应用B超诊断红眼短路综合征

目的 了解红眼短路综合征的B超声像特征，以助于临床诊断。方法 用眼科专用B超诊断仪对5例因眼红、轻度或中度突眼久治不愈者进行眼眶内多方位动态扫描，发现典型病变，留图打印。结果 5例患者B超均显示出眼上静脉扩张，呈管状无回声，且与心跳同步搏动的特征性声像表现，提示颈动脉海绵窦瘘，后经CT、CDFI或DSA检查，并结合临床确诊为红眼短路综合征。结论 B超检查诊断率高、安全、无损伤、可重复、经济、快速易行，且有典型声像特征，可作为诊断红眼短路综合征的首选检查方法。     

应用B超诊断脉络膜骨瘤的分析

目的 了解脉络膜骨瘤的B超声像特征，以助于临床诊断。方法 眼科专用A，B型超声诊断仪对5例患者进行眼部扫描，发现典型病变，留图打印。结果 5例患者B超均显示近税乳头附近可见孤立的、低隆起度的、条形强回声斑，其后方声影明显，提示脉络膜骨瘤，后经眼底荧光血管造影检查或CT检查得到证实。结论 B超检查安全、无痛苦、可重复，经济，快速易行。脉络膜骨瘤有典型的声像特征，可作为诊断脉络膜骨瘤的首选检壹方法。     

3D打印在眼科血管性疾病的应用进展

近年3D打印技术在各个领域广泛应用,在医学领域的应用也日趋增多,为医学研究的发展提供了新的方向。作为一种数字化制造技术,3D打印在对眼科疾病的评估、研究和治疗中发挥了重要作用。目前,3D打印的生物材料、细胞、组织和器官在眼科逐渐投入应用并引起重视,同时展现出巨大的潜力。随着医学成像技术的发展和打印技术的进步,3D打印与各种医学成像技术结合使眼部血管可视化,有助于眼科血管性疾病的研究和诊断。本文主要对3D打印在眼科血管性疾病的应用进展进行简要综述。     

斜视诊断眼位图像的新记录法（自制眼科图像处理系统功能之二）

本文报告了自制图像处理系统进行斜视病人诊断眼位的摄像记录及打印成像的新方法。优点是：立即显示图像，不要闪光灯，一人操作，适用于幼儿。除保存静态照片外，还可保存动态录像。病人离去后，在录像带记录范围内还可适当修正原先不理想的镜头。录像保存资料成本低廉，查找方便。     

眼球挫伤的超声生物显微镜检查

目的 探讨超声生物显微镜(UBM)在眼球挫伤诊断中的临床意义.方法 对67例(67眼)眼球挫伤UBM检查结果进行分析和总结.结果 超声生物显微镜可清晰显示前房角后退、虹膜根部断离、睫状体分离及晶状体不全脱位,还可显示出传统B超所不能显示的睫状体和脉络膜浅脱离.本组67眼均有不同程度的眼前段损伤,前房角后退18眼、虹膜根部断离15眼、睫状体脱离14眼、睫状体分离8眼、以及晶状体脱位和不全脱位12眼.结论 UBM能清晰显示虹膜、睫状体、前房角和晶状体损伤的形态、位置和范围；不受屈光间质影响,对眼前段损伤的诊断有重要意义并对治疗提供确切的指导.     

超声生物显微镜在眼前段挫伤的应用

目的探讨超声生物显微镜在眼前段挫伤中的临床应用价值。方法对83例（83眼）眼前段挫伤进行眼科常规检查、传统眼科B超和超声生物显微镜检查。结果超声生物显微镜可清晰地显示前房角后退、虹膜根部断离、睫状体分离、晶状体悬韧带断裂不全脱位，还可显示出传统B超所不能显示的睫状体和脉络膜浅脱离。结论超声生物显微镜在眼前段外伤中有极好的应用价值，尤其是在屈光介质浑浊、睫状体分离低眼压和隐藏在虹膜后的病变时，它可显示出采用常规检查所不能揭示的病变，它的应用可为眼前段挫伤的诊断和治疗提供确切的指导。     

