血型不规则抗体的筛查和抗体特异性分析

目的确证微柱凝胶法血型不规则抗体筛检阳性患者的抗体特异性。方法应用微柱凝胶法对患者血浆(血清)进行血型不规则抗体筛查,对抗体筛查阳性患者的血标本再用凝聚胺法及间接抗人球蛋白试验进行抗体特异性鉴定和效价测定。结果在微柱凝胶法血型不规则抗体筛查阳性210例中,由非特异性抗体引起假阳性35例(16.7%),由血型不规则抗体引起阳性175例(83.3%)。在175例血型不规则抗体阳性患者中,Rh血型系统抗体156例(89.1%),MNSs血型系统抗体10例(5.7%),Lewis血型系统抗体5例(2.9%),Kidd血型系统抗体3例(1.7%),其中Rh血型系统合并Kidd血型系统抗体1例。结论对孕妇产前及受血者进行血型不规则抗体筛查、特异性鉴定及其效价测定,早期进行预防及选择不含相应抗原的血液输注,是防治新生儿溶血病和确保输血安全和有效的重要措施。     

红细胞血型不规则抗体筛选及其特异性鉴定

目的:观察ABO以外血型不规则抗体产生的频率及其特异性,为患者提前选择储备不含相应抗原的血液,以保证患者及时安全和有效的输血治疗。方法:应用抗人球蛋白法、凝聚胺法及微柱凝胶法对拟输血患者和供血者血清进行血型不规则抗体筛选、特异性鉴定及效价测定。结果:在12860例被检血清标本中检出血型不规则抗体阳性者125例,阳性率为0.97%,其中患者为1.1%(123/10904),献血员为0.1%(2/1956)。在125例血型不规则抗体中,Rh血型系统抗体102例(81.6%),MNSs血型系统抗体20例(16%),Lewis血型系统抗体2例(1.6%),Kidd血型系统抗体1例(0.8%)。Rh血型系统单一抗体79例(63.2%),Rh血型系统混合抗体23例(18.4%),Rh血型系统与其他血型系统的复合抗体11例(8.8%)。结论:在输血前对受血者和供血者血液进行血型不规则抗体筛选、特异性鉴定及效价测定,输注不含相应抗原的血液,对确保输血安全及有效均有重要的临床意义。     

Rh血型系统相容性输血在血液科的应用探讨

目的:探讨实施恒河猴(Rhesus monkey,Rh)血型系统相容性输血在血液科的应用效果.方法:选取本院2019年6月至2020年11月105例需输血治疗患者的血液样本和210例献血者血液样本,将输血患者行交叉配血实验,常规按ABO和RhD配血纳入对照组,加行Rh血型系统C、E、c、e配血则纳入实验组,观察Rh抗原分布、Rh血型表型分布、不规则抗体阳性率及分布情况.结果:105例血液样本中RhD阳性91例,占86.67％,RhD阴性14例,占13.33％,其中RhD阳性患者中以C、e抗原占比最高,RhD阴性患者中则以c、e占比较高;在Rh血型抗原表型分布中以CCDee、CcDEe占比最高,分别为27.62％、20.95％;ccdEe最少,占0.95％;行交叉配血实验发现实验组不规则抗体阳性率明显低于对照组(P<0.05),在不规则抗体阳性类型中以抗-E占比最高,抗-C,抗-Ce、抗-Ec占比较少.结论:血液科实施Rh血型系统相容性输血可明显减少产生免疫抗体的风险,降低输血不良事件的发生,同时,有助于完善Rh血型系统相容性输血体系.     

自身温抗体的特异性及其对交叉配血试验的影响

目的:探讨溶血性贫血患者自身温抗体的特异性及其对交叉配血试验的影响.方法:采用血型血清学检测方法对溶血性贫血患者进行ABO、Rh血型鉴定及交叉配血试验,用氯奎放散试验检测被自身温抗体掩盖的同种抗体,用乙醚放散试验检测自身抗体的特异性.结果:在128例溶血性贫血患者直接抗人球蛋白试验阳性的血液标本中,间接抗人球蛋白试验阳性71例(55.5%),在71例中间接抗人球蛋白试验阳性血液标本中,检出具有血型特异性抗体者47例(66.2%).患者同种抗体中具有Rh血型特异性抗体者26例(36.6%)即:抗D 5例,抗E 13例,抗CE 6例,抗Ce 2例;具有MN血型特异性抗体者即:抗M 3例(4.2%).患者自身抗体中具有Rh血型特异性抗体者18例(25.4%)即:抗E 12例,抗Ce4例,抗c 2例.结论:自身温抗体可引起患者红细胞直接抗人球蛋白试验阳性,应用氯奎和乙醚放散试验检测溶血性贫血患者被自身抗体掩盖的同种抗体的特异性,选择不含相应抗原的血液进行输注,对确保患者输血安全和有效均有重要的临床意义.     

