饮茶与女性乳腺癌易感性的病例对照研究

目的探讨饮茶与乳腺癌易感性的关联。方法采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究,对中山大学2所附属医院2012年4月至2013年9月间确诊的乳腺癌患者（464例）和同时期同医院就诊的其他非肿瘤患者（464例）,调查其社会人口学特征、膳食习惯、月经生育史、疾病及家族史、生活方式和体力活动情况。采用多因素非条件logistic回归模型分析饮茶与乳腺癌易感性的关联。结果464例病例组和464例对照组的平均年龄分别为（46．78±10．36）和（46．58±10．84）岁,其中219例（47．2％）病例和263名（56．7％）对照经常饮茶。Logistic回归模型中调整了年龄、家庭收入、体力活动、被动吸烟、饮用咖啡、一级亲属乳腺癌史、良性乳腺癌病史,结果显示饮茶与乳腺癌存在负相关（OR=0．74,95％CI为0．56—0．97）,且随着饮茶频次或饮茶量的增加,女性患乳腺癌的危险性逐渐降低（均P趋势〈0．01）。不同饮茶类型与乳腺癌关系的结果显示,饮乌龙茶与乳腺癌易感性存在负相关（OR=0．62,95％CI为0．42～0．93）,并且随着饮乌龙茶量的增加,患乳腺癌危险降低（P趋势〈0．05）。按绝经状态分层分析,仪发现饮茶与绝经后女性乳腺癌易感性存在负相关（OR=0．58,95％CI为0．36—0．94）。结论饮茶对女性乳腺癌具有保护作用,此作用仅限于饮乌龙茶女性和绝经后女性。     

南京市居民超重肥胖与体力活动相关性研究

目的：了解南京地区居民体力活动的现状及其与超重和肥胖的关系。方法：采用横断面研究方法,研究对象来自南京地区的3个城区和2个乡村、年满35周岁并在当地居住满5年的常住人员。结果：调查人群中从事不太活动、轻度、中度和重度体力活动的分别占19.0%、40.3%、31.3%和9.4%,在地区、性别、年龄、文化水平和职业分布等方面均有显著性差异（P均小于0.01）。超重和肥胖占44.8%,现患率分别为33.0%和11.8%;经多因素调整后,与不太活动者相比,中度、重度体力活动者罹患肥胖的风险分别降低44.5%和33.7%（调整优势比分别为：OR=0.555,95%CI=0.423～0.729和OR=0.663,95%CI=0.457～0.960）;中度、重度体力活动者中超重的现患率虽然也低于不太活动者,但差异无显著性。结论：南京地区居民体力活动与超重、肥胖之间存在负相关。体力活动是保护因素。     

中国六城市女性生理生育因素与乳腺癌关系的病例对照研究

目的研究城市女性乳腺癌的危险因素,探讨城市女性生理生育因素的变化与城市女性乳腺癌发病的关联强度,促进乳腺癌的预防和控制。方法采用病例对照的研究方法,新发病例通过北京、天津、上海、重庆、武汉、广州六城市的乳腺癌监测点确定,对照从当地正常人群数据库中随机抽样,对收集到3332对1：1年龄配对的病例和对照进行问卷调查。通过条件Logistic模型进行相对危险度及剂量-反应效应估计。结果在调整年龄、职业、饮食等因素后,城市女性中乳腺癌发病的危险因素为初潮年龄的提前（≤14岁,OR=1.37,95％CI=1.12－1.66）、月经持续天数长（〉7天,OR=1.18,95％ CI=1.00－1.38）、有痛经（OR=1.21,95％ CI=1.03－1.42）、结婚晚（≥28岁,OR：2.13,95％ CI=1.63－2.79）、首次怀孕晚（≥30岁,OR=2.13,95％CI=1.63－2.79）等,而保护性因素有月经间隔天数长（ 〉28天,OR=0.81,95％ CI=0.68－0.95）、绝经年龄早（≤45岁,OR=0.58,95％ CI=0.47－0.72）、怀孕次数多（≥2次,OR=0.67,95％ CI=0.45－0.99）,哺乳（≥4个月,OR=0.70,95％CI：0.60－0.83）。结论女性生理生育因素是影响城市女性乳腺癌发病的主要危险因素,可部分解释中国城市女性乳腺癌呈逐年上升趋势的原因。     

