口咽部颈内动脉异位的CTA表现及临床意义

目的 总结口咽部颈内动脉异位的CTA表现及临床意义。方法 回顾2021年1月至2021年10月行头颈部CTA检查的363例患者临床及影像资料，对颈内动脉口咽部走形进行分析。结果 发现口咽部颈内动脉异位发生率为4.96%(18例)，其中右侧异位3.03%(11例)，左侧1.10%(4例)，双侧0.83%(3例)；变异颈内动脉距离咽壁（3.16±1.47）mm；患者多无明显局部症状，个别有咽部异物感、睡眠打鼾或吞咽梗阻感甚至发生进食短暂晕厥。结论 CTA可以清晰准确地显示口咽部颈内动脉异位，提高其检出率，为临床诊治提供影像解剖学依据。     

腰椎管狭窄症马尾神经冗余征的观察及临床意义

目的　观察腰椎管狭窄症马尾神经冗余征（redundant nerve roots, RNRs）的形态,了解RNRs与节段椎管狭窄的关系,探讨RNRs的临床意义。 方法　2016年1月至2016年11月我院收治的单节段腰椎管狭窄症患者134例,行仰卧位MRI检查,观察矢状位椎管内马尾神经走行及形态,分为RNRs（+）和RNRs（-）,并测量狭窄节段椎管正中矢状径、有效矢状径、椎管有效截面积,统计学比较分析RNRs（+）与狭窄节段狭窄程度的关系。 结果　134例腰椎管狭窄症患者,男61例,女73例,年龄24～80岁（平均54.4±13.6岁）,RNRs（+）43例,RNRs（-）91例,RNRs形态分为“藤索”型29例(67.44%,29/43),“葡萄串珠”型6例(13.95％,6／43),“蛇纹石”型8例(18.60%,8/43)。RNRs（+）组椎管有效截面积明显小于RNRs（-）组,具有显著统计学意义(P<0.05);但两组之间正中矢状径、有效矢状径比较, 无统计学差异(P>0.05)。 结论　马尾神经冗余征见于严重腰椎管狭窄症患者,其发生与椎管绝对性狭窄有关,可作为腰椎管狭窄症手术指征之一。     

咽淋巴环影像解剖及口咽部非霍奇金淋巴瘤PET/CT和MRI表现

目的　探讨咽淋巴环影像解剖特点,进一步分析口咽部非霍奇金淋巴瘤PET/CT和MRI表现。 方法　 回顾性分析30例临床病理资料完整的口咽部非霍奇金淋巴瘤的影像资料,所有患者治疗前均行PET/CT及MR检查,两种检查时间间距不超过14 d。结合咽淋巴环解剖影像解剖特点,分析病灶的分布、形态、MRI信号特点、强化特征、SUVmax值以及淋巴结转移方式。 结果 30例中B细胞来源占76.7% (23例),外周T细胞占16.7%（5例）和NK/T细胞占6.7% (2例)。63.3%（19例）腭扁桃体受累。病变表现肿块型10例,弥漫型8例,混合型12例。CT平扫表现为等或稍高密度,增强后轻度均匀强化。MRI检查病灶T1WI呈等或略低信号,T2WI为等或略高信号。PET/CT原发灶SUVmax值达11以上25例（83.3%）。所有患者均存在不同程度咽旁间隙受压变窄,但MRI上高信号的脂肪仍存在,口咽部粘膜完整。25例合并颈部淋巴结转移,其中22例转移淋巴结无坏死,3例转移淋巴结出现中心坏死。 结论　口咽部NHL在发病部位、形态、肿瘤的信号、SUVmax值、周围组织结构的侵犯和颈部淋巴结转移都有一定的解剖学及影像学特征,PET/CT和MRI对于口咽部非霍奇金淋巴瘤的鉴别诊断和病变范围的判断有重要价值。     

颈内动静脉与颅底骨三维空间关系

目的 :显示对比正常侧和病变侧颈内动静脉与周围骨结构的解剖关系 ,以完善术前准备。方法 :10例颌颈部肿瘤患者 ,术前行颈动脉三维CT血管成像 (CTA) ,同步注射造影剂 ,螺旋CT对病变区血管段进行重点薄层螺旋扫描 ,由EasyVision工作站三维重建。结果 :5例颈外动脉和颈内静脉受压狭窄 ,其中 3例出现颈总动脉、颈内动脉向内侧移位 ,另 1例左侧颈内动脉动脉瘤清晰定位。CTA能够显示病变区血管段 (包括颈总动脉、颈内动脉、颈外动脉、颈内静脉 )与下颌骨、舌骨、颈椎、颅底骨结构的三维解剖关系 ,进行旋转、放大 ,三维测量 ,多视角观察 ,无重叠干扰。结论 :对颌颈、口咽部肿瘤患者术前CTA检查 ,能够判断颈部大血管的情况及颈部巨大肿瘤造成颈内动脉移位 ,CTA可显示血管性肿瘤的三维形状和与颅底骨空间关系 ,为手术入路及术式提供参考 ,有助于降低手术风险     

