老年胸部非心脏手术术后新出现快速房颤危险因素分析

目的探讨老年胸部非心脏手术术后新出现快速房颤的危险因素,为防治快速房颤提供依据。方法入选2007年6月~2014年6月在兰州军区兰州总医院胸外科接受非心脏手术治疗的60岁的老年患者1289例,其中男性685例,女性604例,年龄60~91(72.8±9.6)岁。术后新出现快速房颤为快速房颤组(102例),未出现为无快速房颤组(1187例)。收集患者的资料包括既往病史、用药情况等。随访术后1个月内心源性死亡(心源性猝死、急性心肌梗死、失代偿性心功能不全)发生情况。结果与无快速房颤组比较,快速房颤组年龄75岁、糖尿病病史、慢性心功能不全病史、中重度肺功能损害病史、术前低钾血症以及开胸手术比例增加,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。经多因素回归分析,年龄75岁(OR=7.661,95%CI:3.886~15.105)、糖尿病病史(OR=30.22,95%CI:4.328~277.5)、慢性心功能不全病史(OR=29.34,95%CI:8.149~105.6)、中重度肺功能损害病史(OR=8.04,95%CI:2.858~22.61)、术前低钾血症(OR=6.58,95%CI:4.340~12.00)、开胸手术方式(OR=2.31,95%CI:0.935~13.74)是术后新出现快速房颤的危险因素。快速房颤组患者术后1个月随访时间内无心源性死亡生存率明显低于无快速房颤组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.0117)。结论年龄75岁,糖尿病、慢性心功能不全、中重度肺功能损害病史以及术前低钾血症和开胸手术是老年胸部非心脏手术术后新出现快速房颤的危险因素,应针对这些危险因素进行预防,减少术后快速房颤的发生。     

脓毒症新发心律失常的临床调查

目的:探讨脓毒症新发心律失常的发生率、危险因素及其对预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析542例脓毒症患者的临床资料,根据是否新发心律失常,将患者分为新发心律失常组和非新发心律失常组,统计脓毒症患者新发心律失常的发生率、心律失常类型、住监护病房时间和28 d病死率,对新发心律失常可能的危险因素进行单因素和多因素回归分析。结果:542例脓毒症患者中158例新发心律失常,发生率29.15%。新发心律失常组急性生理学和慢性健康状况(APACHEⅡ)评分高于非新发心律失常组,住监护病房时间长于非新发心律失常组(均P0.01)。单因素和多因素回归分析显示:年龄(OR=1.794,95%CI:1.166～2.760)、呼吸衰竭(OR=3.113,95%CI:0.744～13.022)、心力衰竭(OR=1.723,95%CI:0.970～3.059)、代谢紊乱(OR=2.459,95%CI:1.449～4.173)、急性肾损伤(OR=1.743,95%CI:0.978～3.106)、持续肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)(OR=5.951,95%CI:2.363～14.986)、机械通气(OR=16.713,95%CI:8.244～33.882)、儿茶酚胺药物使用(OR=6.472,95%CI:3.330～12.577)和凝血功能障碍(OR=6.686,95%CI:3.315～13.485)是脓毒症患者新发心律失常的危险因素。新发心律失常组病死率高于非新发心律失常组(51.27%vs 39.84%,P0.05)。结论:脓毒症患者新发心律失常的发生率高,年龄、器官功能障碍、机械通气、CRRT及儿茶酚胺药物使用均是危险因素,新发心律失常延长了患者住监护病房时间,增加了28 d病死率。     

住院心力衰竭患者新发心房颤动的危险因素相关性分析

目的心力衰竭患者心房颤动(房颤)发病率较高且影响心力衰竭(心衰)患者预后,本研究旨在分析心衰住院患者发生房颤的危险因素。方法选取2014年1月至2015年12月于北京9家医院住院的无房颤病史的心衰患者1781例,根据院内是否发生房颤分为心房颤动组(n=125)和非心房颤动组(n=1656),收集患者的临床资料、住院时长、检验、超声心动图等结果,比较两组间差异,分析住院心衰患者房颤发作的危险因素。结果相比非心房颤动组,心房颤动组年龄较大、NYHA分级更高、脑钠肽(BNP)或N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平更高(P均0.05),合并心脏瓣膜病史及接受醛固酮受体拮抗剂治疗比例更高(P均0.05);而合并心肌病病史和有吸烟史的患者比例较低,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、三酰甘油(TG)及肾小球滤过率(eGFR)均值更低(P均0.05)。同时,心房颤动组患者住院时间更长(P0.05)。多因素分析显示年龄(OR=1.03,95%CI:1.01～1.05,P=0.006)、NYHA分级(OR=2.01,95%CI:1.30～3.09,P=0.002)、心脏瓣膜疾病病史(OR=3.82,95%CI:2.36～6.18,P0.001)为心衰患者院内新发房颤的危险因素。结论住院治疗的心衰患者中,房颤发生率较高,新发房颤患者住院时间较长。年龄、NYHA分级、心脏瓣膜疾病病史是院内新发房颤的危险因素。     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后新发脑梗死的危险因素分析