济宁市糖尿病患者行为危险因素分析

目的探讨济宁市糖尿病患者相关行为及生活方式中的主要危险因素，为城市社区人群制定适宜的预防和干预措施提供科学依据。方法在济宁市医院和社区内随机选取糖尿病人和非糖尿病人各330例作为研究对象，利用自行设计的凋查表，进行成组设计的病例对照研究，采用单因素和多因素非条件logistic回归分析方法处理资料。结果多因素Logistic回归分析显示，糖尿病的发病与吸烟（OR=1．520，P=0．047）、吸烟指数（OR=t．223，P=0．010），嗜甜食（OR=18．497，P=0．000），嗜腌制食品（OR=12．783，P=0．000），重度职业性体力活动（OR=1．630，P=0．003），人际关系冲突（OR=1．214，P=0．027），亲人亡故（OR=1．355，P=0．038）呈正相关，与经常进行体育锻炼（OR=0．310，P=0．000），生活有规律（OR=0．381，P=0．028）呈负相关，均具有统计学意义。结论嗜甜食、嗜腌制食品、吸烟指数、重度职业性体力活动、精神创伤是影响糖尿病发病的独立危险因素，而经常参加体育锻炼、生活有规律是糖尿病的保护因素。因此倡导健康合理的生活方式,是预防和控制糖尿病的重要措施。     

雌、孕激素受体状态与乳腺癌危险因素的关系

目的　探讨雌、孕激素受体 （ER、PR）状态不同的乳腺癌是否在发病危险因素方面有差异。方法　 1996年 3月～ 1998年 1月间在大连医科大学附属一、二院进行了一次病例对照研究。结果　病例间受体状态分析提示在年龄上 ER组间有差别 ;PR组间各因素都没有差异。病例对照间单因素及多因素L ogistic回归分析发现按 ER状态分层 ,唯有 BMI、活产胎数、哺乳时间对 ER（+）及 ER（- ）乳腺癌危险性的作用不同 ;按 PR状态分层分析各因素对 PR（+）及 PR（- ）乳腺癌的作用是一致的。结论　结果从总体上支持 Moolgavkar等人的两阶段模型假说     

轻度认知障碍与ApoE基因多态性关系

目的探讨ApoE基因多态性与轻度认知障碍（MCI）的关系。方法采用等位基因特异PCR（ASPCR）法对74例轻度认知障碍患者和134例认知功能正常的老年人进行ApoE基因多态性检测。结果非条件Logistic回归单因素分析显示,性别（OR=1.859,95%CI=1.016～3.402）、年龄（OR=2.044,95%CI=1.454～2.872）、职业（OR=5.845,95%CI=2.710～11.099）、婚姻状况（OR=2.713,95%CI=1.428～5.152）、携带ApoEε4（OR=2.641,95%CI=1.430～4.879）和轻度认知障碍的发生有关。多因素分析表明,年龄（OR=2.228,95%CI=1.511～3.287）、职业（OR=5.854,95%CI=2.741～12.501）、ApoEε4（OR=2.573,95%CI=1.296～5.217）、ApoEε2（OR=0.288,95%CI=0.091～0.905）与轻度认知障碍有关。交互作用分析显示,ApoEε4和较低水平的低密度脂蛋白（LDL）存在拮抗作用。结论年龄、职业、ApoEε4和轻度认知障碍的可疑危险因素,ApoEε2可能降低轻度认识障碍的发病危险性。ApoEε4和LDL间的交互作用对研究ApoE基因多态性的致病机制有重要意义。     

我国东、中、西三省六县农村居民体力活动状况及影响因素分析

目的 调查中国农村居民的体力活动状况及其影响因素。方法 采用国际体力活动短问卷对分别代表中国东、中、西部的山东省、山西省和云南省3个省一共6个县的3 834名15岁以上农村居民的体力活动状况进行调查。结果 调查获得有效问卷3 780份,其中山东省1 251人（33.1%）,山西省1 256人（33.2%）,云南省1 273人（33.7%）。男性1 867人（49.4%）,女性1 913人（50.6%）。农村居民高、中、低水平体力活动人数分别为1 691人（44.7%）、1 248人（33%）、841人（22.3%）。多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,性别、年龄、职业、是否患慢性病以及地区是体力活动的影响因素。其中,男性（OR = 0.832,95%CI: 0.704～0.985）、年龄36～59岁的人群（OR = 0.760,95%CI: 0.625～0.925）为农村居民体力活动的保护因素;机关、企事业单位及离退休人员（OR = 1.469,95%CI: 1.017～2.124）、在校学生（OR = 1.925,95%CI: 1.127～3.286）、失业、无业人员（OR = 3.062,95%CI: 2.470～3.796）、患慢性病的人群(OR = 1.366,95%CI:1.133～1.645)为农村居民体力活动不足的危险因素。结论 女性、老年人、机关、企事业单位及离退休人员、在校学生、失业、无业人员、患慢性病的人群发生体力活动不足的可能性更高,针对中国不同地区农村居民体力活动的干预,应重点关注此类人群。     

