老年房颤合并冠心病的抗栓方案及再住院原因分析

目的评价老年心房颤动(房颤)合并冠心病病人的抗栓治疗方案,并分析主要心血管不良事件(MACE)的发生与再住院原因。方法选取本院2013~2014年976例房颤合并冠心病病人,分成急性冠脉综合征(ACS)和稳定型冠心病(SCAD)2组并随访3年。分析2组不同卒中栓塞和出血评分下抗栓药物的选择、MACE导致再住院的发生率。结果与ACS病人首选口服双联抗血小板药物(DAPT)相比,SCAD病人更倾向于抗凝治疗(华法林或达比加群酯),2组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3年随访期间,ACS组481例,115次住院,再住院率为23.9%;而SCAD组495例,176次住院,再住院率为35.5%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。室性心律失常、心力衰竭及ACS是SCAD组再住院的前3位原因。心肌梗死和心力衰竭是ACS组的主要再住院原因。结论ACS合并房颤的病人主要接受DAPT治疗,而SCAD合并房颤的病人则主要行口服抗凝药物治疗。与ACS病人相比,SCAD病人有着更高的MACE发生率和再住院率。     

老年社区人群心房颤动的患病率及相关危险因素的调查

目的研究心房颤动(AF)的患病率、危险因素及治疗情况。方法天津市5家公立福利养老院的社区老年人参加本项研究。收集基本人口学资料、既往史及个人史信息,完善体格检查和12导联心电图检查。结果对1 280名社区老年人进行了调查,资料完整可追溯的715名受访者的数据纳入统计分析,年龄为(80.6±7.9)岁(57～112岁)。AF的患病率为9.5%(68例),其中男性8.8%(28例)、女性10.1%(40例),性别之间无显著性差异(P=0.55)。最常见的合并症依次为高血压、冠心病、脑卒中、高脂血症和糖尿病。AF患者平均CHA_2DS_2-VASc评分为4.3±1.4。在68例AF患者中只有1例患者接受华法林抗凝治疗,4例接受双联抗血小板治疗(阿司匹林和氯吡格雷),9例接受单联抗血小板治疗(阿司匹林或氯吡格雷),54例未接受任何抗栓治疗。结论 AF是中国老年人的常见病。然而,社区老年AF患者治疗的问题十分突出,尤其是抗凝治疗。需要进一步促进健康措施及教育工作来提高人们对AF的认识。     

PCI术后双联抗血小板治疗的新进展

<正>抗血小板治疗是治疗冠心病(CHD)最重要的策略,对于接受经皮冠状动脉治疗(PCI)的患者更为重要,在临床治疗中,及时的抗血小板治疗可明显减低心血管事件(MACE)的发生风险〔1〕。PCI后进行双联抗血小板治疗(DAPT)已经成为临床治疗的常规,现行国内外指南建议,PCI术后患者均需接受12个月的阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷(或其他噻吩吡啶类药物)的DAPT治疗〔2〕。然而,近年来越来越多的临床试验表明6个月     

高龄冠心病合并房颤患者不同抗栓治疗方案的疗效及安全性研究

目的探究高龄冠心病合并房颤患者不同抗栓治疗方案的疗效及安全性。方法以高龄冠心病并房颤患者100例(时间所选为2017年1月至2018年7月),为此次研究对象,将其简单化分组,对照组实施阿司匹林抗栓方案治疗,实验组则实施阿司匹林联合华法林抗栓方案治疗,分析两组高龄冠心病并房颤患者抗栓治疗的结果。结果两组高龄冠心病并房颤患者的出血事件发生率相比,无统计学意义(P0.05);实验组血栓发生率(4.00%)明显低于对照组对照组血栓发生率(16.00%),P0.05;实验组生活质量评分明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论高龄冠心病并房颤患者接受阿司匹林联合华法林抗栓方案治疗,可获得较好的效果,且用药安全性较高,更好改善其生活质量。     

达比加群酯对比华法林二联抗凝方案在高龄心房颤动合并冠心病患者抗栓治疗中的效果评估

[目的]探讨达比加群酯对比华法林二联抗凝方案在高龄心房颤动(AF)合并冠心病(CHD)患者抗栓治疗中的临床效果。[方法]选取本院于2018年8月—2019年12月收治的198例高龄AF合并CHD患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各99例。观察组采用达比加群酯治疗,对照组采用华法林二联抗凝方案,即华法林联合抗血小板药物(阿司匹林)治疗。随访1年。比较两组抗栓治疗疗效。比较两组治疗前、治疗后1、6、12个月的凝血酶原时间(PT)、国际标准化比值(INR)、凝血酶时间(TT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、D-二聚体(D-D)、血小板计数(PLT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)以及血清尿酸变化情况。观察并记录两组治疗期间的血栓事件、出血事件以及用药不良反应发生情况。[结果]治疗1、6、12个月后,观察组和对照组PLT、CRP、D-D水平均呈逐渐明显下降趋势(F=42.417、18.254、44.582,均P<0.001);两组PT、INR、TT、APTT、Fib相比治疗前均显著改善(F=356.521、5.689、112.526、35.417、5.62...     

