Study on characteristics of fractures from road traffic accidents in 306 cases

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of bone fractures from road traffic accidents and analyze their injury mechanisms so as to provide reference for the research and medical care of traffic trauma. METHODS: Three hundred and six patients with fractures from road traffic accidents were included into this study. A total of 507 fractures were identified and the injury mechanism, location distribution and frequency were analyzed. RESULTS: The most common location of fractures was the lower extremities, followed by the upper extremities, skull and maxillofacial region, and the rarest was the spine. A total of 56% of the patients suffered from multiple fractures. The fractures of the patella, femur and pelvis and the fractures of the olecranon, humerus and shoulder often happened simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS: The injury mechanisms can be classified into four types: impact, incoordinate movement, stretch injury and crush and extrusion. The fractures from traffic accidents have the following characteristics: centrifugal distribution of the injuries, multiple fractures, force transmission and ipsilateral occurrence.     

The analysis of epidemiological characteristics of road traffic crashes in a mountain city in western China

Objective: To study the epidemiological characteristics and preventive methods of road traffic crashes in a mountain city in western China through sampling investigation of traffic crashes in different regions of Chongqing city in recent years. Methods： Two police teams of traffic management in downtown, two teams in suburb, one team in county and one freeway team were randomly selected, and road traffic crashes between 1988 and 1997 were investigated and analyzed. Results: A total of 13121 road traffic crashes with 6201 crashes with casualties were analyzed. The incidence of crashes was higher in May, June and July, and on Friday and Wednesday and at 8:00-12:00 and 14:00-18:00 within a day. Casualties were 44.0% in pedestrians and 42.5% in passengers of total casualties. The deaths and severe injuries in pedestrians were 59.1% of total deaths and 56.4% of total severe injuries. The age of drivers and passengers were mainly at 18-30 years, followed by 31-40 years. People over 60 years old accounted for 24.1% of total pedestrian casualty. Head injury was the most common reason for deaths. The main reasons for these crashes were improper driving and violating traffic laws.Violating traffic laws by pedestrian was one of the main reasons for pedestrian casualty. Conclusions: The crashes are related to the characteristics of geography, climate, society activity of people, and the sense of traffic safety, the basic traffic construction and management in Chongqing. The traffic casualty of pedestrian is a big problem in Chongqing. To prevent and decrease road traffic injuries effective methods should be worked out and propaganda on traffic safety and traffic management should be strengthened according to different characteristics of different regions. To strengthen the first aid and treatment of cranium-brain injury and chest-back injury is also helpful in decreasing traffic deaths.     

Epidemiology of road traffic mortality and injuries in Yazd, Iran during 2003-2008

Objective: Road traffic crashes (RTCs) are considered to be the second highest cause of mortality in Iran. The purpose of this study was to describe the morbidity and mortality of RTC during 2003-2008.Methods: Data were got from national health sources of Iran. These data included population, the number of RTCs,consequent fatalities, cause and place of death from 2003 to 2008.Results: RTC incidence rate increased from 868.5 per 100 000 population in the year 2003 to 1 643.6 in 2008. A total of 2 565 deaths from RTC were recorded in Yazd from 2003 to 2008. RTC mortality rate increased from 46.1 per 100 000 population in 2003 to 46.9 in 2006, then declined to 38.8 in 2008. During this time period, overall traffic injury incidence per 100 000 population increased from 368.8 in 2003 to 647.9 in 2006, then declined to 527.9 in 2008. Head injuries were the most common cause of road traffic-related mortality from 2003 to 2008. Following road traffic accidents, most of the deaths occurred before arriving hospital.Conclusions: Road traffic crash-related mortality and morbidity in Yazd in the recent six years are increased, but decreased in the last two years. This decline is most probably the result of a variety of interventions, including laws,police enforcement, improvements in traffic and transport,health care resources and media and public education.     

Comparison of road traffic fatalities and injuries in Iran with other countries

Objective： To compare fatalities and injuries in road traffic crashes （RTC） in Iran with other countries. Methods： Data were obtained from national health sources of Iran. These data included population number, registered motor-vehicles number, number of RTCs and consequent fatalities and injuries from 1997 to 2006. Results： RTC fatality and injury rates increased from 1997 to 2005, but decreased in 2006. The overall men/women ratio in the RTC fatalities was 4.2：1. High RTC fatality rate of 39 per 100 000 population in Iran was almost the same as some other developing countries. In Iran, RTC fatalities in recent years were almost twice as much as the highest rate among the European countries. Conclusions： This investigation shows that in spite of reduction of RTC fatality in Iran in 2006, it is still one of the highest in the world. Moreover, this paper describes the state of RTC-related parameters in a developing country in comparison with the developed countries.     

