斜。SVA(-20.1±22.4mm vs 26.9±28.6mm)、T1PA(5.6°±6.0°vs23.7°±9.3°)均明显增大,躯体矢状位平衡轴向前移动。由站立位改变为坐位后,PI、LL与矢状位平衡参数SVA、T1PA相关性进一步增强。结论:坐位时腰骶部矢状位序列会发生显著改变,表现为骨盆后倾旋转,腰椎与胸椎曲度变得平直,腰椎向前倾斜,躯干矢状位轴向前移动。这种调节与代偿的变化,需要在胸腰椎固定融合手术特别是长节段固定融合和矫形手术中充分考量。     

胸腰椎骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数的研究

目的 :分析胸腰椎骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(OVCFs)患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位影像学特点,为临床该病的治疗提供理论依据。方法:分析116例胸腰椎OVCFs患者资料(胸腰椎OVCFs组),选取102例骨质疏松症非骨折患者作为单纯骨质疏松对照组(单纯OP组),46例骨量正常健康体检者作为骨量正常对照组(骨量正常组)。统计胸腰椎OVCFs组骨折椎体分布情况。在脊柱全长侧位X线片上测量各组矢状位参数:胸椎后凸角(TK)、胸腰后凸角(TLK)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、矢状位平衡(SVA)、T1骨盆角(TPA)、骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS),并行Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)评分问卷调查,分析3组间参数差异及各组内参数间的相关性。以脊柱矢状位平衡判定标准作为分组依据,将3组再分为失衡亚组、平衡亚组,分别统计3组失衡亚组人数所占比例。分析胸腰椎OVCFs组的失衡亚组与平衡亚组矢状位参数、ODI评分、骨折椎体分布差异和两亚组内参数间的相关性。结果:(1)3组间TK、PI差异无统计学意义(P0.05);胸腰椎OVCFs组TLK、SVA、TPA、PT、ODI均大于单纯OP组,单纯OP组均大于骨量正常组(P0.05);胸腰椎OVCFs组LL、SS均小于单纯OP组,单纯OP组均小于骨量正常组(P0.05)。骨量正常组TPA与SVA、PI、PT、SS相关,LL与TK、PI、SS相关,PI与PT、SS相关(P0.05);单纯OP组TPA与SVA、LL、PI、PT、SS相关,TK与SVA、TPA、TLK相关,LL与TK、TLK、PI、SS相关,PI与PT、SS相关(P0.05);胸腰椎OVCFs组TPA与SVA、LL、PI、PT、SS相关,TK与SVA、TLK相关,PT与PI、SS相关(P0.05)。(2)单纯OP组、胸腰椎OVCFs组失衡亚组人数所占比例分别为29.41%、44.83%,骨量正常组未发现脊柱矢状位失平衡者。(3)胸腰椎OVCFs组的平衡亚组、失衡亚组多节段椎体骨折人数所占比例分别为37.5%、67.31%,骨折椎体分布无统计学差异(P0.05);平衡亚组TK、TLK、SVA、TPA、PT、ODI均小于失衡亚组,LL、SS均大于失衡亚组(P0.05),两组间PI差异无统计学意义(P0.05);平衡亚组SVA与TPA、TK、TLK、LL、PI、PT相关,TPA与TK、TLK、LL、PI、PT、SS相关,TK与TLK、LL、PT、SS相关,TLK与LL、PI、PT相关,LL与PT、SS相关,PT与PI、SS相关(P0.05);失衡亚组TPA与SVA、LL、PI、PT、SS相关,PT与PI、SS相关(P0.05)。结论 :胸腰椎OVCFs患者胸椎后凸、腰椎前凸及骨盆参数间相关性丧失,易发生矢状位失平衡,应积极手术治疗,根据矢状位平衡状况采用不同的手术方法。     