高血压合并冠心病患者抗凝和抗血小板治疗的选择

<正> 抗血小板治疗和抗凝治疗统称为抗栓治疗,常用抗血小板药物包括阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和血小板膜糖蛋白(GP)Ⅱh/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂,常用抗凝药物包括低分子肝素、肝素以及华法林。高血压是冠心病最重要的危险因素之一,抗栓治疗是冠心病预防中的主要手段。多年来,对于哪些高血压患者应该应用抗栓药物一直存在争议。合并冠心病的高血压     

两种不同抗栓治疗对冠心病心房颤动支架术后病人疗效及安全性的分析

目的比较两种不同抗栓治疗对心房颤动(AF)共病冠心病支架术后病人疗效及安全性的分析。方法选取2015年2月—2016年2月行冠状动脉支架术的心房颤动共病冠心病病人210例,均在术后6h～12h内行抗栓治疗。术后根据病人抗栓治疗方案分为三联抗栓组100例和双联抗栓组110例。三联抗栓组采用阿司匹林(100mg/d)+氯吡格雷(75 mg/d)+华法林治疗,双联抗栓组采用阿司匹林(100mg/d)+氯吡格雷(75mg/d)治疗,其余治疗措施相同,随访并统计分析两组病人采用不同抗栓治疗后的出血事件及不良心血管事件(MACE)的发生率。结果随访期间,三联抗栓组出血事件发生率为17.0%,双联抗栓治疗组出血事件发生率为6.4%,两组比较差异有统计学意义。两组主要不良心血管事件的发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。年龄[HR=0.56,95%CI(0.40,0.83),P0.05]和使用华法林[HR=1.45,95%CI(0.81,1.9),P0.05]是随访1年期间发生出血事件的主要危险因素。结论对于心房颤动合并冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后的病人,三联抗栓治疗会使总出血事件发生率增加,年龄和华法林是导致出血事件发生的危险因素。因此,在临床治疗中需慎用三联抗栓治疗。     

上海农村心房颤动患者抗栓治疗现况调查

目的:调查当前上海市农村心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)患者的抗栓治疗情况。方法:通过横断面调查上海市松江区60岁以上农村居民36 734人,共筛查出828例AF患者,针对AF患者进行抗栓药物使用情况调查。结果:完成调查的622例AF患者中,有380例(61.09%)未接受任何抗栓治疗;其余242例患者(38.91%)当前正使用抗栓药物,包括阿司匹林(29.58%)、华法林(5.95%)、氯吡格雷(2.89%)、阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷(0.48%)。98.40%的AF患者的CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥1分,其中1分者为11.74%,2分者为25.40%,3分者为27.33%,4分者为19.45%,5分者为9.97%。72.03%AF患者为HAS-BLED评分<3分。对AF患者的脑卒中危险(CHA2DS2-VASc)和抗凝出血风险(HAS-BLED)进行联合评价,59.16%AF患者的CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥2分且HAS-BLED评分     

三联抗栓治疗在冠心病患者中的合理应用

冠状动脉内支架置入术后患者常规需接受阿司匹林＋氯吡格雷的双联抗血小板治疗,而当患者同时存在抗凝治疗指征时,则需要阿司匹林＋氯吡格雷＋华法林的三联抗栓治疗,但随之而来的是显著出血风险。该文主要介绍三联抗栓治疗在冠心病患者中的合理应用。     

氯吡格雷/阿司匹林单片复方制剂抗血小板治疗中国专家共识

正双联抗血小板治疗(dual-antiplatelet therapy,DAPT)一直以来是冠心病尤其是急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者的抗栓治疗基础,但目前我国基层临床实践对指南相关推荐的依从性仍欠佳。抗血小板单片复方制剂(singlepill combination,SPC)的开发简化了治疗方案,便于患者管理,有望提高医师和患者对指南和处方的依从性,改善临床预后。为提高基层医师对规范抗血小板治疗的重视,更好地指导抗血小板SPC的合理使用,由中国医师协会心血管内科医师分会发起并制定了《氯吡格雷/阿司匹林单片复方制剂抗血小板治疗中国专家共识》。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.