LEPR G1n223Arg多态性对不同种族人群中乳腺癌危险性影响的meta分析

瘦素和瘦素受体参与了乳腺癌的发生发展过程。在瘦素受体基因（LEPR）6号外显子上第223个密码子A到G的转变可以导致谷氨酸到精氨酸的替换（Gln223Arg）。许多已发表的病例对照研究评价了LEPRGln223Arg多态性与乳腺癌的关系。然而,却未得出一致的结论。本篇meta分析囊括了8篇文献来评价LEPRGln223Arg多态性与乳腺癌的联系。用总体合并OR值作为研究共显性模型、隐性模型、显性模型的指标。结果显示总体研究中隐性模型（OR=1．32,95％CI：1．03～1．69）和Arg/Gln vs Gin／Gin基因型（OR=1．16,95％CI：1．01～1．34）显著提高了乳腺癌的危险性。种族分层分析中发现,非洲人群的以下几个基因型会提高患乳腺癌的危险性：Arg/Arg vs 8Gln/Gln（OR=1．86,95％CI：1．28-2．71）,Arg／Gln vs GIn/Gln（OR=1．48,95％CI：1．10—1．99）,显性模型（OR=1．60,95％CI：1．21～2．11）和隐性模型（OR=1．48,95％cI：1．07～2．05）;亚洲人群中,Arg／ArgvsGin／Gin基因型（OR=6．79,95％CI：3．42～13．47）和显性模型（OR=2．03,95％CI：1．42～2．90）提高了患乳腺癌的危险性。在欧洲人群中任何基因模型都没有发现能显著提高乳腺癌的危险性。总而言之,LEPR223Arg是乳腺癌发展的低风险因素,特别是在非洲女性中。     

不同强度职业性体力活动对子宫肌瘤的影响

目的 探讨职业性体力活动与中老年女性子宫肌瘤(UL)危险性的关系.方法 采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究方法.病例由35～62岁的292例UL患者组成,对照由同期入住相同医院按年龄进行频数匹配的292例非UL患者组成.采用自行设计的健康状况调查表对研究对象进行调查,内容包括人口学特征、生活方式以及疾病既往史等.同时还采用国际体力活动调查表(IPAQ)对研究对象的体力活动情况进行调查,将每周进行的不同强度的体力活动所花费的时间转换成代谢当量(MET)和能量消耗.应用多因素Logistic回归分析估计不同强度的职业性体力活动与UL关联的比值比(OR)及其相应的95％可信区间(CI).结果 两组研究对象年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度及家庭经济收入差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).不过,初潮年龄≥17岁组的病例(30.82％)显著地低于对照(43.49％) (P=0.007);并且经常参加体育锻炼的病例(28.42％)也明显低于对照组(40.41％) (P=0.01).调整了多种潜在性混杂因素后,总能量消耗增加可使发生UL的危险性降低,与能量消耗为最低四分位数相比较,第3个四分位数发生UL的OR为0.456 (95％CI:0.280～0.743,P=0.002).在轻度体力活动中,能量消耗为最高四分位数发生UL的危险性显著降低(OR=0.657,95％CI:0.073～0.899,P=0.036).同样,中度体力活动的能量消耗也与UL呈负相关(OR=0.501,95％CI:0.332-0.997,P=0.002).然而,在重度体力活动中,能量消耗与发生UL的危险性无关(P=0.911).结论 倡导中老年女性进行适度的体力活动,可有效地预防UL的发生.     

