女性抑郁症患者无抽搐电休克治疗前后的视觉P300观察

目的观察女性抑郁症患者无抽搐电休克(MECT)治疗前后事件相关电位视觉P300的变化。方法对31例女性正常人,33例女性抑郁症患者在MECT治疗前后进行了视觉P300检测,观察MECT治疗前后视觉P300的变化。结果 (1)与正常组比较,患者组治疗前的视觉P300中的靶指标N2和P3潜伏期延迟(P<0.01),靶波幅P3降低(P<0.01)。(2)患者组经过MECT治疗后视觉P300靶潜伏期N2和P3均有所恢复(P<0.05～0.01),但治疗后靶波幅P3明显下降(P<0.01)。结论视觉P300中的P3和N2联合应用可作为评估MECT疗效的指标之一。     

无抽搐电休克治疗难治性抑郁症患者的认知电位P300变化

目的探讨无抽搐电休克(MECT)治疗难治性抑郁症(TRD)前后患者的认知电位P300变化。方法入选30名正常对照和30例TRD患者,比较其P300及MECT治疗前后的P300变化。结果与正常对照比较,TRD患者P300中的靶指标N1和P3潜伏期延迟以及靶波幅P3降低(P均<0.01)。TRD患者经MECT治疗后,P300靶潜伏期N1和P3均有所恢复(P<0.05或P<0.01),但靶波幅P3显著下降(P<0.01)。结论 P300可作为MECT治疗TRD的监测指标。     

Neurocognitive performance in breast cancer survivors exposed to adjuvant chemotherapy and tamoxifen

The primary aim of the current study was to examine whether neurocognitive functioning among breast cancer survivors (BCS) exposed to systemic adjuvant chemotherapy differs from that seen among BCS who did not receive chemotherapy. The performance of each of these BCS groups was compared to a demographically matched comparison group without history of breast cancer, a group not included in the majority of previous cognitive functioning studies. We also sought to explore whether usage of the anti-estrogen drug tamoxifen, a common component of breast cancer treatment, was related to neurocognitive functioning. Finally, we wished to examine the relationship between subjective report of cognitive functioning and objective performance on neurocognitive measures among BCS. Fifty-three survivors of breast cancer (all between 2-5 years after diagnosis and initial surgical removal of cancerous tissue) and 19 healthy non-BCS comparison subjects were administered a comprehensive neurocognitive battery, and measures of mood, energy level, and self-reported cognitive functioning. Those BCS who received adjuvant chemotherapy performed significantly worse in the domains of verbal learning, visuospatial functioning, and visual memory than BCS treated with surgery only. Those who received both chemotherapy and tamoxifen showed the greatest compromise. Although patients who received chemotherapy (with and without tamoxifen) performed worse than those treated with surgery only on several domains, neither group was significantly different from demographically matched comparison subjects without a history of breast cancer. Finally, we found no relationship between subjective cognitive complaints and objective performance, although cognitive complaints were associated with measures of psychological distress and fatigue. We highlight ways in which these data converge with other recent studies to suggest that systemic chemotherapy, especially in combination with tamoxifen, can have adverse yet subtle effects on cognitive functioning.     

The auditory oddball paradigm in patients with vascular cognitive impairment: a prolonged latency of the N2 complex

OBJECTIVE: The event-related potential (ERP) evoked by the auditory oddball paradigm has been investigated mainly in patients with Alzheimer's disease and in patients with different causes of subcortical dementia. Subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD) seems to be an important cause of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) frequently not fulfilling the criteria for dementia. Recognition of VCI is needed in order to provide adequate care and therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of the different elements of this response (N(1), N(2) complex and P(3) latencies) in a group of elderly patients with VCI caused by SIVD. METHODS: The study population consisted of patients with a clinical and neuropsychological diagnosis of VCI caused by SIVD (n = 38) and healthy control subjects (n = 53) aged 60 years or older. The mean Mini Mental State Examination score of both groups was 27.6, and the mean HIV Dementia Scale score was 6.1 in the patient group and 12.3 in the control group. In all subjects, the ERP was recorded under standardized conditions, and the latencies and amplitudes of N(1), N(2) and P(3) were analyzed by two clinical neurophysiologists in consensus. Both were blinded to the diagnosis. RESULTS: The N(2) latency was significantly longer in patients with VCI than in age-matched controls, whereas the latencies of the P(3) and N(1) were not significantly different. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the N(2) complex to the P(3) wave was significantly lower in the patient group. White matter abnormalities on MRI were not significantly correlated with the N(2) latency. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the latency of the N(2) complex is prolonged and the peak-to-peak amplitude of the N(2) complex to the P(3) wave is lowered in patients with VCI caused by SIVD.     