眼眶植物性异物的诊断和治疗

目的：通过对眼眶植物性异物的临床分析，该病最好的诊断和治疗方法。方法：复习我院收治的眼眶植物性异物21例,分析其各项检查及治疗方法。结果：眼眶瘘管形成占眼眶植物性异物的57．14％；B型超声检查异常者占64．70％，可提示异物存在者占41．18％；CT扫描异常者94．12％，可提示异物存在者占41．18％；2例行MRI检查均清晰地显示出异物影像，21例患者均手术取出异物，证实术前诊断。结论：眼眶植物性异物影像学检查显示率较低，对于显示异物，MRI优于超声和CT。正确诊断必须结合病史和眼部体征，尤其是眼眶瘘管的存在，手术摘出异物的同时需将瘘管一同切除，以求彻底治愈。     

眼眶爆裂性骨折二维及三维CT图像分析及其临床意义

目的 初步探讨和评价CT两维、三维成像技术（2D-CT,3D-CT）对眼眶爆裂性骨折修复术的临床指导作用.方法 以2D-CT及3D-CT成像技术诊断眶壁骨折资料为依据,以Medpor人工骨片及羟基磷灰石人工骨片为填充材料,对39例（39眼）眼眶爆裂性骨折施行眶壁骨折修复术.结果 2D-CT良好的显示出眶内软组织嵌顿及疝出的状态,3D-CT清晰的显示出眶壁骨折空间立体结构,窦腔重建图像具有帮助术前诊断和了解窦损伤情况的作用.37例眼球内陷经3月的术后观察,33例完全矫正,4例部分矫正;34例复视者中30例复视症状基本消失.结论 CT两维、三维成像相结合有助于医生精确的进行手术设计,较好地解决眼球内陷、复视和美容问题.     

超声生物显微镜在眼前段钝挫伤中的应用

目的:探讨超声生物显微镜在眼前段钝挫伤中的应用价值。方法:对7只眼前段顿挫伤眼进行眼科常规检查,传统眼科B超和超声生物显微镜检查。结果:超声生物显微镜显示房角后退、虹膜根部离断、睫状体分离、晶体悬韧带断裂不全脱位和玻璃体疝,并能显示出传统B超所不能显示的睫状体和脉络膜浅脱离。结论:超声生物显微镜在眼前段外伤中有极好的应用价值。尤其在屈光介质混浊(角膜混浊、前房积血),睫状体分离低眼压和隐藏在虹膜后的病变时,它可显示出采用常规眼科检查和眼用B超常不能揭示的病变,它的应用可为眼前段钝挫伤的诊断和治疗提供确切的指导。眼科学报 1996;12:210～213。     

超声生物显微镜在原发性虹膜睫状体囊肿诊断中的应用

超声生物显微镜（UBM）是一种新型超声诊断仪，能够无创伤地显示眼前节的结构和病变，对于虹膜后面的虹膜睫状体囊肿具有一定的诊断意义。我们就应用UBM检查出的682眼虹膜睫状体囊肿病例进行回顾性分析。     

Integrating time for visual pattern perception and a comparison with the tactile mode

A display system to present a pattern element-by-element was constructed and the integrating time-period to ensure normal visual pattern perception was investigated. A cartoon-type picture was divided into 10 × 10 or 5 × 5 portions which were successively presented to the subjects at various time-intervals. The impression of having a “visual image” of the picture (i.e. that the stimulus display appeared to the subject as a coordinated figure) was used as the criterion for normal pattern perception. The average integrating time was found to be about 500 msec. When the presentation of the entire stimulus pattern was prolonged, the subject could no longer perceive a normal visual image. These perceptions were compared with perceptions observable for tactile sensations and the similarity between them were demonstrated. The terms “motor image” and “logical image” were used to define these perceptions.     

