补肾止颤方联合埋针对帕金森病大鼠TH、GFAP表达的影响

目的观察补肾止颤方联合埋针对帕金森病(PD)大鼠中脑黑质区酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的影响,探讨补肾止颤方联合埋针对PD大鼠神经元细胞的保护作用。方法采用蛋白酶抑制因子(PSI)皮下注射法制作慢性PD大鼠模型,免疫组织化学方法及蛋白印迹法检测各组大鼠中脑黑质区TH、GFAP表达的变化。结果经补肾止颤方联合埋针治疗后的PD大鼠TH蛋白表达明显增加,TH阳性细胞明显增多,GFAP表达明显降低,GFAP阳性细胞明显减少,与模型组相比较有统计学意义(P0.05);而针药结合组与多巴丝肼组相比较,亦有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论补肾止颤方联合埋针可显著增加PD大鼠中脑黑质区TH阳性细胞表达,并有效减少GFAP阳性细胞表达,保护大鼠神经元细胞,增加脑内多巴胺(DA)含量,促进PD大鼠运动功能的恢复。     

6-羟多巴胺诱导帕金森病动物模型的分子作用机制研究进展

帕金森病（Parkinson＇s disease，PD）是一种以中脑黑质致密部多巴胺（dopamine，DA）能神经元进行性退变为主要病理特征的慢性神经系统变性疾病，这种选择性地损伤中脑DA能神经元的机制尚不清楚。大量实验显示PD致病的主要生化过程与氧化应激和线粒体功能障碍有关，近年来，动物模型和PD病人大脑组织学研究显示．凋亡可能是引起黑质DA能神经元死亡和丢失的最终原因。     

腺病毒介导的胶质细胞源性神经营养因子基因脑内转移对帕金森病大鼠模型的保护作用

目的 探讨腺病毒介导的胶质细胞源性神经营养因子（GDNF）基因直接转移对帕金森病（PD）的保护作用。方法 实验SD大鼠分重组GDNF腺病毒（Ad－GDNF）实验组、LacZ腺病毒（AdLacZ）对照组和磷酸缓冲液（PBS）对照组。将重组腺病毒及PBS定向注射至一侧黑质附近,1周后于同侧纹状体注射6－羟基多巴胺（6－OHDA）诱发多巴胺（DA）能神经元进行性变性。通过旋转行为观察和中脑酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）免疫组化染色及纹状体单胺类递质高压液相色谱－电化学仪（HPLC－ECD）检测评估其治疗效应;通过RT－PCR、ELISA检测Ad-GDNF在脑内的表达情况。结果 Ad-GDNF组阿扑吗啡诱发的旋转次数明显低于2个对照组;Ad-GDNF组约70％的黑质DA能神经元得以保存,而Ad-LacZ及PBS对照组令有30％左右;Ad－GDNF组纹状体DA含量也显著高于Ad-LacZ及PBS对照组;Ad－GDNF在脑内可有效表达,注射后5周黑质附近GDNF含量达1ng/10mg脑组织湿重,是对照组的16－20倍。结论 腺病毒介导的GDNF基因脑内直接转移可阻止6－OHDA诱发的大鼠DA能神经元进行性变性,提示这一手段在PD保护性治疗方面具有一定的应用价值。     

PJ34对帕金森病模型小鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元保护的实验研究

目的研究多聚ADP-核糖聚合酶（PARP）抑制剂PJ34对帕金森病（PD）小鼠黑质多巴胺（DA）能神经元的保护作用。方法采用1-甲基-4-苯基-1，2，3，6-四氢吡啶（MPTP）制备PD小鼠模型，2、24、72h后取中脑组织进行酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）观察DA能神经元的损害情况，同时应用多聚ADP核糖聚合物（PAR）免疫组化染色检测PARP的活性改变。另经PJ34预处理该模型后，对上述指标进行检测。结果PD小鼠黑质DA能神经元出现一过性PARP的过度活化，1134预处理显著抑制PARP活性，减轻PD小鼠黑质致密部TH阳性神经元的脱失现象（P〈0．01）。结论PARP的活性改变在PD的发病过程发挥重要作用，PJ34通过抑制PARP过度活化对PD小鼠黑质DA能神经元产生保护作用。     

电针与锌合用对帕金森病模型大鼠DA能神经元恢复的调节

目的 探讨电针与小剂量锌合用对帕金森病(PD)模型大鼠DA能神经元结构和功能恢复的调节作用.方法 选取SD大鼠100只,将6-羟基多巴胺注入中脑右侧黑质制备单侧黑质损毁的PD大鼠模型,将模型大鼠随机分成模型组、0Hz组和120 Hz电针组、120 Hz+锌组和锌组,另设有假手术组,共6组.治疗或观察6个星期,观察治疗前后PD模型大鼠行为学变化,黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性细胞的形态、数量以及黑质多巴胺能神经元凋亡的情况.结果 与模型组比较,锌组、120 Hz组以及120 Hz+锌组大鼠行为学明显改善(P＜0.05或0.01),大鼠损毁侧TH阳性神经元数明显增加,DA能神经元凋亡数显著减少(P＜0.05或0.01).与120 Hz组比较,120 Hz+锌组大鼠损毁侧黑质TH阳性神经元数的增加及凋亡细胞百分比的减少也有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 电针与小剂量锌合用治疗PD模型大鼠在使DA能神经元结构和功能恢复方面具有较好的神经保护作用.     

