缺血性脑卒中患者急性高血压反应与脑卒中后认知功能障碍的相关性研究

目的探讨首次缺血性脑卒中患者急性高血压反应(acute hypertensive response,AHR)与脑卒中后认知功能障碍(post-stroke cognitive impairment,PSCI)的相关性。方法连续纳入2015年1月~2017年12月在成都军区总医院神经内科住院的发病≤24h的首发急性缺血性脑卒中患者170例,根据AHR定义分为AHR组118例,非AHR组52例。根据患者简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)评分分为PSCI组91例,非PSCI 79例。发病后3个月对患者进行认知功能评估。结果 AHR组认知功能障碍发生率明显高于非AHR组(64.4%vs 28.8%,P0.01)。AHR组MMSE总分[(20.23±4.87)分vs(24.29±4.78)分,P=0.000]、即刻回忆[(1.97±0.80)分vs(2.69±0.61)分,P=0.000]、注意力和计算力[(3.02±1.57)分vs(3.60±1.62)分,P=0.030]、延迟回忆[(1.19±0.91)分vs(1.87±0.93)分,P=0.000]、视空间能力[(0.31±0.46)分vs(0.54±0.50)分,P=0.005]明显低于非AHR组。与非PSCI组比较,PSCI组收缩压、平均动脉压、脉压差、脑卒中后肺部感染、AHR发生率、AHR持续时间、改良Rankin量表评分明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。logistic回归分析显示,AHR为PSCI发生的独立危险因素(OR=3.835,95%CI:1.844~7.976,P=0.000)。结论 AHR是PSCI的危险因素,早期监测和干预可能改善脑卒中后患者的认知功能。     

轻型缺血性脑卒中患者数字减影脑血管造影术后注意网络功能的变化

目的研究轻型缺血性脑卒中患者数字减影脑血管造影术(DSA)后注意网络功能的变化特点。方法应用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评估20位行DSA和15位未行DSA的脑卒中患者的基础认知功能。应用注意网络测试(ANT)评估两组患者警觉、定向、执行控制等三个注意网络成分效率,并比较上述两组患者术前和术后第5天的网络功能的变化特点。结果 DSA组和非DSA组术前MMSE、焦虑抑郁得分无统计学差异(P0.05),在注意网络功能方面警觉网络[(27.95±32.19)vs (26.47±43.12)ms]、定向网络[(53.90±32.52)vs(52.67±26.31)ms]和执行控制网络[(157.20±94.68)vs(157.07±79.92)ms]反应时无显著差异(P0.05)。相比较术前,DSA组术后第5天的警觉网络反应时显著减少[(27.95±32.19)vs(11.35±26.80)ms,P=0.010],非DSA组反应时显著增加[(26.47±43.12)vs (39.60±38.67)ms,P=0.035];两组的定向和执行控制网络在两个时间点的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。用单因素协方差分析控制基础水平的差异后,DSA对两组警觉网络效率影响的差异有统计学意义。DSA组警觉网络效率的变化值与汉密尔顿焦虑评分变化值存在显著相关性(P0.001)。结论 DSA对轻型缺血性脑卒中患者注意网络功能有一定程度损害,主要体现在警觉网络效率,可能表现为患者不能及时灵敏地接受到外部信息刺激。     