文拉法辛与氟西汀治疗对老年期抑郁症患者的事件相关电位P300的影响

目的比较文拉法辛缓释剂与氟西汀对老年期抑郁症患者认知功能的影响.方法将60例（年龄≥60岁）符合《中国国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版》（CCMD-3）抑郁症诊断标准患者作为实验组.随机将实验组分为氟西汀治疗组（实验组1）及文拉法辛治疗组（实验组2）,对两组在治疗前、治疗8周后进行听觉诱发事件相关电位P300检测及汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评定.与实验组性别、年龄匹配的正常老年人60例最为对照组,与实验组1相匹配的为对照组1,与实验组2相匹配的为对照组2.比较各组之间治疗前后事件相关电位P300各成分及HAMD评分的差异.结果与对照组相比,治疗前实验组1、实验组2P2、N2、P3潜伏期及反应时间明显延长,P2、N2、P3波幅明显降低,差异具有显著性意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;治疗后,实验组1P2、N2潜伏期及反应时间比治疗前明显缩短,P2、N2、P3波幅明显增高,差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,P3潜伏期与治疗前差异无显著性意义（P＞0.05）;实验组2P2、N2、P3潜伏期及反应时间比治疗前明显缩短,P2、N2、P3波幅明显增高,差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;实验组1P3潜伏期及反应时间比实验组2明显延长,差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;实验组2HAMD评分明显高于实验组1,差异有显著性意义（P＜0.01）.结论老年期抑郁症患者存在认知功能障碍,文拉法辛对老年期抑郁症认知功能的影响好于氟西汀.     

精神分裂症患者事件相关电位P300与临床症状关系的研究

目的　探讨精神分裂症P3 0 0 主要指标尤峰间潜伏期的变化及其与临床症状的关系。方法　检测 4 0例精神分裂症患者 (患者组 )和 36名正常人 (对照组 )CZ、C3 、C4电极位置的P3 0 0 ,并用阳性和阴性症状量表 (PANSS)评定患者临床症状。结果　与正常对照组相比 ,在CZ、C3 、C4三点 ,患者组P3波幅低 (P <0 0 1) ,并与阴性症状分呈负相关 (r=- 0 4 0 3,- 0 4 30 ,- 0 35 7) ;N2 潜伏期长 (P <0 0 1) ;P2 N2 峰间潜伏期长 (P <0 0 5和P <0 0 1) ,并与PANSS量表总分、阳性症状、思维障碍、激活性等多种症状分呈负相关 (P <0 0 1～ 0 0 5 ) ;N2 P3 峰间潜伏期短 (P <0 0 1) ,在CZ 点与PANSS量表总分(r=- 0 36 3)和一般症状分 (r=- 0 392 )呈负相关。结论　精神分裂症患者的P3 波幅、N2 潜伏期、P2 N2 、N2 P3 峰间潜伏期有明显异常 ,其中P3 波幅、P2 N2 、N2 P3 峰间潜伏期与多种临床症状呈相关性     

Long-lasting suppression of hippocampal cell proliferation and impaired cognitive performance by methotrexate in the rat