Epidemiological characteristics of expressway traffic trauma in 2 040 cases

Objective： To evaluate the epidemiologic characteristics of expressway traffic trauma in 2 040 cases in Zhejiang Province. Methods: The data of 2 040 cases of expressway traffic trauma taken from Zhejiang Provincial Expressway Traffic Bureau were analyzed with computer techniques. Results: A total of 2 040 persons were injured in 7 963 expressway traffic accidents in Zhejiang Province from January 1999 to December 2001. Among them, 435 persons died (mortality, 21.3 % ) and 1 605 were injured. The economic losses were over 170 million yuan RMB. The accidents caused by human factors accounted for 84.9% (vehicle drivers accounting for 79.2% ), which mainly included improper measures (20.4%), steering failure ( 17.7% ), insufficient longitudinal space ( 15.9% ) , overspeed drive ( 12.5 % ) , fatigue drive ( 6.4 % ), loading violation (5.9 % ) and careless drive ( 6.3 % ). Mechanical troubles and other factors took up 15.1%. There existed obvious uneven distribution among various regions. Jiaxing and Shaoxing were the sections with high incidence of accidents. The accidents mostly happened at 12:00-18:00, but the causing-dead ones most concentrated at 0:00-6:00. The main victims were young and middle-aged people (accounting for 72.3%), but accident-stricken children and elderly persons ( over 70 years old ) took up higher mortalities ( 30.2 % and 40.7 %, respectively). Conclusions: The number of expressway traffic accidents and the economic losses are increasing year by year, with obvious uneven distribution at different places, different time and under different weather conditions. To reduce the accident frequency, it is important to strengthen the enforcement of traffic regulation, to balance the system of “person-vehicle-road”, and to improve the safety consciousness of people.     

148例闭合性肾损伤诊治体会

目的 提高闭合性肾损伤的诊治效果。方法 回顾分析１４８例闭合性肾损伤的诊治资料。结果 血尿１３９例（９２．２％）;Ｂ超检查１４１例,其中１０９例（７７．３％）有异常表现;ＣＴ检查阳性５１／５７例（８９．７％）;术中逆行造影８例,发现造影剂外溢２例。多发伤７３例。手术４３例（２９．１％）,非手术１０５例（７０．９％）,死亡６例（４．１％）,治愈１４２例,７７例（５２．０％）随访１～３年,尿常规、肾功     

Road traffic safety: An analysis of the cross-effects of economic, road and population factors

Purpose: Through the study of economic, traffic and population data related to road traffic accidents from 2004 to 2016, this paper analyzed the impact of various factors on road traffic casualties in China, and provided theoretical basis and suggestions for the road traffic safety management in China. Methods: Based on three aspects (economy, road, population) with five factors (gross domestic product (GDP), traffic investment, new vehicle ownership, new road mileage and newly increased population), this paper collected the relevant data of road traffic accidents in 31 provinces and cities in China, from 2004 to 2016. A panel model was established to carry out empirical analysis. Results: All factors have a significant impact on the number of road traffic accident casualties. When other factors remain unchanged, the number of road traffic casualties decreased by an average of 0.19 for every 100 million CNY increased in GDP. For every 100 million CNY increased in traffic investment, the number of road traffic casualties is reduced by an average of 13.93, indicating that economic develop ment can improve road traffic safety to a certain extent. On the contrary, the growth in road mileage, new motor vehicles and population has increased the number of road traffic casualties. For every 10, 000 km of new road mileage, the number of traffic accident casualties has increased by 284.04. For every 10,000 newborns, the number of road traffic casualties increased by 7.33; as the number of new motor vehicles increases by 10,000, the number of road traffic casualties increased by an average of 21.77. Conclusion: The increase of GDP and traffic investment can significantly reduce the number of road traffic casualties in China, which shows that economic development is essential to improve road traffic safety. The numbers of new road mileage, newly increased population and the new motor vehicles are positively correlated with the number of traffic accident casualties in traffic accidents, which reflects the existing problems in road design, distribution of road resources, and traffic management in China. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the economic and road related aspects to improve road traffic safety.     