Beidseitiger Visusabfall bei einer 11-Jährigen

We present the case of an 11-year-old girl with continuously progressive loss of vision. Fundoscopy revealed a picture consistent with Stargardt’s disease and fundus flavimaculatus. This article provides a short overview of differential diagnoses worth considering in children and adolescents who present with a similar picture. After our initial workup, genetic chip analysis of the ABCA4 gene was performed, which yielded a heterozygous mutation. Because a second mutation could likely have been on a part of the gene not screened by chip analysis, and in light of the striking picture, a clinical diagnosis of Stargardt’s disease was made.     

螺旋CT重建技术在眼眶爆裂骨折诊断中的应用

目的探讨螺旋CT重建技术诊断眼眶爆裂性骨折的优越性．方法120例眼眶爆裂性骨折螺旋CT容积扫描,在常规轴位图像基础上,通过多平面容积重建（MPR）得到冠状面、矢状面或任意平面及三维重建（SSD）像,存储后照像。结果螺旋CT多平面容积重建像对所有眼眶壁均良好显示,而SSD像对合并眼眦突缘骨折显示较佳。眼眶爆裂性骨折的直接征象是眶壁骨连续性中断、粉碎和骨片分离、凹陷或塌陷及曲度失常,特异征象是“泪滴征”。结论螺旋CT轴面加MPR像能直观、全面和立体地显示眼眶爆裂性骨折各种CT征象和并发症。     

Human optokinetic nystagmus in response to moving binocularly disparate stimuli

Physiological and behavioral evidence shows that the directionally preponderant subcortical control of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) in lower mammals is supplemented in higher mammals by bidirectional cortical control. It is hypothesized that this cortical control allows higher mammals to cope with the parallactic movement of the scene produced by linear motion of the body. In particular, it is hypothesized that a coupling between OKN and stereopsis allows higher mammals to stabilize the images of objects within the plane of fixation while ignoring motion signals from objects at other distances. According to this hypothesis the gain of the slow phase of OKN should be highest for binocularly fused moving stimuli and attenuated for binocularly disparate displays. The results of Experiment 1 confirmed this prediction although the effects of accommodation were not ruled out completely. In Experiment 2 a display moving in one direction was presented across the central retina at the same time as one moving in the opposite direction was presented in the upper and lower periphery. It was found that subjects do not show OKN in the direction of the peripheral display unless it is binocularly fused and the central display is disparate. In Experiment 3 a stationary display of dots was superimposed on a moving display. It was found that OKN is not inhibited by the stationary display when it has a horizontal disparity and the moving display is fused. Experiment 4 found that horizontal OKN is disrupted by the sudden introduction of a vertical disparity in the stimulus. Since accommodative state was kept constant in the last three experiments, the data show that binocular disparities can help a person to stabilize selectively the image of one moving display while ignoring conflicting motion signals from another display.     

Leiomyoma of the ciliary body - misdiagnosis leading to an unconventional but successful surgical approach

Report on a leiomyoma of the ciliary body in a 12-year-old girl. The clinical findings were misinterpreted as a traumatic ciliary body cyst because of the associated iridodialysis, the fact that the tumor could be transilluminated, because it appeared cystic on ultrasonography, and because there was a history of severe cranial trauma. In the course of an attempt to puncture the presumed cyst a cherry-sized ciliary body tumor was revealed. It proved possible to shell this out without performing an iridocyclectomy. An elective enucleation would have been performed had the true diagnosis been known preoperatively. Due to the misdiagnosis and the resulting unconventional approach the eye was preserved with some residual functions. the histological picture was that of a leiomyoma, a tumor rarely found in the ciliary body. The histological and electronmicroscopic appearance are described and compared with the few cases previously reported.     