肝内门静脉-体静脉分流的MRI表现

目的　探讨肝内门静脉-体静脉分流（intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt,IPSVS）的MRI表现。 方法　回顾36例采用1.5T或3.0T MRI行上腹部平扫及动态增强扫描的IPSVS患者（PHVS 29例,PIVCS 7例）影像资料,分析其影像解剖学特点。 结果　IPSVS以Tanoue第1种类型的第1亚型（72.2%）和ParkⅡ型（58.3%）最常见。PHVS所在部位除肝Ⅰ段外其它段均存在,以Ⅲ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ段多见,分布在肝内、肝周及包膜下几率相仿,以1个病灶为主,2个及以上病灶少见,形态以结节状为主、动脉瘤状次之,迂曲状及混合形态少见,病灶长径多大于1.0 cm;PIVCS位于肝Ⅰ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ段,分布在肝内-肝周-肝外多见,肝内-肝周及包膜下次之,肝内少见,形态以混合形态的迂曲、结节状为主,病灶长径均大于1.0 cm。IPSVS于MRI平扫T1WI显示上下连续层面肝内的低信号与肝内血管相连,T2WI呈大部分流空的低信号和少许稍高信号,增强显示与病灶相交通的供血门静脉和引流的肝静脉、下腔静脉是其特征性的表现。 结论　MRI能较好地显示IPSVS的血管异常。     

颈内静脉与颅底骨三维空间关系

】目的显示对比正常侧和病变侧颈内动静脉与周围骨结构的解剖关系，以完善术前准备。方法10例颌颈部肿瘤患者，术前行颈动脉三维CT血管成像(CTA)，同步注射造影剂，螺旋CT对病变区血管段进行重点薄层螺旋扫描，由Easy Vision工作站三维重建。结果5例颈外动脉和颈内静脉受压狭窄，其中3例出现颈总动脉、颈内动脉向内侧移位。CTA能够显示病变区血管段(包括颈总动脉、颈内动脉、颈外动脉、颈内静脉)与下颌骨、舌骨、颈椎、颅底骨结构的三维解剖关系，进行旋转、放大，三维测量，多视角观察，无重叠干扰。结论对颌颈、口咽部肿瘤患者术前CTA检查，能够判断颈部大血管的情况及颈部巨大肿瘤造成项内动脉移位，CTA可显示血管性肿瘤的三维形状和与颅底骨空间关系，为手术入路及术式提供参考，有助于降低手术风险。     

儿童脑发育及神经发育障碍的多模态MRI研究进展

目的 总结多模态MRI技术在儿童脑发育及神经发育障碍（NDDs）中的应用研究进展。方法 在中国知网、万方数据、PubMed及Web of Science 等中英文数据库,以“儿童脑发育”“神经发育障碍”“磁共振成像”以及“brain development” “neurodevelopmental disorders” “children” “MRI”等为关键词,检索1999年1月—2021年1月有关脑发育及NDDs疾病的MRI研究的相关文献,共检索到7 974篇文献,排除内容不相符、无法获取全文、质量较低、证据等级不高、重复研究的文献,最终纳入49篇英文文献,对其进行总结、分析。结果 多模态脑影像学技术（如形态学、解剖学及功能MRI）结合当前机器学习分析技术（如脑年龄预测）和影像遗传学技术,从结构到功能、从局域到网络性质,描绘了正常和异常儿童脑发育的轨迹,促进了对NDDs病理生理机制的理解。结论 结合定量化分析的多模态MRI技术,可用于对NDDs疾病的大脑结构及功能改变进行观察和对NDDs疾病机制的研究,并提供影像生物标志物,在儿童脑发育及NDDs疾病的早期诊断、分类和预后方面具有较高的应用价值。     