抗-E联合抗-JKa致交叉配血不合病例分析

目的 分析临床手术备血患者交叉配血不合原因,选择相合血液输注.方法 通过查阅患者病史,不规则抗体筛查及抗体鉴定,Rh系统分型,Kidd系统分型,毛细管离心等方法找出相合血液.结果 患者体内含有抗-E联合抗-JKa抗体,患者Rh系统分型及Kidd系统分型结果为CCee,JKa-b+.结论 患者体内存在Rh系统和Kidd系统抗体,筛选与患者Rh和Kidd系统分型一致且卡式IAT法配血相合的红细胞输注,输注过程顺利,无不良反应发生.     

Rh(E)同型输血在临床输血中的重要性

目的:研究Rh(E)抗原在临床输血中的重要性,讨论临床输血治疗是否应进行Rh(E)同型输血.方法:对住院的44 800名患者进行ABO、Rh(D)、Rh(C)、Rh(E)抗原及不规则抗体筛选检测；对不规则抗体筛选阳性的患者做抗体特异性鉴定.结果:就诊者44 800例中,检出Rh血型抗体32例,其中孕妇8例,有输血史者22例,抗体来自母体的新生儿2例；Rh血型抗体的特异性为:抗-D 8例(25％)、抗-E15例(46.88％)、抗-e 1例(3.13％)、抗-c 3例(9.38％)、抗-cE 4例(12.5％)、抗-CD 1例(3.13％).结论:Rh(E)抗原在临床输血中具有非常重要的意义,应将其与ABO及Rh(D)同时作为患者输血前常规检查.     

Rh血型抗体的检测及结果分析

目的:调查Rh血型抗体的检出率及其特异性分布特点.分析Rh血型抗体的临床意义及产生规律.方法:采用微柱凝胶抗球蛋白技术筛查和鉴定红细胞血型不规则抗体,对鉴定为Rh血型抗体者,采用单克隆抗-D、抗-C、抗-c、抗-E、抗-e鉴定红细胞Rh血型抗原,以确认抗体的准确性;检测抗体的效价、Ig类型及37℃反应性,以明确其临床意义;询问孕产史、输血史,如果为新生儿检测其母亲血浆中是否有相同特异性的抗体,以分析抗体产生的原因.结果:就诊者54000例,共检出Rh血型抗体47例,检出率为0.087%,其中有妊娠史者27例,有输血史者13例,既有妊娠史又有输血史者1例,抗体来自母体的新生儿6例;抗体的特异性为:抗-E 29例(61.70%)、抗-D 8例(17.02%)、抗-cE5例(10.64%)、抗-c 4例(8.51%)、抗-C 1例(2.13%);47例Rh血型抗体均为IgG或IgG IgM类,37℃均可与具有相应抗原的红细胞反应,抗体效价介于1～4096.结论:被检就诊者Rh血型抗体的检出率低于白种人;在检出的Rh血型抗体中,抗-E占绝对多数,而抗-D的检出率呈逐步减少的趋势;妊娠和输血引起的同种免疫是Rh血型抗体产生的原因,新生儿自母体被动获得的Rh血型抗体是Non-ABO-HDN最主要的致病抗体.     

1627例新生儿红细胞抗体筛查和鉴定试验的分析

目的红细胞血型抗体（即不规则抗体）筛查和鉴定试验在新生儿溶血病中的意义。方法采用微柱凝胶技术对1627例新生儿进行ABO、Rh血型定型、直接抗人球白试验、游离抗体测定、放散试验,红细胞血型抗体筛查试验,检测出6例有ABO以外的抗体,进一步用盐水、聚凝胺法、抗球蛋白试验进行抗体鉴定。结果6例红细胞血型抗体筛查阳性,进一步抗体鉴定,检测出抗-D4例,抗-E1例,抗-c1例。结论根据红细胞血型抗体的特性,可为患儿选择无相应抗原的血液进行换血和治疗。     

