CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞研究进展

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞是调节性T细胞的亚群之一,主要来源于胸腺,具有多种独特的特征,包括可识别自身抗原肽、分泌抑制性细胞因子等.其功能是通过抑制自身反应性T细胞的免疫反应、抑制传统T细胞的活化以及促进一些抑制性细胞因子的分泌等,在维持机体内环境的稳定、肿瘤免疫监测、诱导移植耐受以及自身免疫性疾病的发生中发挥重要作用.     

CD4+CD25+T细胞在CD8+T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中的调节作用

实验旨在研究CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞在CD8^＋T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中的调节作用。将小鼠脾脏中分离的单个核细胞分为两组．即去除CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞组和未去除CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞组,测定树突状细胞提呈的肿瘤抗原多肽刺激不同T细胞增殖活性、细胞因子IFN一1分泌,以及多肽特异性CD8^＋T细胞对同源性胃癌细胞株MFC的杀伤活性。结果显示预先去除未致敏T细胞中的CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞,所诱导的特异性CD8^＋CTL对肿瘤细胞免疫应答增强,表现为反应性T细胞对树突状细胞提呈的肿瘤抗原多肽增殖反应增强,IFN-γ分泌量提高及CD8＋T细胞对MFC杀伤活性增强。这些结果表明。预先去除未致敏T细胞中的CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞,肿瘤抗原多肽修饰的树突状细胞肿瘤疫苗效能可明显增加。CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞在CD8^＋T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中起下调作用。     

Foxp3和CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞研究进展

调节性T细胞是机体维持自身耐受的重要组成部分,其对免疫反应具有抑制效应,在体外增殖能力低,在免疫病理、移植物耐受、阻止自身免疫反应和维持机体免疫平衡方面都有一定作用.最近发现Foxp3在调控调节性T细胞的一重要亚群CD4+CD25+T细胞的发育上起很重要的作用.本文就CD4+CD25+T细胞特性、Foxp3在其发育和功能发挥中的作用以及其活性调节方面作一综述.     

CD4+CD25+T细胞与移植免疫耐受

调节性T细胞是机体维持自身耐受的重要组成部分.CD4+CD25+T细胞以持续高表达CD25为特征,可通过细胞间直接接触或分泌TGF-β、IL-10来发挥抑制功能.它广泛参与自身免疫耐受、肿瘤免疫、移植免疫.现就其发育、特性、发挥功能的机制以及在移植免疫耐受中的作用和应用前景作一综述.     

CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞在流产中的研究进展

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(Tr)是一个具有独特免疫调节功能的T细胞亚群.Tr免疫学特性主要在于抑制自身反应性T细胞的活化,并参与外周免疫耐受,对维持机体内环境的稳定起重要作用.Tr在流产中发挥重要的免疫调节作用.     

树突状细胞扩增抗原特异性CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞研究进展

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(Tr)是同时具有免疫低反应性和免疫抑制性功能两大特征的T细胞.研究证实,CD4+ CD25+ Tr在抑制器官特异性自身免疫性疾病及GVHD是抗原特异性的,因此,应用器官特异性而不是多克隆性的Tr将大大促进以Tr为基础的免疫治疗.而具有调节活性的CD4+ CD25+ Tr仅占人类外周血CIM+ T细胞的1%～2%,因此,研究体外大量扩增的方法 对于以Tr基础的治疗至关重要.研究表明,树突状细胞(DC)作为机体强有力的专职抗原递呈细胞可以扩增具有抗原特异性的CD4+ CD25+ Tr且能增加后者的抑制活性,这为治疗自身免疫性疾病及GVHD提供了新的治疗前景.     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞参与肿瘤免疫逃逸的研究进展

CD4~+CD25~+调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)是机体行使负性免疫调节的重要载体,在生理病理的诸多方面都有重要意义。本文旨就其与肿瘤的关联、介导逃逸的机制、细胞来源以及可能的临床运用作一综述。     

CD4~+CD25~+T细胞在CD8~+T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中的调节作用

实验旨在研究CD4+CD25+T细胞在CD8+T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中的调节作用。将小鼠脾脏中分离的单个核细胞分为两组,即去除CD4+CD25+T细胞组和未去除CD4+CD25+T细胞组,测定树突状细胞提呈的肿瘤抗原多肽刺激不同T细胞增殖活性、细胞因子IFN-γ分泌,以及多肽特异性CD8+T细胞对同源性胃癌细胞株MFC的杀伤活性。结果显示预先去除未致敏T细胞中的CD4+CD25+T细胞,所诱导的特异性CD8+CTL对肿瘤细胞免疫应答增强,表现为反应性T细胞对树突状细胞提呈的肿瘤抗原多肽增殖反应增强,IFN-γ分泌量提高及CD8+T细胞对MFC杀伤活性增强。这些结果表明,预先去除未致敏T细胞中的CD4+CD25+T细胞,肿瘤抗原多肽修饰的树突状细胞肿瘤疫苗效能可明显增加。CD4+CD25+T细胞在CD8+T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中起下调作用。     

Foxp3在CD25+CD4+调节性T细胞发育和功能中作用的研究进展

CD25+CD4+调节性T细胞(Treg)是显性耐受的重要调节细胞,在免疫病理、自身免疫耐受的维持、针对病原体和肿瘤的免疫反应调节过程中发挥着关键的作用.Foxp3作为X染色体编码的叉头蛋白转录因子家族的一员,是Treg发育、分化和功能发挥所必不可少的.研究Foxp3调控机制及其在Treg生物功能中的作用对于Treg和显性耐受的研究具有极其重要的意义.     