青少年L5/S1峡部裂性腰椎滑脱患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面形态分析

目的探讨青少年L_5/S_1峡部裂性腰椎滑脱患者的脊柱-骨盆矢状面形态改变。方法回顾性分析2009年10月—2017年1月收治的29例青少年L_5/S_1峡部裂性腰椎滑脱患者影像学资料,以30例年龄匹配的正常青少年影像学资料作为对照。在站立位全脊柱侧位X线片上测量滑脱角(SA)、滑脱距离(SD)、骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)、骨盆矢状面厚度(SPT)、L_5入射角(L_5I)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、胸椎后凸角(TK)、脊柱矢状位平衡(SVA)、骶骨平台角(STA)、S_1指数、腰骶角(LSA)等脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数,并计算滑脱率(SP),比较滑脱组与对照组以及低滑脱(SP≤17%)与高滑脱(SP17%)亚组之间的差异,并采用Pearson相关检验分析SP与各影像学参数的相关性。结果滑脱组SA为-4.5°±9.6°,SD为(7.1±3.6)mm,SP为(22.2±11.1)%。滑脱组的LSA、STA、S_1指数小于对照组,PI、PT、SS、SPT、L_5I、SVA及LL大于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);2组TK差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。高滑脱亚组的SA、TK、LSA、STA及S_1指数均显著小于低滑脱亚组,PI、PT、SS、SPT、L_5I和SVA均大于低滑脱亚组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);2个亚组的LL差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。滑脱组PI、PT、SPT、L_5I、LL与SP呈正相关,TK、LSA、STA及S_1指数与SP成负相关,SS、SVA与SP无明显相关性。结论腰骶部先天发育不良可能是青少年峡部裂性腰椎滑脱发生的始动因素。受滑脱程度影响,其脊柱-骨盆矢状面形态显著异常,表现出腰椎前凸增大、躯干前倾,同时骨盆后旋、屈髋屈膝等异常代偿姿势。     

青少年L5滑脱患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面形态的特征及临床意义

目的:研究青少年L5滑脱患者的脊柱-骨盆矢状面形态,分析不同类型滑脱的矢状面参数特征及临床意义。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月～2019年12月在我院就诊的资料完整的青少年L5滑脱患者36例,男、女各18例,平均年龄14.1±2.5岁(10～18岁);按照Wiltse滑脱分型分为峡部裂组28例和发育不良组8例;按照Meyerding分度标准分为轻度滑脱组32例(Ⅰ度29例、Ⅱ度3例)和重度滑脱组4例(Ⅲ度2例、Ⅳ度2例)。在站立位全长脊柱侧位片上测量脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数。其中滑移参数包括:滑脱率(slip rate,SR)、滑脱角(slip angle,SA);骨盆矢状面参数包括:骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、腰骶角(lumbosacral angle,LSA)、骶骨平台角(sacral table angle,STA);脊柱矢状面参数包括:胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)和矢状垂直偏距(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)。对比研究峡部裂组和发育不良组以及轻度和重度滑脱患者的脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数特点和相关临床意义。结果:峡部裂组SR=(13.7±8.1)%,PT=15.7°±8.3°,LSA=105.9°±11.8°,STA=102.8°±6.5°;发育不良组SR=(42.4±27.8)%,PT=34.2°±9.6°,LSA=78.7°±11.2°,STA=76.4°±9.5°;两组相比具有显著的统计学差异(P0.05)。轻度滑脱组SR=(14.4±7.8)%,PT=18.1°±10.4°,LSA=102.1°±15.5°,STA=99.9°±10.8°;重度滑脱组SR=(65.0±19.6)%,PT=33.9°±11.1°,LSA=77.4°±6.7°,STA=77.7°±8.8°,两组相比具有显著的统计学差异(P0.05)。峡部裂组SA=2.6°±13.1°,PI=54.6°±9.0°,TK=23.5°±15.5°,LL=-53.0°±18.3°;发育不良组SA=11.2°±10.5°,PI=60.8°±14.5°,TK=21.5°±14.3°,LL=-45.3°±15.9°;两组相比无统计学差异(P0.05)。轻度滑脱组SA=3.3°±12.6°,PI=55.3°±10.4°,TK=24.0°±13.1°,LL=-52.7°±17.4°;重度滑脱组SA=14.5°±12.8°,PI=61.0°±12.2°,TK=14.8°±3.7°,LL=-40.0°±20.0°,两组相比无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:青少年L5滑脱中,发育不良性多为重度滑脱,而峡部裂性多为轻度滑脱。发育不良性重度滑脱容易出现矢状面失衡和滑脱进展,其脊柱-骨盆矢状面呈现躯干前倾,骶骨垂直和骨盆后倾的形态。     