An epidemiologic survey of road traffic accidents in Iran: analysis of driver-related factors

Objective: Road traffic accident (RTA) and its related injuries contribute to a significant portion of the burden of diseases in Iran. This paper explores the association between driver-related factors and RTA in the country. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Iran and all data regarding RTAs from March 20, 2010 to June 10, 2010 were obtained from the Traffic Police Department. We included 538 588 RTA records, which were classified to control for the main confounders: accident type, final cause of accident, time of accident and driver-related factors. Driver-related factors included sex, educational level, license type, type of injury, duration between accident and getting the driving license and driver’s error type. Results: A total of 538 588 drivers (91.83% male, sex ratio of almost 13:1) were involved in the RTAs. Among them423932 (78.71%)wereuninjured; 224818(41.74%)had a diploma degree. Grade 2 driving license represented the highest proportion of all driving licenses (290 811, 54.00%). The greatest number of accidents took place at 12:00-13:59 (75 024, 13.93%). The proportion of drivers involved in RTAs decreased from 15.90% in the first year of getting a driving license to 3.13% after 10 years’ of driving experience. Neglect of regulations was the commonest cause of traffic crashes (345 589, 64.17%). Non-observance of priority and inattention to the front were the most frequent final causes ofdeath (138175, 25.66% and129352, 24.02%, respectively). We found significant association between type of accident and sex, education, license type, time of accident, final cause of accident, driver’s error as well as duration between accident and getting the driving license (all P<0.001). Conclusion: Our results will improve the traffic law enforcement measures, which will change inappropriate behavior of drivers and protect the least experienced road users.     

An epidemiologic survey of road traffic accidents in Iran:analysis of driver-related factors

Road traffic accident (RTA)and its related injuries contribute to a significant portion of the burden of diseases in Iran.This paper explores the association between driver-related factors and RTA in t...     

Treatment of limb arterial in juries caused by traffic accidents

Objective:To analyze the features,diagonosis and treatment of limb arterial injuries caused by traffic accidents.Methods:A total of 43 patients with limb arterial injury admitted in our department over the past 30years(about50%of them happened during the last10 years)were analyzed retrospectively in this article.The popliteal,femoral and brachial arteries were mainly involved,accounting for 432%,20.5%and20.5%respectively of all the involvements.There were 35cases of open injury and9of close injury,The involved vessels were transected in 43.2%of the cases and contused in 40.9%,All the patients had various complications,such as fractures,dislocations and severe soft tissue injuries.The injured vessels were repaired by means of end-to-end anastomosis in 10cases,autogenous vein graft in 23cases and intraluminal hydraulic dilatation in 4cases.Results:Successful limb salvage was achieved in 34cases initially,whereas10amputations were carried out due to injuries to popliteal arteries in7,femoral arteries in2and humeral artery in 1and severe soft tissue damages in9 cases.Twenty-nine patients were followed up for 1-156months,with the averageof48.8months.There was good circulation in 22 cases and certain ischemia in 5cases.Two amputations were carried out in the late stage because of popliteal artery thrombosis after repair in 2cases.There was no death in this series.Conclusions:The limb arterial injuries caused by traffic accidents are severe and complicated.It is proposed that particulatr attentions should be paid to the features in diagnosis and treatment for this type of injury and special efforts should be made for both life saving and limb salvage.     

肝外伤106例治疗分析

目的 提高对不同类型肝外伤的诊断和治疗水平。方法 回顾性分析采用不同手段治疗的各种肝外伤,包括非手术治疗27例,手术治疗79例。结果 非手术治疗27例,治愈25例,死亡2例;手术治疗治愈73例,死亡6例。总治愈率92．5％（98／106）,病死率7．5％（8／106）,5例死于肝内血管损伤大出血,3例死于多器官功能衰竭。术后并发症:膈下感染3例,肝内脓肿10例,胸腔积液8例,切口感染7例,腹腔脓肿2例。结论 对I型肝外伤采取非手术治疗,Ⅱ-Ⅳ型肝钝性损伤,血液动力学稳定可行非手术治疗。非Ⅱ－Ⅵ型肝损伤一经诊断腹腔大出血或其他脏器损伤,应立即手术治疗。     

Epidemiological investigation on Wenchuan earthquake-struck trauma patients admitted to two hospitals of Chongqing

Objective： To study epidemiological characteristics and influential factors of in-hospital patients struck by the Wenchuan earthquake disaster. Methods： The clinical data of 196 cases were collected from 2 hospitals of Chongqing city, including age, sex, occupation, injury site, dwelling and injury severity score. Results： In this series, 31.63% victims＇ age was over 60 years, and 54.08% were farmers. Multiple trauma accounted for 35.71%, and lower limb injury for 33.67%. There was no significant difference on injury severity score between city dwellers and rural ones （P〉0.05）. Conclusion： The earthquake injury is influenced by many factors. More attention should be paid to the treatment at first 5 days after injury and high risk population.     