三维CT血管造影在右肺上叶静脉解剖中的应用

目的　应用多层螺旋CT血管造影（MSCTA）联合后处理容积重建（VR）技术显示右肺上叶静脉,对其解剖结构进行分类。 方法　95例患者行肺动静脉造影,应用VR技术显示右肺上叶静脉,研究其分支类型及引流静脉归类概况。 结果　（1）右肺上叶前静脉有多支,95例患者共268支,走形复杂,主要收集右肺上叶前段和尖段血液,有18例走形于右肺水平裂,收集右肺上叶前段和右肺中叶的血液;右肺中央静脉为1支,共95支,走形于右肺上叶前段和尖段支气管中间;右肺上叶后静脉较少出现,共14支,其中5支直接汇入左心房。（2）右肺上叶肺静脉分型中,“前+中央静脉”型最为常见,有81例（85.2 %）,“前+中+后静脉”型14例（14.8%）,单纯的“前静脉”型和“中央静脉”型本研究未发现。 结论　MSCTA联合后处理VR技术可以真实直观地显示右肺上叶静脉的分支形式。     

经口、咽入路处理颅颈交界区病变的应用解剖

目的为延髓及颈脊髓上段中线腹侧病变切除提供解剖学资料。方法1.成人完整颅骨200个,测枕骨基底部的长、宽和厚;2.在10具成人头部标本,保留颅后窝硬脑膜,各脑神经根和血管,观察其位置及毗邻;3.20具成人头部正中矢状断面标本,观察经鼻咽部进入颅腔和椎管的层次结构;4.5具头标本经口、鼻咽部逐层解剖至脑干下段及颈脊髓上段,观察两侧椎动脉,基底动脉、静脉和各脑神经根。结果1.枕骨基底部平均长(27.9±2.4)mm,平均宽(20.3±2.6)mm,平均厚(10.0±0.5)mm;2.经解剖后详述了此入路的各层结构。结论经口、咽入路适合颅颈交界区中线和骨窗范围的病变切除。     

不同病因致股骨头缺血性坏死的影像对比

背景：股骨头缺血性坏死的临床诊断主要依靠影像学检查,对不同病因所致股骨头缺血性坏死的影像学对比研究目前报道甚少。 目的：对不同病因股骨头缺血性坏死的影像学表现进行比较研究,观察不同病因股骨头缺血性坏死的影像学表现有无差别。 方法：收集经临床及影像学检查证实的股骨头缺血性坏死54例共计60个髋关节影像资料,根据病因将其分为特发性、酒精性、激素性、股骨颈骨折性4类,将这4类股骨头缺血坏死的X射线、CT、MRI表现进行对比分析。 结果与结论：60个股骨头缺血性坏死髋关节中特发性12个、酒精性21个、激素性15个、股骨颈骨折性12个。X射线、CT主要表现依次为：股骨头“星征”变形或 “星征”消失;“新月”征阳性,骨质轻度碎裂,关节面轻度塌陷;股骨头变形,骨质碎裂,关节面塌陷,髋关节退性行改变,并以CT更可靠。股骨头缺血性坏死分期MRI均表现为：Ⅰ期T1WI股骨头负重区显示线样低信号、T2WI 加权呈高信号为主要改变;Ⅱ期T1WI为新月形边界清楚的不均匀信号,T2WI加权呈中等稍高信号,周围不均匀稍低信号环绕,呈典型的双线征;Ⅲ期股骨头变形,软骨下骨折、塌陷、新月体形成。T1WI呈带状低信号, T2WI示中等或高信号;Ⅳ、Ⅴ期关节软骨被完全破坏,关节间隙变窄,股骨头显著塌陷变形,髋臼出现硬化、囊性变及边缘骨赘等非特异性继发性骨关节炎。提示不同病因相同分期股骨头缺血性坏死的X射线、CT、MRI表现特点及规律是相同的。     

MR imaging of the internal carotid artery in ischemic cerebrovascular disorders--clinical and angiographic correlation.

This study was intended to correlate the appearance of the cavernous segment of the carotid artery on MR images with the presence of significant stenosis or occlusion of the cervical carotid artery as seen on angiograms in 37 patients with cerebrovascular disorders who had brain MRI and arteriography. Three patients demonstrated an isointense signal within the carotid artery's cavernous segment, correlating with complete carotid occlusion as seen angiographically. Ten patients had variable signal intensity and/or luminal narrowing in the carotid siphon; seven of these findings correlated with angiographic evidence of carotid occlusion, while carotid branch occlusion was seen angiographically in the other three. The demonstration of normal signal void within a normal-appearing cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery in the remaining 24 patients correlated with an absence of significant stenosis within the cervical segment in 21 patients. In the remaining three, significant disease of the internal carotid artery was found. Isointensity or luminal irregularity within the intracranial carotid artery can indicate complete occlusion or slow flow. The presence of normal flow void in the intracranial segment does not exclude significant abnormality of the cervical segment of the carotid artery.     