Foxp3在CD25+CD4+调节性T细胞发育和功能中作用的研究进展

CD25+CD4+调节性T细胞(Treg)是显性耐受的重要调节细胞,在免疫病理、自身免疫耐受的维持、针对病原体和肿瘤的免疫反应调节过程中发挥着关键的作用.Foxp3作为X染色体编码的叉头蛋白转录因子家族的一员,是Treg发育、分化和功能发挥所必不可少的.研究Foxp3调控机制及其在Treg生物功能中的作用对于Treg和显性耐受的研究具有极其重要的意义.     

LFA-1-dependent lipid raft recruitment of DNAM-1 (CD226) in CD4+ T cell

Upon antigen recognition by the TCR, both the leukocyte adhesion molecules DNAM-1 and leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) associate with lipid rafts and form peripheral supra-molecular activation clusters that surround central-supra-molecular activation clusters at the immunological synapse. The serine residue in the cytoplasmic tail of DNAM-1 is responsible for this association of DNAM-1 with lipid rafts. The TCR-mediated signal also induces physical association of DNAM-1 with LFA-1, for which the serine phosphorylation of DNAM-1 is also responsible. However, how the serine residue is involved in lipid raft recruitment of DNAM-1 has remained unclear. Here, we show that, although the TCR-mediated signal induced the serine phosphorylation of DNAM-1, DNAM-1 did not associate with lipid rafts in CD4+ T cells derived from mice deficient in LFA-1 expression, indicating that lipid raft recruitment of DNAM-1 depends on LFA-1 expression. These results suggest that the serine phosphorylation of DNAM-1 primarily induces physical association of DNAM-1 with LFA-1, which then takes DNAM-1 into lipid raft compartment.     

CD127 immunophenotyping suggests altered CD4+ T cell regulation in primary progressive multiple sclerosis

Aberrant regulatory T cell populations, characterised by a wide array of CD markers, have been identified in many autoimmune diseases. CD127 has recently been identified as a specific marker for the CD4(+)CD25(Hi) (Tregs) subset. CD127 is the first non-HLA gene to have its association with multiple sclerosis widely replicated. We demonstrate that the regulatory or suppressor T cells CD4(+)CD25(Hi) (Tregs), CD8(+)CD28(-), and CD3(+)CD56(+) (NKT) all produce low levels of CD127, and so could be at a disadvantage in survival and/or proliferation where IL7 is limiting. The remissions seen in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) could be driven by regulatory T cells, and the absence of remissions seen in primary progressive MS (PPMS) may point to a particularly reduced function of this cell subset. We found that the proportions of CD4(+)FoxP3(+)CD25(Hi) regulatory T cells were not aberrant in PPMS. There was, however, a trend towards reduced FoxP3 expression per cell in this fraction (p<0.083), which has been highly correlated with suppressor function. Notably, we found that the target of regulatory T cells, the CD4(+)CD25(-) cells, was in excess (p<0.009); and in PPMS a protective CD127 haplotype is correlated with higher CD127 expression (p<0.01). These data support further investigations into the regulatory T cell immunophenotype in MS.     

CD8+ suppressor-mediated regulation of human CD4+ T cell responses to glutamic acid decarboxylase 65

Although potentially autoreactive T cells are present even in healthy subjects, most individuals do not develop autoimmune disease. It has been well demonstrated that CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells play a significant role in controlling the expansion of autoreactive T cells in the periphery. However, some healthy individuals exhibit measurable responses to self peptide even in the presence of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory cells. This article describes the regulation of human CD4+ T cell responses to glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), an autoantigen implicated in type-1 diabetes, by autologous CD8+ suppressor T cells. In cells cultured from healthy individuals, the inclusion of autologous CD8+ T cells at physiological levels resulted in a dramatic decrease in the magnitude of in vitro CD4+ T cell responses to GAD65 peptide. Based on transwell experiments, the observed suppression was cell contact-dependent. However, antibody blocking studies indicated that suppression was mediated by IL-10. Cell fractionation studies suggested that CD8+ suppressor T cells originate from the CD45RA+ CD27- population. The suppression of CD4+ T cell responses to GAD65 in healthy individuals raises the possibility that CD8+ suppressor T cells play an important role in controlling potentially autoreactive T cells in the general population.     