园艺疗法对轻-中度阿尔茨海默病患者认知功能和生活质量的影响

目的评价园艺疗法(HT)对轻-中度阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者认知功能和生活质量的影响。方法选取2014年12月至2016年12月北京老年医院住院部及门诊部轻-中度AD患者130例,随机分为对照组65例和HT组65例。对照组给予常规多奈哌齐联合尼麦角林口服治疗,HT组患者在常规治疗基础上,进行HT。分别于治疗前、治疗3个月和6个月时,使用简易精神状态评价量表(MMSE)和生活质量综合评定问卷(GQOL-74)对患者进行评估。采用SPSS 19.0软件对数据进行统计分析。根据数据类型,组间比较采用独立样本t检验或χ~2检验,组内比较采用重复测量方差分析。结果对照组治疗6个月MMSE总评分较治疗前显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);HT组患者治疗3、6个月语言功能、记忆力、回忆力及MMSE总评分较治疗前均显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与对照组比较,HT组患者3、6个月语言功能[(6.89±1.46)vs(5.21±2.36)分,(8.82±1.22)vs(6.80±1.49)分]、记忆力[(3.47±0.48)vs(2.04±0.65)分,(4.02±1.06)vs(2.92±0.86)分]、回忆力[(2.73±0.59)vs(1.03±0.78)分,(3.24±0.72)vs(2.24±0.92)分]及MMSE总评分[(20.82±1.35)vs(16.78±1.46)分,(24.02±2.20)vs(18.92±2.15)分]显著提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。HT患者治疗3、6个月社会功能、心理功能、躯体功能及GQOL-74总评分较治疗前均显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组比较,HT组患者治疗3个月社会功能评分显著提高,差异有统计学意义[(67.02±7.51)vs(63.28±9.52)分,P0.05],治疗6个月社会功能[(69.33±6.94)vs(64.19±11.25)分]、心理功能[(57.12±13.07)vs(52.12±9.08)分]、躯体功能[(72.38±8.32)vs(66.85±10.08)分]及GQOL-74总评分[(68.46±9.34)vs(63.95±10.11)分]均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 HT联合常规药物治疗可能改善轻-中度AD患者认知功能,提高生活质量,具有重要的临床推广意义。     

社区老年人群空腹血糖受损与认知功能障碍的相关性研究

目的探讨老年社区人群空腹血糖受损(IFG)与认知功能障碍的相关性。方法采用横断面调查研究方法,选择2010年6月~2011年7月年龄≥60岁老年人1223例,根据空腹血糖水平分为空腹血糖正常(NFG)组981例和IFG组242例,采集受试者基线资料,采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)评分进行认知功能评估。结果 IFG组受教育程度、BMI、空腹血糖、TG、LDL-C水平、高血压及高脂血症比例明显高于NFG组,而HDL-C水平明显低于NFG组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。与NFG组比较,IFG组认知功能障碍患病率(40.50%vs21.51%,P=0.000)明显升高,MMSE评分[(24.76±5.38)分vs(26.60±4.26)分,P=0.000]、定向力评分[(9.07±1.81)分vs(9.48±1.15)分,P=0.000]、注意力及计算力评分[(3.39±2.00)分vs(3.88±1.81)分,P=0.000]、即刻回忆能力评分[(2.93±0.41)分vs(2.98±0.24)分,P=0.000]和语言能力评分[(6.74±1.51)分vs(7.18±1.15)分,P=0.005]明显降低。年龄(95%CI:1.165~1.257,P=0.000)、女性(95%CI:1.151~2.818,P=0.010)、LDL-C(95%CI:1.887~5.251,P=0.022)、IFG(95%CI:1.794~3.893,P=0.000)为老年人认知功能障碍的危险因素,受教育年限为其保护性因素(95%CI:0.636~0.735,P=0.000)。结论 IFG是老年人认知功能障碍的独立危险因素,早期诊断和干预可能改善老年人的认知功能。     