Aberrant petrous internal carotid artery with cochlear anomaly-an unusual association

The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a female patient who presented with headache and hearing loss revealed aberrant course of the petrous segment of internal carotid artery (ICA). Computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bone done to confirm the findings of MRI revealed aberrant course of right ICA, a persistent stapedial artery (PSA) and absent foramen spinosum on the same side. In addition patient had a cystic cochleovestibular anomaly on the right side with both conditions may probably be contributing to her hearing loss.     

大隐静脉重建颈动脉在头颈部恶性肿瘤手术治疗中的应用

目的 探讨大隐静脉在颈动脉重建手术中的应用以及对恶性肿瘤侵犯颈动脉的患者行颈动脉重建手术的临床疗效和安全性。方法 回顾性研究。纳入中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科2017年11月-2019年9月18例行肿瘤切除颈动脉重建的恶性肿瘤患者,其中男10例、女8例,年龄47～72(58.8±6.6)岁;甲状腺乳头状癌11例,头颈部鳞癌7例,其中5名患者在术前接受过放射治疗。完成综合术前检查后,术中完整切除肿物及受侵的部分颈动脉,并以自体大隐静脉重建颈动脉。观察患者术前颈部超声及颈部CT提示肿瘤包绕角度、下肢静脉超声所提示的大隐静脉情况及距汇入股静脉远心端5 cm处内径,手术时间、术中出血量、移植大隐静脉侧别、供体大隐静脉长度、术中颈动脉阻断时间、肿瘤包绕颈动脉角度、受体颈动脉吻合处内径,术后病理组织学检查结果、患者住院时间、重建血管的通畅情况、有无出现神经系统及下肢供区并发症,随访期间有无局部复发及远处转移病例。结果 术前超声探查及颈部CT示,18例患者大隐静脉在距汇入股静脉远心端5 cm处内径(0.53±0.14)cm;颈部CT扫描见肿瘤对颈动脉的包绕角度均超过180°,其中超过270° 15例、全部包绕颈动脉9例。术中大隐静脉取材长度(7.3±1.1)cm,取用左侧大隐静脉9例、右侧大隐静脉9例。颈动脉近心端吻合处均为颈总动脉,内径(0.74±0.06)cm;远心端吻合处位于颈总动脉14例,颈内动脉4例,内径(0.71±0.17)cm。术中颈动脉阻断时间(640±117)s。术中观察颈动脉受侵角度190°～360°(317°±56°),与术前影像学检查一致。18例患者手术时间4～6 h,术中出血200～500 mL,住院时间7～28 d(平均13.13 d)。术后病理提示侵犯颈动脉血管壁组织13例。术后随访时间3～24个月,平均11.06个月。18例中,死亡2例、局部复发1例,余15例无瘤生存;术后颈动脉CT血管成像示重建血管均通畅,未见移植血管破裂、感染、狭窄及假性动脉瘤形成,供区下肢均未见水肿、跛行等血液循环障碍并发症。结论 在头颈部肿瘤患者的颈动脉重建手术中,大隐静脉具有易于取材、移植物感染率低等优势,同时该手术能在低神经系统并发症风险下安全、完整地切除肿瘤,值得推广应用。     

Aberrant retropharyngeal (submucosal) internal carotid artery: an under-recognized, clinically significant variant

We present a case of a 71-year-old woman who was incidentally found to have aberrant retropharyngeal internal carotid artery, lying very close to the pharyngeal mucosa, on imaging. Radiologists, otolaryngologists and anaesthetists should be aware of this clinically significant variant which can result in life-threatening bleeding during procedures in the oral cavity or oropharynx.     

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography in the evaluation of aberrant origin of the external carotid artery branches

Aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of aberrant origin of the branches of the external carotid artery (ECA) in 97 patients by computed tomography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and to compare the accuracy of these two techniques in the visualization of the ECA system. All patients underwent CTA and MRA examination of the head and neck. Multiplanar and volumetric reformations were obtained in all cases. For each set of images, the presence of aberrant origin of the branches of the external carotid artery was investigated. MRA and CTA images of each patient were compared to define their information content. Anatomical anomalies were found in 88 heminecks, with a prevalence of 53.3%. In the 61 patients in whom the CTA was performed before the MRA, the latter method showed only 92% of abnormalities detected at the first examination; in the 36 patients in whom MRA was performed first, CTA identified all of the anomalies highlighted by the former, adding 12 new. Knowledge of the anomalies of origin of the ECA branches is essential for the head and neck surgeon; the high prevalence of anomalies found in our series as in the previous studies indicates the opportunity to perform a CTA or a MRA of the head and neck before any surgical or interventional procedure. CTA is the method of choice in the evaluation of anomalies of origin of the branches of the ECA and in the definition of their course.     

