一阶导数分光光度法测定盐酸帕罗西汀片的含量

目的:建立盐酸帕罗西汀片的含量测定方法.方法:采用一阶导数分光光度法,以278.8nm为一阶导数光谱的测定波长.结果:盐酸帕罗西汀在50～180μg·ml-1的浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为:100.0%,RSD为:0.20%(n=9).结论:本法操作简便,快速,准确,适用于盐酸帕罗西汀片剂含量测定.     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸帕罗西汀片的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定盐酸帕罗西汀片的含量。方法样品用0.5mmol*L-1稀盐酸溶解,色谱条件为色谱柱Shim-packCLC-CN柱(150mm×6mm,10μm),紫外检测波长为293nm;流动相甲醇∶水（81∶19v/v),用磷酸调节pH值为4.2,流速1.2ml*min-1;ABS=0.01。结果盐酸帕罗西汀浓度在60～100μg*ml-1范围内峰面积与浓度线性关系良好(r=0.9995);平均回收率为99.74%,RSD为0.89%。结论本方法准确、简便、快速,适用于测定盐酸帕罗西汀片的含量。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定盐酸达泊西汀原料药含量及其有关物质

目的建立同时测定盐酸达泊西汀原料药含量及有关物质的方法。方法选用Promosil C18柱(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm),乙腈-0.005 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(75:25)(p H=7.5,Na OH溶液调节)为流动相,流速1.0 m L·min-1,检测波长210 nm,柱温25℃。结果盐酸达泊西汀与有关物质A、B、C、D分离良好,各成分在1~80μg·L-1内与峰面积线性关系良好,r分别为0.9998、0.9996、0.9994、0.9997、0.9997。盐酸达泊西汀和有关物质A、B、C、D的平均回收率分别为100.0%、99.7%、99.6%、100.8%、100.5%,RSD分别为0.66%、0.68%、1.3%、0.77%、0.95%。结论该法简便快捷,灵敏度高,专属性强,重复性好,可用于盐酸达泊西汀原料药含量测定及有关物质的检查。     

离子对-HPLC法测定盐酸倍他司汀注射液中药物与有关物质含量

目的用离子对HPLC法测定盐酸倍他司汀注射液中药物及有关物质含量。方法色谱柱:Diamonsil C18柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇10 mmol.L-1醋酸钠溶液(含5 mmol.L-1庚烷磺酸钠,体积分数为0.2%的三乙胺,用冰醋酸调pH至3.3)(25∶75),检测波长:261 nm,流速:1.0 mL.min-1,柱温:室温。结果盐酸倍他司汀质量浓度在1~250 mg.L-1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.8%,RSD=1.0%。盐酸倍他司汀的理论塔板数大于2 000,盐酸倍他司汀与其主要杂质分离度不低于1.5。结论适用于盐酸倍他司汀注射液中药物与有关物质的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定复方硫酸锌滴眼液中盐酸小檗碱和尼泊金乙酯的含量

目的:用HPLC法测定复方硫酸锌滴眼液中盐酸小檗碱和尼泊金乙酯的含量.方法:采用Symmetry Shield RP C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);以0.033mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)溶液-乙腈(60:40)为流动相,检测波长256nm.结果:盐酸小檗碱和尼泊金乙酯在线性范围分别为6.3～37.6μg·ml-1(r=0.9999)和1.9～11.3μg·ml-1(r=0.9999),平均回收率分别为99.9%(RSD=0.7%)和99.3%(RSD=1.2%).结论:本方法简便、准确,可用于该制剂中盐酸小檗碱和尼泊金乙酯的含量测定.     

RP-HPLC法测定人血浆中帕罗西汀的浓度

目的 建立测定人血浆中帕罗西汀浓度的反相高效液相色谱法.方法 以DiamonsilTMC18反相柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,流动相为0.03mol·L-1醋酸铵-甲醇(33∶67);流速:0.8mL·min-1;柱温:40℃;检测波长:290nm.以乙酸乙酯与二氯甲烷(80∶20)为提取剂.结果 帕罗西汀的高、中、低(1000.0,400.0,10.0ng·mL-1)3种浓度平均回收率分别为104.28%、97.60%、98.40%,日内、日间差RSD均低于7%(n=5);分析方法的检测限为5.0μg·L-1;线性范围为10.0～1000.0μg·L-1.回归方程为:C=15.29F-1.21,r=0.9993(n=10).结论 该方法灵敏、准确、简单、快速,可用于临床血药学临床和药动学研究.     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸普萘洛尔片含量

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸普萘洛尔片的含量.方法:Diamonsil C18柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)为分析柱,流动相为甲醇-0.02 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(50:50),流速0.9 ml·min-1,检测波长290nm.结果:盐酸普萘洛尔在50.7～405.9μg·ml-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为99.2%,RSD=0.92%(n=9).结论:本方法简单、快速、结果可靠.     

高效液相色谱法测定情安喘定片中盐酸克仑特罗的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定情安喘定片中盐酸克仑特罗的含量.方法 色谱柱:Grace Smart C18(4.6mm×25mm,5μm);流动相:0.02mol·L-1磷酸二氩钾溶液-乙腈(80:20);流速:1.0mL·min-1;检测波长:243μm.结果 盐酸克仑特罗在0.015μg～0.180μg范围内线性良好,相关系数r=0.99996,平均回收率为97.4%,RSD为0.54%.结论 本法简便,准确性、重复性好,适用于盐酸克仑特罗的含量测定.     

高效液相色谱法测定黄藤素片中盐酸巴马汀的含量

目的: 建立高效液相色谱法测定黄藤素片中盐酸巴马汀的含量.方法: 色谱柱为Diamonsil ODS C18 柱(200 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm).流动相为乙腈-缓冲液(0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾和0.05 mol·L-1 庚烷磺酸钠,1: 1)(50: 50),检测波长272 nm,流速:0.8 ml·min-1,柱温:室温.结果: 盐酸巴马汀在8.032～40.160 μg·ml-1范围内浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,回归方程Y=1.01×104X 7.86×104, r=0.999 6,平均回收率为99.5%,RSD为1.0%(n=9).结论: 本法简便、灵敏、准确,可作为该制剂的定量分析方法.     

HPLC法测定复方氧氟沙星酮替芬鼻用喷雾剂的含量

目的 建立复方氧氟沙星酮替芬鼻用喷雾剂的含量测定方法.方法 采用Beckman ODS柱(4.6mm×25cm,5μm),以乙腈-乙酸铵缓冲液为流动相,流速1.0mL·min-1,检测波长263nm.结果 氧氟沙星在30～300mg·L-1,富马酸酮替芬在20～200mg·L-1,盐酸麻黄素在100～1000mg·L-1,羟苯乙酯在3～30mg·L-1线性关系良好.平均回收率氧氟沙星为98.14%,RSD=0.94%,富马酸酮替芬为98.33%,RSD=0.52%,盐酸麻黄素为98.83%,RSD=1.22%,羟苯乙酯98.91%,RSD=1.87%.结论 本方法准确、快捷,适用于该制剂的含量测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.