老年血脂异常患者轻度认知功能障碍与Klotho蛋白的相关性研究

目的探讨老年血脂异常患者轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)与血浆Klotho蛋白浓度的关系。方法选取我院健康查体老年人300例,根据血脂水平分为血脂正常组79例和血脂异常组221例,患者根据简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)评分,血脂异常组中MCI 156例和认知正常65例,血脂正常组中MCI 53例和认知正常26例。所有入选者检测血浆Klotho蛋白,分析MMSE评分与Klotho蛋白的相关性。结果血脂异常组中的MCI患者TC[(4.58±1.09)mmol/L vs(4.35±1.17)mmol/L]、TG[(2.18±1.38)mmol/L vs(1.91±1.09)mmol/L]、LDL[(3.25±0.55)mmol/L vs(2.95±0.32)mmol/L]较认知正常者均升高,HDL[(1.08±0.36)mmol/L vs(1.38±0.59)mmol/L]较认知正常者降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。血脂异常组患者MMSE评分[(25.5±3.2)分vs(27.3±1.2)分,P=0.032]和Klotho蛋白浓度明显低于血脂正常组,差异有统计学意义[(1.8±1.4)μg/L vs(3.3±1.2)μg/L,P=0.019]。MMSE评分与TC、LDL、Klotho蛋白浓度呈负相关(r=-0.235,-0.176,-0.167),与HDL呈正相关(r=0.152,P0.05,P0.01)。结论血脂异常患者Klotho蛋白浓度明显降低,并且与MCI存在相关性,Klotho可能为早期预防及干预MCI的发生发展提供新的治疗手段。     

多系统萎缩P型与帕金森病认知功能特点的临床研究

目的探讨多系统萎缩(MSA)-P型与帕金森病(PD)的临床特征和认知功能损害的异同。方法连续选择MSA-P型和PD患者共55例,根据诊断分为MSA-P组19例和PD组36例。详细收集年龄、病程、教育年限、统一PD评分量表第3部分(UPDRS-Ⅲ)及日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)评分等,用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、韦氏智力及记忆力等进行神经心理评估,并进行比较分析。结果 MSA-P组的ADL及UPDRS-Ⅲ评分均显著高于PD组[(31.74±10.56)分vs(16.39±4.18)分;(43.79±16.99)分vs(28.72±15.14)分,P<0.05]。2组MMSE、MoCA总分比较,无统计学差异[(26.32±3.13)分vs(27.50±2.52)分;(20.42±5.00)分vs(22.56±4.80)分,P>0.05]。MSA-P组操作量表分及韦氏记忆量表分低于PD组[(30.32±9.91)分vs(37.28±9.09)分;(54.53±23.14)分vs(76.28±22.97)分,P<0.05];图形排列、积木测试和理解记忆评分低于PD组[(5.79±2.12)分vs(7.22±1.69)分;(6.16±3.06)分vs(8.17±2.78)分;(5.53±2.74)分vs(7.75±2.99),P<0.05]。结论 MSA-P型患者运动功能及日常生活能力恶化较PD快;其总体认知功能受损与PD类似,但执行功能、视空间和记忆力等的认知损害较PD严重。     

经颅磁刺激治疗阿尔茨海默病患者记忆障碍的疗效观察

目的探讨重复经颅磁刺激(r TMS)对阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者前瞻性记忆障碍的改善情况。方法回顾性分析2016年12月至2017年6月南充市身心医院精神科接受治疗的前瞻性记忆障碍AD患者60例,根据其治疗方式分为常规治疗组和r TMS组,常规治疗组患者口服康复春口服液,r TMS组患者口服药基础上给予r TMS,2组患者均接受4周治疗。比较2组患者治疗前后认知功能、日常生活能力和血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平差异。采用SPSS 11.5统计软件对数据进行分析,组间比较采用t检验、单因素方差分析或χ2检验。结果治疗前,2组患者认知功能差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,r TMS组患者相比常规治疗组定向力[(4.41±1.02)vs(3.56±0.95)分]、瞬时记忆[(4.78±1.25)vs(3.11±0.74)分]、注意力和计算[(3.97±1.12)vs(2.55±1.02)分]、短时记忆[(1.95±0.21)vs(1.32±0.13)分]、语言[(5.68±1.98)vs(4.42±1.52)分]以及视觉空间感觉[(4.87±1.35)vs(3.58±1.12)分]认知功能得分增高,日常生活能力得分也明显增高[(97.25±8.91)vs(70.52±7.14)分],差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。r TMS组患者治疗后相比常规治疗组TNF-α[(18.48±2.68)vs(23.87±3.11)ng/L]、IL-6[(7.03±1.03)vs(9.35±1.12)mg/L]水平降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.001)。2组患者在治疗过程中未发生头痛、耳鸣等不良事件。结论 r TMS对AD患者有较好的治疗效果,可改善患者认知功能和日常生活能力,且无不良反应发生。     