Prevalence of arterial branches arising from the extracranial internal carotid artery on CT angiography

Although it is well known that arterial branches may rarely arise from the cervical internal carotid artery (ICA), their incidence has not been adequately evaluated on computed tomography angiography (CTA). We investigate the prevalence of congenital and non-congenital anomalous branches arising from the cervical ICA by a 5 year retrospective review of neck CTAs performed on 2,602 patients. We found a higher frequency of arteries arising from the ICA than suggested by the existing literature, including a 0.49 % prevalence of the occipital artery origin and a 6.25 % prevalence of the superior pharyngeal branch of (the pharyngeal trunk of) the ascending pharyngeal artery. In addition, six cases of recanalized intersegmental arteries providing collateral flow to the cervical ICA from the cervical vertebral artery were identified. This is the first large, retrospective CTA study evaluating the incidence of these anomalous vessel origins.     

多层螺旋CT血管造影评价颅内血管狭窄和闭塞性疾病的临床价值

目的通过与DSA的比较评价多层螺旋CT血管造影（CTA）诊断颅内血管狭窄和闭塞的临床价值。方法32例缺血性脑血管病的患者，其中男性23例，女性9例，年龄48～75岁，平均年龄57岁。接受了CTA和DSA检查。2项检查均在人院后15d内完成。分别测量CTA和DSA影像中动脉的狭窄程度和动脉狭窄处的管腔直径．结果以DSA作为参考标准，CTA发现病变的数量为74个．病变数量和病变部位的判断与DSA一致。CTA诊断颅内动脉中度狭窄的敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为94．3％、98．8％和98．6％；重度狭窄分别为73．7％、99．7％和99．7％：闭塞分别为91．7％、99．8％和100％。CTA与DSA测量狭窄程度及狭窄处管腔直径的能力无统计学差异。结论CTA是一种诊断动脉狭窄和闭塞性疾病的可靠方法．在许多情况下CTA检查结果的特异度和精确度与DSA相当。     

Neuropeptide Y co-exists with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and acetylcholine in parasympathetic cerebrovascular nerves originating in the sphenopalatine, otic, and internal carotid ganglia of the rat

Neuropeptide Y co-exists with noradrenaline in the majority of the sympathetic nerves supplying cerebral blood vessels. However, after sympathectomy in the rat the number of cerebrovascular neuropeptide Y nerve fibers are only reduced in number despite a complete disappearance of the adrenergic markers. The origin of these non-sympathetic neuropeptide Y fibers was studied by nerve transections and retrograde axonal tracing utilizing True Blue. Three days after bilateral superior cervical sympathectomy, the number of neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibers decreased to about 40% of that in non-treated animals. One week after True Blue application on the proximal portion of the middle cerebral artery, the tracer accumulated in neurons of the sphenopalatine, otic, and internal carotid ganglia. Of these cells 80%, 95% and 5%, respectively, were neuropeptide Y-positive. Some of the True Blue/neuropeptide Y-positive cells displayed immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and some were positive for choline acetyltransferase. Two weeks after bilateral removal of the sphenopalatine ganglion or transection of postganglionic fibers from the ganglion reaching the pial vessels through the ethmoidal foramen, together with subsequent sympathectomy, no neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibers could be observed on the anterior cerebral and internal ethmoidal artery or the distal portion of the middle cerebral artery, whereas a few nerve fibers remained on the proximal portion of the middle cerebral artery, internal carotid artery, and the rostral portion of the basilar artery. In conclusion, neuropeptide Y in cerebrovascular nerves is co-stored not only with noradrenaline in sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion, but also with acetylcholine (reflected in the presence of choline acetyltransferase) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in parasympathetic nerves originating in the sphenopalatine, otic, and internal carotid ganglia.     

Persistence of the stapedial artery: three cases

The authors report three cases of persistence of the stapedial artery, discovered by computed tomography examination. For two cases, a clinical symptomatology was present but probably related to the association with an aberrant carotid artery in the middle ear; the only case of isolated persistence of the stapedial artery was asymptomatic. Direct visualisation of the abnormal artery was possible on the C. T. scans in two cases and a collateral sign as a larger tympanic part of the facial canal was found in the third case inducing a MRI. The incidence of this anomaly is 0.48 per cent from 1,045 dissections of temporal bones but it is generally clinically unrecognized. The hyo?do-stapedial artery appears and develops at the 7-18 mm embryonic stages. Partial or complete persistence have been described associated with no regression or no division of the ventral pharyngeal artery.