关于老年慢性肾脏病诊断标准的争议

目前的慢性肾脏病(CKD)诊断标准在很多地方忽视了老年人的特殊性.在评估肾功能方面,由于血清肌酐水平受到肌肉含量、饮食等许多因素的影响,因此,所有基于血清肌酐的肾小球滤过率( GFR)评估公式在实际应用特别是在老年人群中应用时均会出现一定的偏倚.近年来,很多研究证实血清胱抑素C是一项干扰因素较少、相对理想的测定GFR的...     

高龄老年人肾小球滤过率的评估

目的探讨高龄老年人群(年龄≥80岁)肾小球滤过率(e GFR)及不同估算公式间的差别。方法回顾性分析172例高龄老人体检数据,以Cockcroft-Gault(C-G)公式、慢性肾病流行病学合作研究组(CKD-EPI)公式和中国改良肾病饮食调节(MDRD)公式分别计算e GFR,比较不同性别肾功能的差异及各公式评估e GFR的差异。结果三种估算公式所得e GFR值分别为(53.78±0.96)、(69.59±1.08)、(84.59±1.69)ml·min-1·1.73 m-2(F=143.34,P=0.000),无性别差异;肾功能下降发生率分别为C-G(76.74%)、CKD-EPI(23.84%)、改良MDRD(11.63%)(χ2=176.03,P=0.000)。结论高龄老年人群e GFR值均显著下降,且无性别差异,CKD-EPI公式可能更适合高龄老年人的e GFR评估。     

慢性肾功能不全患者的血压管理

<正>慢性肾功能不全(chronic renal insufficiency,CRI)是各种原因所致肾脏损伤后持续进展导致肾功能慢性减损的临床情况。目前CRI的诊断主要参照慢性肾脏病(chronickidney disease,CKD)的诊断标准进行,即CRI患者指的是CKD中肾小球滤过率(GFR)下降的人群(CKD 2～5期,     

肾小球滤过率评估公式的比较

肾小球滤过率(GFR)是评价肾功能的重要指标,也是慢性肾脏病(CKD)分期的重要依据。使用公式评估GFR方法简便,已被广泛应用,其中Cockcroft-Gault(CG)公式和MDRD公式最为常用,CKD-EPI、改良MDRD公式、瑞金公式及基于胱抑素C的公式等次之,通过比较其偏差、精确度、准确性等指标发现,CG公式更适用于健康人群,但在肾功能不全患者适用性较差,且受体重影响明显;MDRD公式适用于肾功能不全患者,但在GFR水平较高时可靠性较差;CKD-EPI克服了MDRD公式在GFR较高时会低估真实值的缺点;改良MDRD公式和瑞金公式则更适用于中国人;而基于胱抑素C的公式在疾病早期有较好适用性。因此,尚需进一步改进或者发掘更好地评估GFR的公式。     

老年人肾功能评估现状与进展

老年人慢性肾脏病（CKD）的患病人数增长迅猛,准确、灵敏地筛查出该类患者具有重要的意义。常用的肾功能指标中,目前较为认可的是血清肌酐（SCr）和血清胱抑素（CysC）。在筛查我国老年CKD患者时,CysC可能更加灵敏和特异。肾小球滤过率（GFR）估算公式的评估价值可能优于肾功能单指标。公式的准确性似乎并不与原发病或基础病有关,而与种族、年龄等因素有关,更与公式的设计开发时的准确性密切相关。以我国老年人群为研究对象,进行多中心,大样本,统一实验室方法的合作,开发全新的GFR公式,显得十分迫切和重要。对于老年人群,CKD的定义及分期可能还需要特殊的界定,以便更准确地区分出CKD患者。     

老年人血浆高半胱氨酸水平与肾功能的相关性研究

目的:探讨血高半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)水平与老年人肾功能的相关性。方法:收集我院老年病科体检者831例,采用酶联免疫法测定其血Hcy水平。采用慢性肾脏病流行病学合作研究公式(CKD-EPI)及肾脏病饮食改良公式(MDRD)计算估算的肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR)评估入选者肾功能。将eGFR<0.05)。(2)中重度肾功能受损者比例在高Hcy组明显升高(P     

胱抑素C与CKD-EPI 2012在老年高血压肾损伤患者中的研究进展

肾损伤是老年高血压患者的常见并发症之一。相比传统肾损伤标记物及常规肾小球滤过率估算公式,研究发现胱抑素C与美国慢性肾脏病流行病学合作组(CKD-EPI)2012公式对老年人肾功能有着更好的评估效能。本文现对相关研究进行阐述,并探索胱抑素C与CKD-EPI 2012公式在老年高血压肾损伤患者中的诊断价值。     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者蛋白尿和心血管事件的相关性