Methotrexate (MTX) is a cytostatic agent widely used in combination with other agents as adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer and is associated with cognitive impairment as a long-term side effect in some cancer patients. This paper aimed to identify a neurobiological mechanism possibly responsible for this cognitive impairment using an animal model. The first study explored the hypothesis that MTX reduces neuronal cell proliferation. A dose-dependent long-lasting decrease in hippocampal cell proliferation was shown with Ki-67 immunocytochemistry, following a single intravenous injection of MTX (37.5-300 mg/kg). Animals treated with MTX also showed a dose-dependent transient decrease in body weight gain. In the second study, the effect of MTX (250 mg/kg) on two spatial learning tasks was examined. Animals treated with MTX learned the Morris water maze task adequately; however, these animals showed a longer latency time to cross the platform location in the probe trial, reflecting an impairment of spatial memory function. In the novel object recognition task, animals treated with MTX failed to distinguish a novel object from a familiar one, indicating a decrease in the comparator function of the hippocampus. Our studies indicated that, in the rat, MTX has a dose-dependent negative effect on hippocampal cell proliferation, and on cognitive behavior. These findings suggest that adverse effects of certain cytotoxic agents on hippocampal cell proliferation may have a potential contributory role in cognitive impairment observed in humans after chemotherapy.     

ERP evidence of impaired central nervous system function in virally suppressed HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on central nervous system (CNS) function in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) who have suppressed viral loads. METHODS: Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 15 virally suppressed HIV patients and 15 age-, sex-, and education-matched controls while they performed a 3-stimulus auditory oddball task. The amplitude and latency of the P3a, P3b, and early auditory components were examined in HIV patients and controls. RESULTS: Virally suppressed HIV patients on ART were more depressed than controls, as determined by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). After controlling for the effects of depression, HIV patients had smaller P2, P3a, and P3b amplitudes and longer P3a and P3b latency than control subjects. BDI scores correlated positively with N1 latency in HIV patients and negatively with P3b amplitude in all subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These electrophysiological results suggest that, even in the absence of detectable levels of HIV in the peripheral blood, viral replication persists in the CNS and continues to cause disease in HIV patients on ART.     

N200 latency and P300 amplitude in depressed mood post-traumatic brain injury patients

In order to examine the independent and combined effects of depressive symptoms and traumatic brain injury on event-related potential (ERP) components, we classified traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients as depressed and non-depressed mood according to their scores on the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Non-depressed mood post-traumatic brain injury patients (NondepTBI, n=9), depressed mood post-traumatic brain injury patients (DepTBI, n=26), and normal healthy control subjects (HC, n=10) were assessed for N100, N200, and P300 latencies and amplitudes by the auditory "oddball paradigm". DepTBI subjects had significantly prolonged N200 latency and low P300 amplitude compared with the NondepTBI and HC groups. A longer P300 latency in the NondepTBI and DepTBI than in the HC groups was found. A prolongation of N200 latency accompanied by low P300 amplitude may be a characteristic of post-traumatic brain injury patients with depressed mood. Prolonged P300 latency may be more closely associated with TBI than with depression, as it was significantly greater in both the DepTBI and NondepTBI, than in the HC group.     

Origin of component N16 in short latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) to median nerve stimulation--correlation between component N16 and thalamus