目的分析非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG)术后新发脑梗死的危险因素。方法收集北京安贞医院住院的398例OPCABG患者的临床资料,根据术后是否出现新发脑梗死分为脑梗死组42例和无脑梗死组356例。分析OPCABG术后新发脑梗死的危险因素。结果脑梗死组颈动脉重度狭窄或闭塞、术后低血压及脑梗死病史显著高于无脑梗死组(21.4%vs 3.4%,26.2%vs 9.8%,23.8%vs 4.2%,P0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,颈动脉重度狭窄或闭塞伴术后低血压(OR:4.226,95%CI:1.441~12.391,P=0.009)及脑梗死病史(OR:4.113,95%CI:1.499~11.289,P=0.006)是术后新发脑梗死的独立危险因素。结论术前充分评估高危患者的脑血管储备功能,对预防术后新发脑梗死有重要意义。     

急性心肌梗死后的新发心房颤动及相关因素分析

目的探讨影响急性心肌梗死(AMI)后新发心房颤动(简称房颤)的危险因素。方法收集2013年2月至2014年10月间心内科住院首次诊断为AMI患者共376例,根据心律情况分为窦性心律(简称窦律)组和房颤组。对其临床特征进行对比,并进行Logistic多因素回归分析。结果 376例AMI患者中,新发房颤46例,与窦律组比较,房颤组年龄更大,脑利钠肽前体、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、肌钙蛋白峰值、TIMI评分、Killip分级更高,Logistic多因素回归分析显示:hs-CRP(OR值:3.429、95%CI:1.384~8.496、P=0.008)、肌钙蛋白峰值(OR值:1.014、95%CI:1.003~1.024、P=0.010)和TIMI评分(OR值:1.251、95%CI:1.020~1.534、P=0.031)与新发房颤相关。结论 hs-CRP、肌钙蛋白峰值、TIMI评分为影响AMI后新发房颤的独立危险因素。     

高血压患者非心脏手术围手术期发生心脏事件的危险因素分析

目的探讨高血压患者行非心脏手术围手术期发生心脏事件的独立危险因素。方法选取罗定市人民医院心内科于2012年1月~2016年12月收治的高血压患者245例,均择期行非心脏手术,男性123例,女性122例。依据围手术期是否发生心脏事件分为发生心脏事件组(n=55)和未发生心脏事件组(n=190)。收集入选患者的病历资料,包括手术资料、病史、心电图以及实验室检查结果等。围手术期心脏事件为结局事件,包括术中及术后(仅限住院期间)发生的不稳定型心绞痛、心源性死亡、急性心肌梗死、充血性心力衰竭、严重的心律失常、非致死性心跳骤停等。结果与未发生心脏事件组比较,发生心脏事件组冠心病病史、METs≤4、ST段压低≥0.05 m V的比例以及术中输浓缩红细胞均升高,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,冠心病病史(OR=4.672,95%CI:1.648~12.990),METs≤4(OR=2.727,95%CI:1.079~6.892),ST段压低≥0.05 m V(OR=4.642,95%CI:1.865~11.557),术中输浓缩红细胞(OR=7.102,95%CI:2.791~18.073)为高血压患者非心脏手术围手术期发生心脏事件的独立危险因素。上述危险因素预测围手术期心脏事件的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积分别为:0.757、0.693、0.656、0.672。结论高血压患者非心脏手术围手术期发生心脏事件的独立危险因素分别为冠心病病史、METs≤4、ST段压低≥0.05 m V、术中输浓缩红细胞,冠心病病史预测围手术期心脏事件发生的准确性更高。     

基于重症监护医学信息数据库-Ⅲ建立预测心脏术后再次转入重症监护室风险的模型

目的确定接受心脏手术后的患者再次转入重症监护室(intensive care unit, ICU)的独立预测因素。方法从重症监护医学信息数据库-Ⅲ(Medical Information Mark for Intensive Care Ⅲ,MIMIC-Ⅲ)中提取研究所需的患者数据;根据"再次转入ICU"的定义将其分为对照组与病例组。主要结果采用最小绝对收缩与选择算子(The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, LASSO)回归、单因素以及多因素Logistic回归分析确定术后再次转入ICU的独立预测因素,并在此基础上构建列线图模型。结果最终共纳入4 420例接受心脏手术后的患者进行回顾性分析,其分为对照组(n=4 183,占94.6%)与病例组(n=237,占5.4%)。多因素logistic回归分析显示术前并发心律失常(OR=0.723,95%CI:0.546-0.958,P0.05),外周血管疾病(OR=0.658,95%CI:0.465-0.930,P0.05),肾功能不全(OR=0.649,95%CI:0.428-0.983,P0.05),电解质紊乱(OR=0.549,95%CI:0.380-0.792,P0.01),充血性心力衰竭(OR=0.476,95%CI:0.358-0.633,P0.01),药物滥用(OR=0.453,95%CI:0.206-0.992,P0.05),酗酒(OR=0.402,95%CI:0.206-0.786,P0.01),失血性贫血(OR=0.260,95%CI:0.085-0.796,P0.05),由急诊手术入院(OR=2.906,95%CI:2.118-3.986,P0.01),术后并发重症脓毒症(OR=0.304,95%CI:0.095-0.974,P0.05)为心脏术后患者再次转入ICU的独立预测因素。并且,该模型具有良好的区分能力。结论本研究建立的预测心脏术后再次转入ICU风险的列线图模型可能有助于ICU医生识别高风险患者。然而,在模型推荐用于临床实践之前,该模型需要进一步的外部验证。     