60岁以上脊柱畸形患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数与生活质量的相关性分析

目的 :探讨60岁以上脊柱畸形患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数与生活质量的相关性。方法 :2014年3月~2016年5月60岁以上存在脊柱侧凸20°、矢状面躯干偏移(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)5cm或骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)25°的脊柱畸形患者共43例被纳入研究,男7例,女36例,年龄64.0±3.5岁(60.0~73.0岁),其中退变性脊柱侧凸12例,退变性脊柱后凸畸形7例,退变性脊柱侧后凸畸形12例,特发性脊柱侧凸6例,特发性脊柱侧后凸畸形1例,陈旧性脊柱骨折伴后凸畸形5例。使用Scoliosis Research Society(SRS)-22量表、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)量表以及背部和下肢疼痛视觉模拟评分(the visual analog scale,VAS)评估患者的生活质量;在站立位全脊柱侧位X线片上测量脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数,包括SVA、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)、骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、PT、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS)和T1骨盆角(T1 pelvic angle,TPA)。计算PI减LL,即PI-LL值。采用Pearson相关性检验分析脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数与生活质量的相关性。结果:SRS-22量表中功能状态、疼痛、自我形象、心理状况及亚总分分别为13.4±2.1分、17.3±2.7分、13.2±3.0分、15.7±11.8分及59.6±5.6分;ODI、背部及下肢疼痛VAS评分分别为(46.8±17.8)%、5.7±2.6分和3.9±3.0分。SVA、TK、LL、PI、PT、SS、TPA和PI-LL分别为6.5±6.2cm、12.7°±15.8°、-16.9°±17.2°、49.0°±12.3°、30.2°±11.6°、18.8°±10.6°、28.8°±14.4°和32.1°±17.8°。SVA和TPA与SRS-22量表中功能状况、疼痛、自我形象、SRS-22亚总分、ODI及背部疼痛VAS评分显著相关(r=-0.386、-0.375、-0.361、-0.410、0.445、0.389,P0.05;r=-0.403、-0.426、-0.466、-0.425、0.512、0.465,P0.05);LL、PT、PI-LL与ODI及背部疼痛VAS评分显著相关(r=0.368、0.367,P0.05;r=0.376、0.341,P0.05;r=0.401、0.395,P0.05);TK、PI和SS与生活质量各量表评分均无关(P0.05)。结论 :在60岁以上脊柱畸形患者中,TPA和SVA增大会增加患者功能障碍、腰背部疼痛程度并降低患者自我形象;LL减小、PT和PI-LL增大会加重患者腰背部疼痛程度。TPA能同时反映脊柱和骨盆矢状面状态,和生活质量相关性最强。     

退变性腰椎侧凸脊柱-骨盆矢状位影像学特点

目的 :观察退变性腰椎侧凸(DLS)患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位影像学特点,探讨脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数变化对DLS发生的影响。方法:回顾性分析103例DLS患者术前资料,男36例,女67例,年龄62.6±7.4(43~78)岁,并选取139例正常青年人群作为正常青年对照组,145例单纯颈椎病患者作为成年对照组,在脊柱全长正侧位X线片上测量各组冠状位、矢状位参数,包括L3倾斜角、侧凸Cobb角、冠状位平衡(CVA)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、矢状位平衡(SVA)、胸椎后凸角(TK)、骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)等,采用独立样本t检验比较DLS组与两对照组的各矢状位参数,并用Pearson相关分析DLS组各参数间相关性。结果:DLS组PI为50.4°±10.2°,显著高于正常青年对照组(45.1°±9.6°,P0.01)和成年对照组(46.9°±9.1°,P0.01)。与青年及成年对照组相比,DLS组LL、SS较小(P0.01),PT、SVA较大(P0.01);TK小于成年对照组(P0.01)。DLS组中合并退变性腰椎滑脱者37例(占35.9%),PI为53.1°±8.8°;无退变性腰椎滑脱者66例,PI为48.9°±10.6°,二者相比有统计学差异且均显著高于正常青年对照组(P0.05)。DLS组侧凸Cobb角与PT显著相关(P0.05),余冠状位参数与矢状位参数间未发现相关性;LL、PI、SS、PT两两之间显著相关(P0.01),LL、PT与TK显著相关(P0.01),SS与TK显著相关(P0.05),LL与SVA显著相关(P0.01)。结论 :DLS患者PI高于正常青年及颈椎病患者,高PI可能参与了DLS的发病机制;DLS患者退变、侧凸的腰椎仍存在调节矢状位平衡的能力。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.