Effects of video display character size, clarity, and color on P-300 latency

The P-300 is a positive polarity electroencephalographic (EEG) signal occurring about 300 ms after a surprising, novel, or unique stimulus. The amplitude of the P-300 is dependent on the degree of attention and importance the subject has assigned to the stimulus and on its relative novelty. P-300 latency is dependent on the time it takes the subject to mentally process the stimulus and determine if the information it carries is novel. In Experiment I, the latencies of P-300's for 40 and 80 column size video display characters were compared. The effect of dioptric blur (mean add power +2.44 D) on latency was also determined. It was found that 40 column size characters could be interpreted more quickly than 80 column size characters and that blur increased the processing time equally for both character sizes. In Experiment II, P-300 latencies for green and amber display screens were compared. Display screen color did not significantly affect latency, neither did the addition of lens powers ranging from a mean of -1.15 D to a mean of +1.15 D over the subjects' habitual lenses. However, it was found that latencies significantly increased when a mean add of +2.29 D for the green display or a mean add of +2.57 D for the amber display were used. (Chromatic aberration accounted for the difference in lens power for the green vs. amber display.) These results demonstrate that character size and clarity are significant factors in determining the time required to mentally process a stimulus. They also demonstrate that there is no clear advantage to using an amber vs. a green screen when speed of mental processing (as measured by P-300 latency) is used as a criterion.     

Phi movement as a subtraction process

How similar must two successively presented patterns be for phi movement to be perceived between them ?

Phi movement between two granular patterns, one being the photographic negative of the other, appeared to be reversed, towards the direction of the earlier stimulus. Moving objects, displayed on a TV picture which was made positive and negative on alternate frames, appeared to move backwards. (The backward movement could generate its own after effect of movement.) Conclusion: phi movement was perceived between nearby points of similar brightness, irrespective of form or colour.

Phi movement was studied between two positive random-dot Julesz patterns. Pairs that gave stereo when presented dichoptically also gave phi movement when presented alternatively to one eye. When one pattern was degraded with noise, both stereo and phi broke down at the same noise level. Conclusion: phi, like stereo, depended upon point-by-point comparison of brightness between two patterns. It could precede the perception of form.     

A Review of the use of Irlen (tinted) Lenses

Helen lrlen identified a syndrome defined as 'scotopic sensitivity' which it was claimed could be responsible for the inability of some people to read fluently and the symptoms of which could be ameliorated by the wearing of prescribed coloured lenses. The literature to date presents a confused and inconsistent picture concerning the use of the lenses. The literature (much of which is unpublished and difficult to obtain) is critically reviewed. Recent experimental evaluations of the lenses do not support the use of the lenses as a useful intervention for children with reading disabilities.     

Comparison of orbital colour Doppler findings with computed tomography angiography

Colour Doppler imaging (CDI) of orbital vessels is noninvasive but may be fallacious, while computed tomography (CT) angiography displays a visual outline of orbital vessels. We compared clinical findings of the two methods in 33 patients with a wide variety of clinical conditions. It was not possible to visualize the central retinal arteries with CT angiography, but it was possible to show the intracranial carotid, which CDI could not. Changes in the ophthalmic arteries on CDI usually showed changes in calibre on CT angiography. Patients with unexplained or gross visual loss often showed marked abnormalities on CT scanning, not entirely consistent with the clinical picture. Several patients showed marked ectasia of the intracranial carotid along with variable clinical findings. Findings on CT angiography complement and augment those on CDI, and are likely to be more clinically valuable in the future.     

A review of the use of Irlen (tinted) lenses

Helen Irlen identified a syndrome defined as 'scotopic sensitivity' which it was claimed could be responsible for the inability of some people to read fluently and the symptoms of which could be ameliorated by the wearing of prescribed coloured lenses. The literature to date presents a confused and inconsistent picture concerning the use of the lenses. The literature (much of which is unpublished and difficult to obtain) is critically reviewed. Recent experimental evaluations of the lenses do not support the use of the lenses as a useful intervention for children with reading disabilities.