北京市某医院献血者不规则抗体筛查阳性结果分析

目的 通过交叉配血次侧不合发现不规则抗体筛查阳性的献血者并鉴定不规则抗体特异性,保障输血安全。方法通过交叉配血次侧均不相合且复查血型发现不规则抗体筛查阳性的献血者,并鉴定抗体特异性;将其中4袋不规则抗体筛查阳性的悬浮红细胞制备为洗涤红细胞,并跟踪其输注效果。结果 2016年11月至2017年12月期间,34297例献血者中发现11例为不规则抗体筛查阳性,其中抗-E5例、抗-M4例、自身抗体1例、非特异性抗体1例。两名患者输注抗筛阳性洗涤红细胞后,输注有效,无不良输血反应发生。结论 常规开展献血者不规则抗体筛查项目具有重要的临床意义,将抗筛阳性的悬浮红细胞制备为洗涤红细胞,可以保障输血安全,节约血液资源。     

血液病患者不规则抗体阳性率及特异性检测结果的分析

目的了解血液病患者不规则抗体阳性率及其特异性分布。方法应用微柱凝胶法对3986例血液病患者进行ABO、Rh D血型鉴定和不规则抗体筛选,对筛选阳性的血标本再进行抗体特异性、抗体效价、Ig类型及37℃反应性检测。结果在3986例血液病患者中检出不规则抗体阳性86例,其中男33例,女53例。在86例不规则抗体中,自身冷抗体12例,同种抗体74例。同种抗体中Rh血型系统64例,MNS血型系统5例,Lewis血型系统3例,Kidd血型系统2例。Rh血型系统单特异性抗体44例中,抗D 4例,抗E 21例;混合抗体20例中,抗Ec 13例,抗Ce 7例。不规则抗体Ig类型:同种抗体IgG类66例,IgM类8例;自身抗体IgM类12例。抗体效价区间为4~512。结论血液病患者不规则抗体阳性率略高于正常人群和其他疾病患者,在输血前对其进行不规则抗体筛选及特异性鉴定,选择不含相应抗原的血液输注,是预防溶血性输血反应,确保输血安全有效的重要措施。     

A case of severe hemolytic disease of newborn due to alloimmunization in primigravida

Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization which is the production of antibodies in response to foreign red cell antigen(s) may occur through exposure to cells or tissues from a genetically different member of same species via transfusion, transplantation or pregnancy. It may cause hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn (HDFN). Usually the incidence of HDFN due to irregular erythrocyte antibody is rare in primigravida. Here we report a primigravida pregnant woman who developed multiple alloantibodies and the neonate developed severe HDFN. A 36-year-old primigravida pregnant woman who had no history of significant medical issues except surgery done for severe endometriosis 1 year back and she had no history of previous blood transfusion presented to us for delivery. The antibody screening came out to be positive with a reaction in cell I and cell II of the antibody screening panel. Further, a mixture of anti D + anti C + anti E alloantibodies were identified using 16 cells panel, select cells and red cell phenotyping. The neonate developed severe HDFN which was managed with phototherapy, exchange transfusion and IvIg. There was no exposure history for sensitization except bleeding in early 2nd trimester. There was a significant discrepancy among mother, father and neonate Rh phenotype which was resolved with clinical history of Invitro fertilization (IVF) with sperm donation. This index case illustrates the need of antibody screening in primigravida antenatal women specially for Rh D negative high risk cases. It also shows importance of Rh Kell typing in sperm donors for future transfusion support of the child.     

A rare case of clinically significant naturally occurring anti-Cw reported in a healthy male donor

Anti-C^w antibody is an immunoglobulin against the red cell antigen C^w which is a low frequency red cell antigen that belongs to the Rh antigen system. It is a clinically significant antibody and may cause haemolysis on exposure to antigen positive red cells. Due to its low frequency, it is not included in routine antibody screening panels. A 32 years healthy male donor with no history of transfusion donated whole blood at the department of Transfusion Medicine & Blood Centre of our institute. As a part of routine pre-transfusion testing, the donor’s samples were subjected to automated blood grouping and screening for unexpected red cell antibodies using 3 cells panel on solid-phase red-cell adherence (SPRCA) (Galileo Neo, Immucor, Norcross, USA). The antibody screening came out to be positive with a reaction in cell I of the antibody screening panel. Further the antibody was identified as anti C^w in using 16 cells panel, select cells and phenotyping. In the present case, the anti-C^w antibody was found to be reactive at 37 °C and AHG phase which could lead to haemolytic transfusion reaction. The fact that the male donor had no history of transfusion or transplant led us to the conclusion that it was a naturally occurring, but a clinically significant antibody. This case highlights the importance of performing an antibody screening for healthy donors as well and urges transfusion services to procure screening cells which incorporate C^w positive cells.     