骨科创伤误治后的补救3例

骨科创伤不仅能够导致骨折,而且对软组织的潜在损伤也极为严重,临床医生会重视明显的软组织损伤和骨折的处理,对软组织潜在损伤或隐性损伤往往重视不足,从而出现皮肤及皮下软组织的坏死、感染,形成大面积的顽固性感染,或者难以愈合的窦道,治疗起来非常棘手,如果处理不当,很容易导致医疗纠纷[1]。笔者在从事骨科工作中,对此类病例深入     

Epidemiological characteristics and preventive strategies for fall injury

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Road traffic fatalities among pedestrians, bicyclists and mo-tor vehicle occupants in Sirjan, Kerman, Iran

Objective: To analyze the crash and injury data in forensic medicine for years of 2004-2007. Methods: A sample of over 567 accident cases (9 pedestrians, 116 bicyclists, and 442 motor vehicle occupants) was considered from the Department of Foren-sic Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, in-volving drivers of all ages and covering a four-year period.Results: The male fatality rates were significantly higher than female ones. The groups at 15-30 years old and at 30-55 years old had the first and second highest numbers of deaths (40% and 34%, respectively). There were sub-stantial differences in distribution of injuries in motor ve-hicle occupants and pedestrians and bicyclists. Among motor vehicle occupants, there were more head injuries, such as skull fracture, brain contusion, subdural haemorrhage, and epidural haemorrhage. Nearly 77% of fatalities occurred during 08:00-22:00 in Sirjan. Internal bleeding was also higher in motor vehicle occupants. Pedestrians and bicyclists also had head injuries frequently.Conclusions: In spite of reduction of road traffic fatali-ties in Sirjan in 2007, it is still one of the cities with high road traffic fatality in the world. These results underline the im-portance of preventive strategies in transportation, sug-gesting that different methods are necessary to reduce fa-talities of various traffic participants.     

Statistical analysis on 2213 inpatients with traffic injuries from January 2003 to September 2005 in Ningbo city

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological conditions and characteristics of inpatients with traffic trauma in order to provide objective data for basic research and clinical application of traffic trauma. Methods: The data of 2213 inpatients with traffic trauma admitted to Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo Medical Centre, Ningbo, China, from January 2003 to September 2005 were studied retrospectively. According to the transportation ways, the patients were divided into four groups; pedestrians, bicyclists, motorcyclists, and automobilists. And the data of injured regions, combined injuries and causes of death were analyzed statistically. Results: Among the 2213 patients, there were 550 pedestrians (23. 5%), 521 bicyclists (24.9%), 738 motorcyclists (33.3%), and 404 automobilists (18.3%). Male patients were more than female ones, with the ratio of male to female of 2.8:1. Single region injury was found in 1663 patients (75.15%) and multiple injuries in 550 patients (24.85%). In total, 2849 regions were injured. Fracture of extremities (53.3%) occurred most often, craniocerebral trauma (19.4%) next, then followed in turn by thoraco-abdominal visceral injury (6.56%), spine fracture (5.37%), fracture of ribs (4.88%), and pelvic fracture (4.18 %). The percentage of multiple injuries (33.2%) was highest and the percentage of thoraco-abdominal injury (18.0%) was higher in motorcyclists. The percentages of craniocerebral trauma in pedestrians and bicyclists were 27.8% and 28.2%, respectively. The incidence of fracture of extremities in motorcyclists reached 73.8%, but with the lowest case-fatality ratio of 1.4%. The incidence of traffic accidents caused by motorcyclists themselves (32.8%) was highest. A total of 56 patients died, with the case-fatality ratio of 2.53%. Among the deaths, 47 died from craniocerebral injury, 6 from multiple fractures combined with hemorrhagic shock, 2 from combined injury in the thoraco-abdominal region, and 1 from cervical cord injury. Conclusions: Nowadays, the patients with traffic trauma are mainly pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists, and they suffer generally from fracture of extremities and craniocerebral injury. The main cause of death is craniocerebral injury. Another characteristic of traffic trauma is that the ratio of multiple injuries is higher.     