基于重症监护医学信息数据库-III建立预测心脏术后再次转入重症监护室风险的模型

目的 确定接受心脏手术后的患者再次转入重症监护室(intensive care unit, ICU)的独立预测因素。 方法 从重症监护医学信息数据库-III(Medical Information Mark for Intensive Care III,MIMIC-III)中提取研究所需的患者数据;根据“再次转入ICU”的定义将其分为对照组与病例组。主要结果采用最小绝对收缩与选择算子(The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, LASSO)回归、单因素以及多因素Logistic回归分析确定术后再次转入ICU的独立预测因素,并在此基础上构建列线图模型。 结果 最终共纳入4 420例接受心脏手术后的患者进行回顾性分析,其分为对照组（n=4 183,占94.6%）与病例组（n=237,占5.4%）。多因素logistic回归分析显示术前并发心律失常(OR= 0.723,95%CI:0.546-0.958,P<0.05),外周血管疾病(OR = 0.658,95%CI:0.465-0.930,P<0.05),肾功能不全(OR =0.649,95%CI:0.428-0.983,P<0.05),电解质紊乱(OR =0.549,95%CI:0.380-0.792,P<0.01),充血性心力衰竭(OR =0.476,95%CI:0.358-0.633,P<0.01),药物滥用(OR=0.453,95%CI:0.206-0.992,P<0.05),酗酒(OR = 0.402,95%CI:0.206-0.786,P<0.01),失血性贫血(OR =0.260,95%CI:0.085-0.796,P<0.05),由急诊手术入院(OR = 2.906,95%CI:2.118-3.986,P<0.01),术后并发重症脓毒症(OR = 0.304,95%CI:0.095-0.974,P<0.05)为心脏术后患者再次转入ICU的独立预测因素。并且,该模型具有良好的区分能力。 结论 本研究建立的预测心脏术后再次转入ICU风险的列线图模型可能有助于ICU医生识别高风险患者。然而,在模型推荐用于临床实践之前,该模型需要进一步的外部验证。     

术前心电图检查对老年择期非心脏手术患者术后心血管并发症的预测价值

目的探讨术前常规心电图(ECG)检查对老年择期非心脏手术患者术后心血管并发症的预测价值。方法本研究为回顾性队列研究,选择2012年11月15日至2013年01月15日期间在北京大学第一医院接受择期非心脏手术的老年患者(年龄≥60岁)为研究对象。记录术前ECG检查结果、患者围术期相关资料和术后住院期间的并发症。结果本研究有784名患者进入统计分析。术前ECG异常的整体发生率为35.1%。术后心血管并发症发生率在ECG正常组与ECG异常组之间无统计学差异(3.7%vs 3.6%,P=0.946)。术前ECG异常预测术后心血管并发症的ROC曲线下面积为0.547(95%CI:0.447~0.581,P=0.351)。多因素回归分析显示女性(OR=3.164,95%CI:1.365~7.335,P=0.007)、年龄增加(OR=1.131,95%CI:1.068~1.198,P0.001)、美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级增高(OR=3.067,95%CI:1.394~6.750,P=0.005)、手术时间延长(OR=1.284,95%CI=1.045~1.489,P=0.014)是术后心血管并发症发生的独立危险因素。结论术前ECG检查对老年择期非心脏手术患者的术后心血管并发症预测价值有限。     

老年原发性高血压患者血压变异性对新发心房颤动的影响

目的探讨老年原发性高血压患者血压变异性对新发心房颤动(房颤)的影响。方法回顾性研究2010年1月~2011年12月在我院住院治疗不伴房颤的老年原发性高血压患者683例,根据随访期间是否新发房颤分为房颤组69例及非房颤组614例。记录基线特征、超声心动图参数。进行动态血压监测,按收缩压变异性中位数9.89mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa)将入选患者分为高变异性342例和低变异性341例。应用Cox回归方程分析血压变异性对新发房颤的影响。结果房颤组24h收缩压变异性明显高于非房颤组[(11.13±3.50)mm Hg vs(10.21±3.41)mm Hg,P=0.034],24h舒张压明显低于非房颤组[(67.19±8.16)mm Hg vs(69.33±8.39)mm Hg,P=0.045]。多因素Cox回归分析显示,24h收缩压变异性、脑出血及心脏永久性起搏器置入是老年原发性高血压患者新发房颤的独立危险因素(HR=1.949,95%CI:1.175~3.233,P=0.010;HR=2.983,95%CI:1.075~8.277,P=0.036;HR=2.567,95%CI:1.370~4.810,P=0.003)。结论收缩压变异性升高是老年原发性高血压患者新发房颤的独立危险因素。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.