重型β地贫儿童血清不规则抗体筛查与鉴定分析

目的了解重型β地中海贫血（地贫）儿童血清中不规则抗体的发生率及其特异性抗体构成。方法对选取的142例反复输血的β地贫双重杂合子（或纯合子）进行不规则抗体筛查和鉴定检测,统计分析其检出率及构成比。结果不规则抗体筛查阳性率为9.2%,具体分布如下：Rh系统11例（84.6%）,其中抗-E最多（占30.8%）,P系统1例（7.7%）;Kidd系统1例（7.7%）;而产生不规则抗体的重型β地贫的基因型中CD41-42/CD41-42比例最高（占30.8%）。结论反复输血的重型β地中海贫血患儿不规则抗体阳性率较高,要特别注意对Rh系统不规则抗体的检查。     

不规则抗体的筛查和鉴定在临床输血中的意义

目的检查有输血史或妊娠史的患者血清（浆）中的不规则抗体，降低或避免溶血性输血反应的发生。方法用微柱凝胶coombs IgG卡对6486例有输血史或妊娠史患者的血标本进行不规则抗体筛查和鉴定，将不规则抗体阳性的标本用coombs IgG卡进行交叉配血。结果不规则抗体阳性24例，阳性率0．37％。其中，抗-D3例，抗-E4例，抗-C2例，抗-A1 1例，抗-M2例，抗-EC2例，抗-Cc 1例，抗-JKa 2例，抗-JK^b1例，抗-FY^a2例，抗-Le^a 1例，非特异性抗体3例。结论不规则抗体筛查能有效降低或避免溶血性输血反应的发生，保证输血安全，对有输血史和妊娠史的患者尤为重要。     

广州地区无偿献血者不规则抗体筛查结果分析

目的了解广州地区无偿献血者不规则抗体的频率、类型、特异性和抗体效价。为输血前检查策略的制定提供依据。方法随机抽取2012年11月至2013年3月广州血液中心无偿献血者血液样本20160例。选择含特定抗原的筛选红细胞,采用聚凝胺介质微板法进行不规则抗体初筛,阳性样本使用试剂筛选细胞和试管法进行确证试验,仍然阳性的样本采用谱细胞微柱法进行特异性鉴定并测定效价。结果20160名广州地区无偿献血者中共筛查出不规则抗体97例,检出率为0．48％,其中IgG型抗-E1例,IgM型抗体96例,包括抗-P14例,抗-M2例,抗-Lewisnn1例,上述抗体效价均不超过8;冷自身抗体59例和非特异性不规则抗体30例。女性不规则抗体阳性率显著高于男性（xz=18．7201,P=1．51E．05）。结论广州献血人群中存在低比例的不规则抗体,对献血者进行不规则抗体筛查有利于电子配血及血液预警系统的建立,对提升临床用血安全性、有效性和智能化水平有着重要意义。     

Absence of hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn despite maternal high-titer IgG anti-Ku

Anti-Ku seen in K(o) (Kell-null) individuals has previously been shown to cause severe hemolytic transfusion reactions. Maternal anti-Ku can cause none or moderate to severe hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). In two of four previously described HDFN cases, intrauterine transfusions were required because of severe anemia. We report a case in which maternal anti-Ku did not cause HDFN. Standard serologic methods were used for RBC antibody screening and identification, adsorption and elution of RBC antibodies, and antigen typing. A gravida 3, para 3 (G3P3) woman was first evaluated in 2006 and was found to have an IgG RBC antibody that reacted against all panel RBCs in the anti-human globulin phase. A panel of RBCs treated with DTT did not react with the antibody. The antibody failed to react with one example of K(o) RBCs. The patient’s RBCs typed negative for the following Kell blood group antigens: KEL1, KEL2, KEL3, KEL4, KEL6, KEL7, KEL11, KEL13, and KEL18. These results established the presence of anti-Ku in maternal serum. The newborn was group A, D+ and required phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia, but did not require transfusion. The woman was seen again in January 2010 during the third trimester (G4P3). At this time, anti-Ku titer was 256. She delivered a healthy group O, D+ baby boy at 37 weeks' gestation. Cord RBCs were 4+ for IgG by DAT. An eluate reacted with all RBCs tested, but did not react when tested against a panel of DTT-treated RBCs. K(o) phenotype is rare to begin with, and the maternal anti-Ku formation may require more than one pregnancy. Therefore, cases that can be evaluated for anti-Ku–related HDFN are rare. Our case contributes to serologic and clinical aspects of such rare cases.     