低密度脂蛋白胆固醇变异性对老年认知功能的影响

目的探讨LDL-C变异性对老年认知功能的影响。方法筛选济南市章丘区年龄≥60岁老年人436例,根据LDL-C变异性三分位分为低分位组143例、中分位组151例和高分位组142例。检测受试者血脂水平,并采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)评估认知功能。结果 3组年龄、男性、吸烟、受教育水平、TC、LDL-C及LDL-C变异性水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。最后1次随访,低、中、高分位组MMSE评分、认知功能损伤发生率、MMSE评分变化值比较,差异有统计学意义[(27.88±1.329)分vs(27.79±1.36)分vs(27.45±1.345)分,7.0%vs 10.6%vs 15.5%,(-1.02±0.99)分vs(-1.22±1.00)分vs(-1.44±1.02)分,P0.05]。高分位组MMSE评分变化值明显高于低分位组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.004)。Spearman分析显示,LDL-C变异性与MMSE评分变化值呈负相关(P0.01)。校正混杂因素后,logistics回归分析显示,LDL-C变异性是认知功能损伤的独立危险因素(P0.05),高分位组发生认知功能损伤的危险为低分位组的2.551倍(P0.05)。结论高LDL-C变异性是老年人认知功能损伤的独立危险因素。     

早期康复治疗对脑卒中患者认知功能障碍及日常生活活动能力的影响

目的探讨早期康复治疗对脑卒中患者认知功能障碍的发生及疗效,并观察对患者日常生活活动能力(ADL)作用。方法选择120例脑卒中患者,随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组60例。分别于治疗前24h及治疗4周后采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)、神经功能缺损评分量表(NDS)及Barthel指数(BI)进行评定。结果治疗4周后,治疗组认知功能障碍的发生率是15.25%,对照组为40.35%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与对照组比较,治疗组的MMSE[(19.58±6.68)分vs(23.58±5.32)分]、NDS[(18.20±7.39)分vs(11.58±6.28)分]和BI[(49.65±14.90)分vs(75.68±22.32)分]评分明显改善(P<0.05)。结论早期康复训练干预可减少脑卒中后认知功能障碍的发生,能改善脑卒中患者认知能力,提高ADL,促进患者神经功能康复。     

颈动脉斑块与老年广泛性脑萎缩并发认知功能障碍的相关性研究

目的探讨颈动脉斑块与老年广泛性脑萎缩并发认知功能障碍的相关性。方法选择连云港市第二人民医院就诊或体检发现的中、重度广泛性脑萎缩的老年患者45例,按认知功能分为:正常组15例、轻度认知功能损害(MCI)组15例和阿尔茨海默病(AD)组15例。所有受试者均接受颈动脉斑块检测,并分析颈动脉斑块与简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)评分的关系。结果与正常组比较,AD组和MCI组颈动脉内膜中层厚度[(IMT)(2.37±0.28)mm和(2.35±0.13)mmvs(1.76±0.09)mm]及高回声斑块[(17.71±2.30)mm2和(18.96±2.12)mm2 vs(14.25±2.29)mm2]明显增加(P<0.05),MMSE评分[(5.80±3.53)分和(17.40±3.92)分vs(25.73±3.08)分]明显降低(P<0.05);与MCI组比较,AD组MMSE评分明显降低(P<0.05)。3组低回声及混合回声斑块平均面积差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。线性回归分析显示,IMT与MMSE评分呈负相关(P=0.000)。结论脑萎缩伴IMT或高回声斑块平均面积增多的患者易发生认知功能损害,IMT越高认知功能越低;颈部超声检查可视为老年脑萎缩患者并发认知功能损害的随访指标之一。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.