Short latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) to median nerve stimulation consists of four main subcortical components, namely P 9, P 11, P 13 and N 16 which appears before cortial N 18. However, the origin of component N 16 is a subject of controversy. In an attempt to learn about the generator source(s) of component N 16, SSEP was recorded from 25 patients with various focal lesions of the brain stem and/or thalamus, and abnormalities of the each potential was correlated to the clinically and radiologically defined site of the lesions. Furthermore, the effects of the different frequency in stimulation were also investigated in 6 normal subjects, because latency changes of each component might contribute to the understanding of the generation. Recordings were obtained from 13 patients with brain stem lesion which included 3 cases with pontine hemorrhage, 3 cases with pontine tumor, 3 cases with cerebello-pontine angle tumor, one case of pontine angioma, one case of chordoma, one case of tentorial tumor and one case of MLF syndrome. SSEP changes in these cases were classified into four types as follows: type 1: no response over the base line was recorded, type 2; some responses over the base line were recorded but N 16 was uncertain, type 3; component N 16 was clearly identified but its latency was significantly prolonged, type 4; component N 16 was divided into two peaks. Bilateral abnormality on SSEP with splitted combination of these four types in various degree was observed. Furthermore, these SSEP abnormalities were seen even in the some cases without sensory disturbance. On the other hand, component N 16 was clearly identified in all 12 patients with thalamic lesion which included 11 cases with thalamic hemorrhage and one case with thalamic tumor on the effected side. Comparison of latency and amplitude between normal side and affected side statistically showed no laterality of components P 9, P 11 and P 13, but a tendency of delay in latency of component N 16 on the affected side. Different stimulus repetition rate revealed some other characteristics of each component. Electrical stimuli to median nerve at the wrist were delivered at rates of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and 27 Hz. Latencies of components P 9, P 11, P 13, N 16 in Fro.-Cv 7 lead and component N 18 in Par.-Erb lead were measured and all latency changes were calculated relative to the 3 Hz stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor PAI-I: novel tumor-derived factors with a high prognostic and predictive impact in breast cancer

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor, PAI-I, play a key role in tumor invasion and metastasis. They were the first novel tumor biological factors to be validated at the highest level of evidence (LOE I) regarding their clinical utility in breast cancer. Their antigen levels are determined in tumor tissue extracts by standardized, quality-assured immunometric assays (ELISA). Since the late 1980s, numerous independent studies have demonstrated that patients with low levels of uPA and PAI-I in their primary tumor tissue have a significantly better survival than patients with high levels of either factor. These prognostic data have recently been validated by an EORTC (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer) pooled analysis comprising more than 8,000 breast cancer patients. In addition, results from a multicenter prospective randomized therapy trial in node-negative breast cancer ("Chemo N(0)") showed that node-negative breast cancer patients with low levels of uPA and PAI-I in their primary tumor have a very good prognosis, and may thus be candidates for being spared the burden of adjuvant chemotherapy. In contrast, node-negative patients with high uPA/PAI-I are at substantially increased risk of disease recurrence, comparable to that of patients with three or more tumor cell positive axillary lymph nodes. The "Chemo N(0)" trial as well as retrospective data also indicate that these high-risk patients benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. In conclusion, over a period of about 15 years sufficient evidence has been put forward to demonstrate that determination of uPA and PAI-I in primary breast cancer patients supports risk-adapted individualized therapy decisions, particularily in patients with node-negative disease.     

氟伏沙明与阿米替林改善抑郁症认知损害的P300对照研究

目的比较氟伏沙明与阿米替林对抑郁症患者认知功能的影响。方法将60例符合《中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准——第3版》（CCMD-3）抑郁症诊断标准患者作为实验组,与实验组性别、年龄匹配的30例健康人作为对照组。随机将实验组分为氟伏沙明治疗组（实验组1,n=30）及阿米替林组（实验组2,n=30）,治疗8周前后予P300检测及汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评定,比较各组P300各成分及HAMD评分的差异。结果与对照组相比,治疗前实验组1及实验组2P2、N2、P3潜伏期及反应时间明显延长,P2、N2、P3波幅明显降低,差异具有显著性意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;治疗后,实验组1P2、N2、P3潜伏期及反应时间比治疗前明显缩短,P2、N2、P3波幅明显增高,差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05或P〈o．01）;实验组2P2、N2、P3潜伏期及反应时间比治疗前明显降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,但P2、N2、P3波幅与治疗前比较差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论抑郁症患者存在认知功能障碍,氟伏沙明具有明显改善抑郁症认知功能的作用。     