母婴ABO合并Rh-ccdee/ccDEe血型不合HDN实验诊断与鉴别诊断的研究

目的：探讨母婴ABO合并Rh血型不合和Rh两座位3位点表型不合HDN实验诊断与鉴别诊断,为临床早期防治提供实验依据。方法：用吸收放散和直抗作为实验诊断,用A-c、B-c和O-c阴性红细胞鉴别诊断,O型Rh-ccdEe、O型Rh-CCDee及A型Rh-CCdee组合谱细胞鉴别两座位多位点表型不合Rh-HDN,盐水法鉴定抗体性质。结果：①母婴ABO/Rh血型：母婴1血型鉴定为 O-A及Rh-ccdee/ccDEe交叉不合、母婴2鉴定为A-A及Rh-ccdee/CcDEe两座位3位点表型不合;②抗体筛选：母婴1不规则抗体均为强阳性（4+）;母2为不规则抗体强阳性（4+）、婴儿2为阳性（+）。③抗体鉴定与鉴别诊断：母1为 IgG抗A合并IgG抗D,IgG抗E缺失,IgG抗A效价 256,IgG抗D效价128;母2为IgM抗E合并IgG抗D,IgM抗C缺失,IgG为抗D效价128,IgG抗E及抗C缺失。④鉴别诊断：婴儿1证实为IgG抗A合并IgG抗D-HDN;婴儿2 证实为Rh抗D-HDN,IgG抗E及抗C缺失。结论：用A-c、B-c、O-c阴性红细胞和Rh单特异性组合谱细胞,可以鉴别诊断ABO合并Rh HDN以及Rh单一性或混合性HDN。     

Retrospective analysis of molecular biology mechanism of ABO blood group typing discrepancy among blood donors in Jinan blood station

BackgroundTo accurately identify ABO blood typing in pre-transfusion testing is very important to ensure blood transfusion safely, which is a major responsibility of blood station.MethodsEighty-one blood donors samples with ABO blood group typing discrepancy was collected among 61952 donor samples in our blood station from January 2019 to July 2020. Blood group serological method was used to detect ABO blood group. DNA Sequencing was used to determine the genotype. The antibody screening test detects antibodies other than ABO.ResultsIn total, 61,952 donor samples were analysed for ABO typing discrepancies. The incidence among blood donors was 0.13% (81/61952). The most common reason of ABO typing discrepancies was due to specific antibody or non-specific agglutination (54.32%, 44/81), mainly anti-M antibody, cold autoantibody, anti-D antibody, anti-N antibody and anti-Lea antibody. The major cause of forward typing discrepancies among blood donors was ABO subgroups (25.93%, 21/81), including 10 cases of A subtype (1 case of A2, 2 cases of A3, 2 cases of Ax, 3 cases of AxB, 1 case of Ael, 1 case of Ahm), 6 cases of B subtype (2 cases of B3, 1 case of Bel, 3 cases of AB3), 2 cases of B subtype (A), 1 case of cisAB, and 2 cases of acquired B. The serum antibody was weakened in 16 cases (19.75%).ConclusionsThe blood types should be correctly identified by combining serology with gene sequencing to ensure the safety of clinical blood transfusion, when the forward and reverse typing discrepancies among the blood donors.     

Case report: atypical presentation of anti-Rg(a)

The Rodgers (Rg(a)) antigen is a plasma protein that binds to the red blood cell (RBC) membrane. About 2 to 3% of the transfusion-recipient white population lacks the antigen and can produce anti-Rg(a) antibody. We report the case of a 70-yr-old man who presented with a medical history of hairy cell leukemia and profound pancytopenia that required RBC and platelet (PLT) transfusions. The patient had received 2 units of RBCs and 4 PLT concentrate pools. He was typed as O Rh(D) positive, with positive reactions in all 3-screen cells using the polyethylene glycol (PEG) indirect antiglobulin test/IAT (anti-IgG). Three antibody identification panels were performed, which all proved to be negative. A direct antiglobulin test and an auto-control were run, which were also negative. Since further investigations were needed, the patient's blood sample was sent to a reference laboratory where anti-Rg(a) was identified. Since the percentage of antigen-positive cells in the red cell panel was low, crossmatch compatible units of RBCs were transfused with no discernible immediate or delayed transfusion reaction. This report should alert hospital transfusion service personnel to recognize that, although the panel cells are usually reliable for antibody identification purposes, they may not have the antigens that are present on the screening cells.