单纯闭合性肾损伤伴血性腹水的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨单纯闭合性肾操作伴有血性腹水时的最佳治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析16例单纯闭合性肾损伤伴血性腹水的诊断资料。结果 16例患中Ⅱ级肾损伤3例，Ⅲ级肾损伤8例，Ⅳ级肾损伤1例，V级肾损伤2例。入院诊断10例考虑合并有腹腔内脏器损伤，1例诊断为肝破裂。非手术治疗5例，均获成功。其中保守治疗2例，超选择性肾动脉栓塞术3例。开放手术11例。其中肾修补术6例，肾切除术5例，失肾率为45.5%。结论 肾损伤引起血性腹水时，会给临床判断有无腹腔内脏器合并伤带来困难。非开放手术治疗为首选治疗方法，手术探查应在积极保守治疗后生命体征仍不稳定的情况下进行，手术探查指征的放宽会造成较高肾切除率。     

腹部血管损伤62例分析

目的探讨腹部血管损伤的处理。方法回顾性分析我院1998年1月至2008年10月收治的62例71条腹部血管损伤及其处理情况。结果本组治愈53例（85．5％）,死亡9例（14．5％）。结论早期诊断,早期治疗,成功止血是救治的关键;有良好的血管外科基础对腹部大血管损伤的处理十分重要。     

闭合性肾损伤的诊断与治疗

目的 总结闭合性肾损伤的诊治体会，提高闭合性肾损伤的诊治水平，减少肾切除率。方法 189例闭合性肾损伤患者，男146例，女43例。平均年龄38岁。综合应用尿常规、B超、IVU、CT等检查，诊断闭合性肾损伤，其中合并腹腔内脏器损伤27例，合并颅脑外伤5例，合并四肢脊柱骨折13例，3例为腹腔、颅脑与腹腔、脊柱复合伤伴休克。行保守治疗156例，其中有脾破裂3例，颅脑外伤2例，四肢脊柱骨折7例；行手术治疗27例，其中行肾修补术15例，肾部分切除术5例，肾切除7例；3例行肾动脉栓塞治疗。结果3例重度闭合性肾损伤因复合伤、顽固性休克者入院不久死亡，186例痊愈出院。102例随访3个月～8年，保守治疗病例中发生肾性高血压3例，肾周尿囊肿1例，肾萎缩1例，局限性肾积水1例，手术治疗与肾动脉栓塞治疗者均无并发症。结论 CT检查是闭合性肾损伤准确诊断与选择治疗方案的重要依据，Ⅲ级以上闭合性肾损伤伤后2～4周复查CT有利于肾周尿囊肿的早期发现与治疗，Ⅳ级以下闭合性肾损伤尽可能采用非手术治疗。     

Epidemiology of patients admitted to a major trauma centre in northern India

Objective： Trauma in India is an increasingly significant problem, particularly in light of rapid development and increasing motorization. Social changes are resulting in alterations in the epidemiology of trauma. The aim of the study was to assess the various epidemiological parameters that influence the cause of injury in the patients admitted to a major trauma centre in northem India. Methods： An observational study of 748 patients chosen by random assortment was carried out over a peri- od of 1 year （August 2008 to July 2009）. Age, sex, injury type and pattern were noted. Injury mode of upper and lower limbs was also noted. Results： Injuries occur predominately in the age group of 15-30 years. Males incurred more injury with male to female ratio of 6：1. The most vulnerable group was motorcycle users. Among the injured, farmers were the most commonly involved. Blunt injuries （94.92%） were much more common than penetrating injuries. Among patients with head injury, two wheelers related accidents were the most common （40.3%）. Most spinal cord injuries were caused by falls from height （51.09%）. Most lower limb fractures were simple type. Compound fractures of the lower limb were more common than up- per limb fractures. Conclusion： Strict enforcement of traffic rules, combined with improved infrastructure and behavior change can decrease the burden of road traffic accidents in India and other developing countries. This study could assist in raising the profile of road traffic accidents as a public health problem which needs to be addressed as a preventable cause of mortality and morbidity, and plan- ning appropriate interventions for this major challenge. Preventive strategies should be made on the basis of these epidemiological trends.