CD4+ T cell help improves CD8+ T cell memory by retained CD27 expression

CD4+ T cell help during the priming of CD8+ T lymphocytes imprints the capacity for optimal secondary expansion upon re-encounter with antigen. Helped memory CD8+ T cells rapidly expand in response to a secondary antigen exposure, even in the absence of T cell help and, are most efficient in protection against a re-infection. In contrast, helpless memory CTL can mediate effector function, but secondary expansion is reduced. How CD4+ T cells instruct CD8+ memory T cells during priming to undergo efficient secondary expansion has not been resolved in detail. Here, we show that memory CTL after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus are CD27(high) whereas memory CTL primed in the absence of CD4+ T cell have a reduced expression of CD27. Helpless memory CTL produced low amounts of IL-2 and did not efficiently expand after restimulation with peptide in vitro. Blocking experiments with monoclonal antibodies and the use of CD27(-/-) memory CTL revealed that CD27 ligation during restimulation increased autocrine IL-2 production and secondary expansion. Therefore, regulating CD27 expression on memory CTL is a novel mechanism how CD4+ T cells control CTL memory.     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞的胸腺发育机制

天然产生的CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞（Treg）细胞不仅是机体维持自身耐受的重要组成部分，而且在肿瘤免疫、抗感染免疫、免疫病理、移植物耐受、阻止自身免疫反应和维持机体免疫平衡等方面都具有重要意义。近年来关于发育机制的研究初露端倪，对这些细胞产生的组织定位、相互作用的细胞、参与发育的信号分子等都有较迅速的进展。对上述问题的了解，不仅有利于对Treg细胞本身的研究，同时，对于Treg细胞相关疾病的发病机制和防治研究也具有重要的理论意义和应用前景。     

Critical regulation of CD4+ T cell survival and autoimmunity by beta-arrestin 1

CD4+ T cells are important in adaptive immunity, but their dysregulation can cause autoimmunity. Here we demonstrate that the multifunctional adaptor protein beta-arrestin 1 positively regulated naive and activated CD4+ T cell survival. We found enhanced expression of the proto-oncogene Bcl2 through beta-arrestin 1-dependent regulation of acetylation of histone H4 at the Bcl2 promoter. Mice deficient in the gene encoding beta-arrestin 1 (Arrb1) were much more resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, whereas overexpression of Arrb1 increased susceptibility to this disease. CD4+ T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis had much higher Arrb1 expression, and 'knockdown' of Arrb1 by RNA-mediated interference in those cells increased apoptosis induced by cytokine withdrawal. Our data demonstrate that beta-arrestin 1 is critical for CD4+ T cell survival and is a factor in susceptibility to autoimmunity.     

CD8+ T cells produce IL-2, which is required for CD(4+)CD25+ T cell regulation of effector CD8+ T cell development for contact hypersensitivity responses

Interleukin (IL)-2 functions to promote, as well as down-regulate, expansion of antigen-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but the role of IL-2 in hapten-specific CD8+ T cell priming for contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses remains untested. Using enzyme-linked immunospot to enumerate numbers of hapten-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IL-2 in hapten-sensitized mice, the number of IL-2-producing CD8+ T cells was tenfold that of CD4+ T cells. Hapten-primed CD4+ T cells produced low amounts of IL-2 during culture with hapten-presenting Langerhans cells, whereas production by hapten-primed CD8+ T cells was fivefold greater. CD8+ T cells did not express CD25 during hapten priming, but treatment with anti-IL-2 or anti-CD25 monoclonal antibodies during hapten sensitization increased hapten-specific effector CD8+ T cells as well as the magnitude and duration of the CHS response. These results indicate that CD8+ T cells are the primary source of IL-2 and that this IL-2 is required for the function of a population of CD(4+)CD25+ T cells to restrict the development of the hapten-reactive effector CD8+ T cells that mediate CHS responses.     

The regulation of CD4+ T cells during malaria

Malaria is a major global health problem. Despite decades of research, there is still no effective vaccine to prevent disease in the majority of people living in malaria-endemic regions. Additionally, drug treatment options are continually threatened by the emergence of drug-resistant parasites. Immune responses generated against Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria are generally not sufficient to prevent the establishment of infection and can even contribute to the development of disease, unless individuals have survived multiple infections. Research conducted in experimental models, controlled human malaria infection studies, and with malaria patients from disease-endemic areas indicate the rapid development of immunoregulatory pathways in response to Plasmodium infection. These “imprinted” immune responses limit inflammation, and likely prevent progression to severe disease manifestations. However, they also cause slow acquisition of immunity and possibly hamper the development of vaccine-mediated protection against disease. A major target for and mediator of the immunoregulatory pathways established during malaria are CD4⁺ T cells that play critical roles in priming phagocytic cells to capture and kill malaria parasites, as well as helping B cells produce functional anti-parasitic antibodies. In this review, we describe mechanisms of CD4⁺ T cell activation during malaria and discuss the immunoregulatory mechanisms that develop to dampen their anti-parasitic and pathological functions. We also offer some ideas about how host-directed approaches might be applied to modulate CD4⁺ T cell functions to improve vaccine responses and enhance development of natural immunity.