<正>肾功能下降与心血管病发病率和死亡率独立相关。尿白蛋白排泄(蛋白尿)可反映肾小球内皮功能障碍及通透性增高,也与长期及短期的心血管预后独立相关。蛋白尿和肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)降低有交叉和互补之处。因此,根据GFR降低和(或)存在蛋白尿可用于诊断慢性肾脏病     

高动态动脉僵硬度指数是普通中年人群年龄相关的肾小球滤过率快速下降的一个独立危险因素

<正>动脉僵硬度是心血管病及慢性肾脏病的危险因素。流行病学研究难以足够精确测定肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR),普通人群中,动脉僵硬度做为年龄相关GFR下降的预测因素,作用仍不明确。动态动脉僵硬度指数(ambulatory arterial stiffness index,AASI)是一个易于从动态血压中计算     

肾小球滤过率评估方程在云南少数民族慢性肾病患者中的适用性

目的评价肾小球滤过率(GFR)评估方程在云南少数民族慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者肾功能检测中的适用性。方法选择51例少数民族慢性肾脏病患者,将Cockcroft-Gault方程、MDRD7方程、简化MDRD方程计算的GFR值用体表面积(BSA)标准化,与BSA标准化的99mTc-DTPA测得的GFR在不同CKD分期进行比较。结果方程计算的GFR(cGFR、7GFR、aGFR)与99mTc-GFR(sGFR)均具有显著的相关性,相关性较好的依次为MDRD7、简化MDRD、Cockcroft-Gault方程;在Roc曲线下的平均面积上述3个公式分别是0.83、0.81、0.80。cGFR、7GFR、aGFR与99mTc-GFR间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论上述方程用于少数民族CKD患者时,应对其进行适当修正。     

The auxiliary table for GFR estimation according to the MDRD formula

The best overall index of renal function is considered to be glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the gold standard for its assessment is renal inulin clearance (Cin) Unfortunately, Cin cannot be routinely used in daily practice due to its complexity as a test. The most often used ones are the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula and the recently developed Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) prediction equation. Calculation of MDRD (estimated GFR) according to this formula is simple but it requires a computer program. The following table is prepared for parts of the world where the computer program is not available as yet.     

Chronic kidney disease epidemic: myth and reality

In recent years, an epidemic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as one of the major public health problem. The prevalence of CKD is largely sustained by the inclusion of a substantial proportion of the elderly population within stage 3 CKD, according to the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative staging system. However, some clarifications are necessary when interpreting these data. In fact, renal function "normally" declines with age, without bearing any unfavourable outcome; in addition, the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula used to calculate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) underestimates kidney function in the elderly and in women. Considerable interest in CKD has been generated by the evidence that predialysis CKD is associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Again, potential confounding factors must be ruled out. Age is thought to play a major role in this context. The most common causes of CKD, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, are also known to affect cardiovascular outcomes directly, thus preventing the recognition of an independent effect of kidney dysfunction on mortality by CVD. Taken together, these considerations point for a better definition of CKD. Early identification of patients at risk for accelerated decline in renal function is mandatory to plan strategies for screening and preventing CKD and its complications. At present, detection of CKD in the general population requires a multi-dimensional approach that should include the evaluation of clinical risk conditions, evaluation of albuminuria and sequential monitoring of GFR.     

Creatinine Clearance Is Not Equal to Glomerular Filtration Rate and Cockcroft-Gault Equation Is Not Equal to CKD-EPI Collaboration Equation

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) may require dose reduction or avoidance when glomerular filtration rate is low. However, glomerular filtration rate is not usually measured in routine clinical practice. Rather, equations that incorporate different variables use serum creatinine to estimate either creatinine clearance in mL/min or glomerular filtration rate in mL/min/1.73 m². The Cockcroft-Gault equation estimates creatinine clearance and incorporates weight into the equation. By contrast, the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations estimate glomerular filtration rate and incorporate ethnicity but not weight. As a result, an individual patient may have very different renal function estimates, depending on the equation used. We now highlight these differences and discuss the impact on routine clinical care for anticoagulation to prevent embolization in atrial fibrillation. Pivotal DOAC clinical trials used creatinine clearance as a criterion for patient enrollment, and dose adjustment and Federal Drug Administration recommendations are based on creatinine clearance. However, clinical biochemistry laboratories provide CKD-EPI glomerular filtration rate estimations, resulting in discrepancies between clinical trial and routine use of the drugs.     