Effects of stimulus sequence on event-related potentials and reaction time during target detection in Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVES: To examine evoked potentials and behavior as a function of stimulus sequence in an auditory target detection paradigm in Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Evoked potentials and reaction times were collected from 12 healthy elderly controls and 10 patients with mild AD. Subjects pressed a response button to high-pitched target tones (P=0.20) that were randomly intermixed with low-pitched frequent tones. We measured pre-stimulus readiness potential (RP), event-related potentials (P50, N100, P200, N200 and P300), and reaction time as a function of the stimulus sequence. RESULTS: AD subjects performed at comparable levels of accuracy as controls, but had significantly increased reaction times. Grand averaged potentials in AD showed a significant reduction of the amplitude of the RP, and an increase of P300 latency. Both controls and AD showed speeding of reaction time, increases in RP amplitude, and decreases in P300 latency as a function of the number of frequents preceding the target. Sequential changes of other components (P200 and N200) were found in controls but not AD. CONCLUSIONS: AD patients have systematic changes of both RT and certain of the evoked potential components as a function of stimulus sequence. Moment-by-moment changes in target expectancy are largely preserved in AD, even though overall performance and evoked potential measures of expectancy (RP) and stimulus classification (P300 latency) are abnormal.     

乳腺癌化疗后轻度认知功能障碍的行为干预

目的探讨认知行为干预对乳腺癌化疗患者认知功能的影响。方法选取2015-01—2015-12我科收治的乳腺癌术后化疗患者60例为研究对象,随机分为干预组30例和对照组30例。对照组行常规治疗,干预组在常规治疗的基础上给予认知行为干预。应用蒙特利尔评估量表(MoCA)分别测试2组化疗前后的认知功能情况。结果 2组年龄、文化程度、病理分期及化疗前认知功能比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。干预组化疗后MoCA评分高于对照组,记忆能力、注意力、执行能力比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论认知行为干预能显著提高乳腺癌术后化疗患者的认知功能。     

N200 latency and P300 amplitude in depressed mood post-traumatic brain injury patients

In order to examine the independent and combined effects of depressive symptoms and traumatic brain injury on event-related potential (ERP) components, we classified traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients as depressed and non-depressed mood according to their scores on the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Non-depressed mood post-traumatic brain injury patients (NondepTBI, n = 9), depressed mood post-traumatic brain injury patients (DepTBI, n = 26), and normal healthy control subjects (HC, n = 10) were assessed for N100, N200, and P300 latencies and amplitudes by the auditory “oddball paradigm”. DepTBI subjects had significantly prolonged N200 latency and low P300 amplitude compared with the NondepTBI and HC groups. A longer P300 latency in the NondepTBI and DepTBI than in the HC groups was found. A prolongation of N200 latency accompanied by low P300 amplitude may be a characteristic of post-traumatic brain injury patients with depressed mood. Prolonged P300 latency may be more closely associated with TBI than with depression, as it was significantly greater in both the DepTBI and NondepTBI, than in the HC group.     

帕金森病患者练功前后P300电位变化研究

目的探讨帕金森病患者练气功辅助临床治疗前后P300电位的变化.方法使用丹麦仪器以及"听觉靶-非靶刺激序列"为诱发条件,对33例药物治疗中期的帕金森病患者作气功辅助治疗3个月,观察练功前后的P300电位的变化.结果帕金森病组P300与正常对照组存在多项指标差异,P3潜伏期延迟尤甚,练功后其N2、P3潜伏期缩短的同时,其临床症状也获得改善.结论帕金森病患者有认知功能改变,气功辅助治疗可使其获得改善.本病P300变化诸特点值得进一步随访.     

A high-density ERP study reveals latency,amplitude, and topographical differences in multiple sclerosis patients versus controls

ObjectiveTo quantify latency, amplitude and topographical differences in event-related potential (ERP) components between multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and controls and to compare ERP findings with results from the paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT).MethodsFifty-four subjects (17 relapsing remitting (RRMS) patients, 16 secondary progressive (SPMS) patients, and 21 controls) completed visual and auditory oddball tasks while data were recorded from 134 EEG channels. Latency and amplitude differences, calculated using composite mean amplitude measures, were tested using an ANOVA. Topographical differences were tested using statistical parametric mapping (SPM).ResultsIn the visual modality, P2, P3 amplitudes and N2 latency were significantly different across groups. In the auditory modality, P2, N2, and P3 latencies and N1 amplitude were significantly different across groups. There were no significant differences between RRMS and SPMS patients on any ERP component. There were topographical differences between MS patients and controls for both early and late components for the visual modality, but only in the early components for the auditory modality. PASAT score correlated significantly with auditory P3 latency for MS patients.ConclusionsThere were significant ERP differences between MS patients and controls.SignificanceThe present study indicated that both early sensory and later cognitive ERP components are impaired in MS patients relative to controls.     