抗颤宁方对PD大鼠脂质过氧化及多巴胺能神经元的影响

目的研究抗颤宁方对PD大鼠的作用机制。方法 60只大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、中药组、西药组。灌胃给药2周后次日取血清,-37℃冰箱保存,以比色法分别测定血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及NO含量;取血后灌注作内固定,而后断头取脑浸泡于4%多聚甲醛溶液中放4℃冰箱固定24 h,然后按SABC法作TH免疫组织化学染色,200倍相差显微镜下分别累计右侧黑质的TH免疫反应阳性神经元数目并计算其均数。结果模型组与西药组大鼠SOD活性均较假手术组明显下降(P0.01),中药组大鼠SOD活性与假手术组比较无统计学意义(P0.05);模型组大鼠MDA、NO含量与假手术组、中药组、西药组比较均明显升高(P0.05),而中药组与西药组大鼠MDA、NO含量与假手术组比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。假手术组、中药组、西药组大鼠右侧黑质的TH阳性细胞计数均多于模型组(P0.01);中药组、假手术组大鼠右侧黑质的TH阳性细胞计数亦多于西药组(P0.05);中药组大鼠右侧黑质的TH阳性细胞计数与假手术组无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论抗颤宁方治疗帕金森病可能作用机制在于:改善整体的氧化应激状态,减少对DA能神经元的氧化损害;通过抑制NO的神经毒性起作用;通过保护DA能神经元免受损害而相对增加其数量起作用。     

脂多糖对多巴胺能神经元的损毁作用

目的离体、在体水平分别观察脂多糖（LPS）对多巴胺（DA）能神经元的毁损作用，及其对动物行为的影响。方法将LPS、6-羟基多巴胺（6-OHDA）和LPS与小胶质细胞共培养的上清液分别加入大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤（PC12）细胞中，四唑盐比色试验（MTT）观察一定时间内细胞活性的变化；将LPS注入大鼠单侧黑质，在一定时间内，观察动物行为的变化；免疫组化法检测黑质区DA能神经元数目，高压液相色谱（HPLC）洲定黑质纹状体系统DA等及其代谢产物含量。结果LPS对PCI2细胞活性无直接影响，LPS与小胶质细胞共培养组和60HDA组则对PC12细胞活性有明显影响，使细胞活性分别下降26％和30％；大鼠单侧黑质注入LPS后21、28d，阿朴吗啡诱发大鼠出现旋转行为，转次为4～6次／min；注射侧黑质TH阳性细胞数减少约35％～60％，尤以21、28d明显；LPS注射后14、21d和28d大鼠的纹状体和黑质DA及其代谢物含量降低30％～70％。结论LPS间接地对DA能神经元产生一定的损毁作用，并可导致大鼠偏侧旋转行为的发生。     

罗格列酮对帕金森病模型小鼠炎症反应和细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察炎症反应和细胞凋亡在帕金森病发病过程中的作用,探讨罗格列酮对PD多巴胺(DA)能神经元的保护作用。方法采用1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6四氢吡啶(MPTP)制备PD模型,观察各组小鼠行为学变化,免疫组织化学和免疫印迹观察小鼠中脑黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、环氧合酶(COX)-2、前列腺素E2(PGE2)和半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspase)-3的表达变化,及给予罗格列酮后对上述变化的影响。结果模型组小鼠出现震颤、步态迟缓等PD样症状,黑质区TH阳性神经元缺失,COX-2、PGE2和caspase-3阳性细胞明显增多,蛋白水平亦升高;经罗格列酮治疗后,上述症状得到改善。结论罗格列酮对PD小鼠DA能神经元保护作用可能与抑制炎症反应和细胞凋亡有关。     

脑血疏口服液通过p38MAPK通路抑制帕金森病大鼠黑质神经炎症反应

目的研究脑血疏口服液(NXS)通过调节p38促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路抑制帕金森病(PD)大鼠的神经炎症反应,从而发挥对黑质多巴胺(DA)能神经元的保护作用。方法单侧纹状体内注射神经毒素6-羟多巴胺(OHDA)(12μg/4μl)制备大鼠PD模型。将PD大鼠随机分为模型组(10只)、NXS组[10只,NXS灌胃,2.36 g/(kg·d),共30 d],另10只正常大鼠纹状体内注射生理盐水4μl作为对照组。采用免疫组织化学染色法检测各组黑质DA能神经元[酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性]、小胶质细胞(Iba1阳性)的形态变化,免疫组织化学法和Western印迹法检测中脑黑质Iba1、核因子(NF)-κB、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、p38MAPK和p-p38MAPK的变化。结果与模型组相比较,NXS组旋转圈数显著减少(P0.05)。免疫组织化学结果显示,与对照组相比,模型组黑质TH阳性细胞数目明显减少(P0.05),Iba1、iNOS、NF-κB和p38MAPK免疫反应强度均明显增加(P0.05);NXS组黑质TH阳性细胞明显增多(P0.05),Iba1、iNOS、NF-κB和p38MAPK免疫反应强度均显著降低(P0.05)。Western印迹结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组损毁侧黑质Iba1、iNOS、NF-κB、p38MAPK和p-p38MAPK表达明显升高,而NXS组上述分子表达均有明显降低(P0.05)。结论 NXS可能通过抑制PD大鼠p38MAPK信号通路和降低炎症因子的表达,从而对DA能神经元发挥保护作用。     

帕金森病发病机制研究进展

帕金森病（Parkinson disease,PD）是一种以中脑黑质致密部多巴胺（dopamine．DA）能神经元进行性退变为主要病理特征的神经系统变性疾病。其病因和发病机理目前尚不清楚,主要病理变化是在黑质致密部等处DA神经元严重缺失,残留神经元胞浆内出现嗜酸性包涵体．称Lewy小体。PD是一个集生理退化、环境因素与病理损害等造成的错综复杂、交互影响的一个改变过程。近年来国内外对PD发病机制从多种角度、不同环节、相互作用进行了多方位研究和探讨。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.