高龄慢性肾脏病患者肾小球滤过率估算公式比较

目的研究常用的肾小球滤过率估算公式在老龄慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者中的适用性。方法以同位素显像法测定的患者肾小球滤过率为标准,评价常用的肾小球滤过率估算公式用于334例高龄CKD患者的精确度和准确度。结果目前最常用的CG和MDRD系列公式在估算高龄CKD患者肾小球滤过率时均无法达到临床需要的估算效能。经过数据转换,可以改善这些公式的精确度和准确度。结论在以常用的肾小球滤过率公式评价高龄CKD患者肾功能时需审慎,建议个体化选用公式,适当数据转换,必要时直接测定肾小球滤过率或内生肌酐清除率。     

Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in the elderly: a comparison of creatinine-based formulae with serum cystatin C

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of decreased kidney function in an elderly population and to evaluate the impact of using alternative markers of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), focusing on serum cystatin C (Cys C) and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study prediction equation. DESIGN AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional community-based survey renal function was assessed by serum creatinine (SCreat), Cys C and GFR predicted by the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) and the MDRD Study formulae. Associations with age, gender and proteinuria were analysed by linear models. SUBJECTS: A total of 1246 elderly residents in Lieto, Finland, 64-100 years of age. RESULTS: The prevalence of moderately or severely decreased renal function, estimated by the MDRD Study equation, was 35.7%; the CG formula yielded 58.6%. The profile of Cys C performance, including variation across age groups and level of health status, showed greater similarity to GFR estimated using the MDRD Study equation than to SCreat alone, or GFR estimated using the CG formula. Discordance between high Cys C levels and only mildly decreased GFR estimates was observed in subjects with functional limitations. Microalbuminuria was associated with Cys C levels only (P =0.047). CONCLUSION: Prevalence estimates of decreased renal function amongst the elderly vary considerably depending on prediction formula used. Variation in creatinine metabolism amongst elderly comorbid patients and the critical dependence on the SCreat assay and exact calibration, make the use of creatinine-based formulae to predict GFR questionable in geriatric clinical practice. In this setting, Cys C is a promising alternative.     

Concealed renal failure and adverse drug reactions in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: In elderly patients serum creatinine may be normal despite decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of this "concealed" renal failure, i.e., renal failure with normal serum creatinine levels, in elderly diabetic patients, and to verify whether it is a risk factor for adverse drug reactions (ADR) to hydrosoluble drugs. METHODS: We used data on 2257 hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus enrolled in the Gruppo Italiano di Farmacovigilanza nell'Anziano study. On the basis of serum creatinine and calculated GFR, patients were grouped as follows: normal renal function (normal serum creatinine levels and normal GFR), concealed (normal serum creatinine levels and reduced GFR), or overt (increased creatinine levels and reduced GFR) renal failure. GFR was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. The outcome of the study was the incidence of ADR to hydrosoluble drugs during the hospital stay. The relationship between renal function and ADR was evaluated using Cox regression analysis including potential confounders. RESULTS: Concealed renal failure was observed in 363 (16.1%) of patients studied. Patients with concealed or overt renal failure were older, had more frequently cognitive impairment and polypharmacy, and had lower serum albumin levels than did those with normal renal function. Both concealed (hazard ratio = 1.90; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-3.48; p =.036) and overt (hazard ratio = 2.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.40-3.55; p =.001) renal failure were significantly associated with ADR to hydrosoluble drugs. The use of more than four drugs also qualified as an independent risk factor for ADRs to hydrosoluble drugs during hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: Older diabetic patients should be systematically screened to ascertain the presence of concealed renal failure in an attempt to optimize the pharmacological treatment and reduce the risk of ADRs.     

Difference between CKD-EPI and MDRD equations in calculating glomerular filtration rate in patients with cirrhosis

AIM:To evaluate the difference between the performance of the (CKD-EPI) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equations in cirrhotic patients. METHODS: From Jan 2004 to Oct 2008, 4127 cirrhotic patients were reviewed. Patients with incomplete data with respect to renal function were excluded; thus, a total of 3791 patients were included in the study. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by the 4-variable MDRD (MDRD-4), 6-variable MDRD (MDRD-6), and CKD-EPI equations.RESULTS:When ser...     

Pharmacotherapy in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease

The number of patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide and exceeds 15% of the entire population in industrialized countries. Half of the patients aged 70?+?years suffer from CKD. The most prevalent underlying diseases leading to CKD are diabetes and hypertension. CKD per se increases the risk of cardiovascular events, cancer, and infections; hence, adequate and intensified pharmacotherapy is of utmost importance in this patient population. About 60% of all regularly used drugs are excreted by the kidney. For those, dose adjustment is of utter importance to avoid untoward effects and serious complications. The first important step for dose adjustment is the accurate estimation of renal function, i.e., glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Renal function cannot be assessed by serum creatinine alone as it only rises after a substantial (>?50%) loss of glomerular function and depends on many factors, e.g., age, gender, weight, and race. GFR can easily be estimated using formulas, e.g., the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula.     

Renal prostaglandins, effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate in healthy elderly subjects.

This study tests the hypothesis that the age-associated reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the presence of glomerulosclerosis renders effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) prostaglandin dependent. Ten healthy elderly volunteers were studied in a single-blind placebo-controlled manner using indomethacin to suppress the renal prostaglandins. There was no significant difference in ERPF or GFR following indomethacin when compared with placebo. These results suggest that blocking renal prostaglandins does not significantly alter ERPF or GFR in healthy elderly people.