无抽搐电休克治疗抑郁症患者前后的听觉P300对照研究

目的观察无抽搐电休克（MECT）治疗前后抑郁症患者事件相关电位P300的变化。方法应用美国脑诱发电位仪，对30例正常人和32例抑郁症患者在MECT治疗前后进行了P300检测，观察MECT治疗前后P姗的变化。结果①与正常组比较，患者组P300中的靶指标N2和P3潜伏期延迟（P〈0．01），靶波幅P3降低（P〈0．01）。②患者组经过MECT治疗后P300靶潜伏期N2和P3均有所恢复（P〈0．05—0．01）。但治疗后靶波幅P3明显下降（P〈0．01）。结论P300中的P3和N2联合应用可作为MECT治疗抑郁症监测的有价值的指标。     

Late component ERPs are associated with three syndromes in schizophrenia

Previous studies have revealed various abnormalities in late-component ERP amplitude and latency in schizophrenia, considered as a diagnostic category. The aim of this study was to investigate the within-sample associations between late-component ERPs and three primary syndromes of schizophrenia Reality Distortion, Psychomotor Poverty and Disorganisation. Subjects included 40 schizophrenics and 40 age and sex matched nonpsychiatric controls. Auditory ERPs (N100, N200, P200, P300) were elicited using an auditory oddball paradigm. Between-group analyses of target data showed reduced N100, N200 and P300 amplitude, increased P200 amplitude and delayed N200 latency in schizophrenics compared to controls. For non-target data, schizophrenics showed similarly reduced N100 amplitude and delayed N200 latency. Within-group analyses of target data showed that the three syndromes (determined by principal component analysis of PANSS ratings) were differentiated by ERP latency, but not amplitude (Disorganisation delayed left hemisphere P200 and P300 latency; Reality Distortion earlier global, midline and left hemisphere N200 latency; Psychomotor Poverty delayed posterior N100 latency). Notably, only Disorganisation showed a divergent pattern of associations with non-target ERP data: reduced P200 amplitude and delayed N100 latency.     

Sensitivity of P300 auditory event-related potentials for assessing cognitive impairment in elderly type 2 diabetic patients

BACKGROUND：In previous studies, cognitive function in elderly type 2 diabetic patients was evaluated by psychometric tests. These studies have confirmed that P300 event-related potential is an objective way of assessing cognitive function. OBJECTIVE： To analyze the objectivity of P300 for assessment of cognitive function in elderly type 2 diabetic patients. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This case-control experiment was performed at the Department of Endocrinology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University from January 2004 to December 2006. PARTICIPANTS： Seventy-two patients （38 males and 34 females） with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided according to those with diabetes alone （diabetes alone group） （n=38） and those with diabetes and cerebral ischemia （diabetes and cerebral ischemia group） （n=34）. A further 31 healthy individuals （16 males and 15 females）, who received health examinations over the same period, were included as normal controls （normal control group）. METHODS： All subjects were assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination （MMSE）. Abnormalities in cognitive functions were identified by analyzing the auditory P300 event-related potentials. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Auditory event-related potentials and MMSE scores. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted using the ＂enter method＂ with the 72 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. P3 latency, P3 amplitude and N2 latency served as dependent variables. Age, sex, education, course of the disease, glycosylated hemoglobin, and ischemic brain damage were used as independent variables. RESULTS： No significant difference in scores of MMSE was detected between the diabetes alone and normal control groups （P 〉 0.05）. MMSE score was significantly lower in the diabetes and cerebral ischemia group （P 〈 0.01） than in the normal control group. N2 and P3 latencies of auditory event-related potential were significantly longer, and P3 a