膳食因素与乳腺癌患病风险的病例对照研究

目的探讨青岛地区膳食因素与乳腺癌患病风险的关系,为乳腺癌的病因研究及一级预防提供科学的理论依据。方法采用病例对照研究设计,通过半定量食物频率表法,对200例乳腺癌患者和200例对照进行问卷调查,调查内容包括基本情况和膳食情况两大部分。结果经单因素和多因素非条件logistic回归分析,结果显示,食物种类中,与低水平蔬菜摄入量相比,较高水平的蔬菜摄入量可能降低乳腺癌的患病风险（OR=0．429,95％CI：0．223～0．827,P=0．012）;与低水平红肉摄入量相比,较高水平的红肉摄入量可能增加乳腺癌的患病风险（OR=2．185,95％CI：1．077～4．431,P=0．030）。膳食营养素中,与低水平脂肪摄入量相比,中、高及较高水平的脂肪摄入量均可能增加乳腺癌的患病风险,且随着脂肪摄入量增多,其OR值也递增,且差异均有统计学意义（OR值分别为2．478、2．533、2．799,95％CI分别为1．245～4．933、1．130～5．675、1．449～5．470,P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;与低水平蛋白质摄入量相比,中、高及较高水平的蛋白质摄入量均可能增加乳腺癌的患病风险（OR值分别为3．484、3．860、3．467,95％CI分别为1．872～6．848、1．972～7．554、1．778～6．762,P〈0．01）;而与低水平铁摄入量相比,中、高及较高水平的铁则可能降低乳腺癌的患病风险（OR值分别为0．528、0．479、0．340,95％CI分别为0．297～0．939、0．241～0．953、0．153～0．758,P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;与低水平视黄醇当量相比,中、高及较高水平视黄醇当量则可能降低乳腺癌的患病风险（OR值分别为0．428、0．409、0．175,95％CI分别为0．227～0．806、0．217～0．769、0．080。0．385,P〈0．01）。结论建议调整饮食结构,增加蔬菜类摄入量,减少肉类摄入量。     

Case-control study of lifetime physical activity and breast cancer risk

A population-based case-control study of 1,233 incident breast cancer cases and 1,237 controls was conducted in Alberta, Canada, in 1995-1997 to examine the effect of lifetime physical activity patterns on breast cancer risk. No associations between physical activity and breast cancer were found for premenopausal women. For postmenopausal women in the highest quartile (> or =161 metabolic equivalent (MET)-hours/week per year) versus the lowest quartile (<104.8 MET-hours/week per year) of lifetime total physical activity, the adjusted odds ratio was 0.70 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52, 0.94). When the risks associated with each type of activity were examined for postmenopausal women, household and occupational activity conferred the largest risk reductions (odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.79 and OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.81, respectively, for highest vs. lowest quartiles of activity), while recreational activity was not associated with any risk reductions. For postmenopausal women, the authors found stronger risk reductions for those who were also nonsmokers (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.88), non-alcohol-drinkers (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.77), or nulliparous (OR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.70) when they compared the highest with the lowest quartile of lifetime total physical activity. This study provides evidence that lifetime total activity reduces risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.     

Case-control study of lifetime total physical activity and prostate cancer risk

A population-based case-control study of physical activity and prostate cancer risk was conducted in Alberta, Canada, between 1997 and 2000. A total of 988 incident, histologically confirmed cases of stage T2 or greater prostate cancer were frequency matched to 1,063 population controls. The Lifetime Total Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to measure occupational, household, and recreational activity levels from childhood until diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. No association for total lifetime physical activity and prostate cancer risk was found (odds ratio (OR) for > or =203 vs. <115 metabolic equivalent-hours/week/year=0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.65, 1.17). By type of activity, the risks were decreased for occupational (OR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.22) and recreational (OR=0.80, 95% CI: 0.61, 1.05) activity but were increased for household (OR=1.36, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.76) activity when comparing the highest and lowest quartiles. For activity performed at different age periods throughout life, activity done during the first 18 years of life (OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.59, 1.04) decreased risk. When activity was examined by intensity of activity (i.e., low, <3; moderate, 3-6; and vigorous, >6 metabolic equivalents), vigorous activity decreased prostate cancer risk (OR=0.70, 95% CI: 0.54, 0.92). This study provides inconsistent evidence for the association between physical activity and prostate cancer risk.     

Occupations and breast cancer risk among Chinese women in urban Shanghai

BACKGROUND: Although, an elevated risk of breast cancer has been suggested for a number of occupations, many earlier studies were limited by selection biases, the incomplete assessment of job histories, and the inability to control for confounding. METHODS: We examined the relationship between occupational history and breast cancer risk using data from a population-based case-control study of 1,458 cases and 1,556 age-matched controls (90% response rate) conducted in Shanghai, China. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to derive odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of breast cancer risk associated with occupations and duration of employment adjusting for non-occupational risk factors. RESULTS: The following occupations were found to be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer: laboratory technicians (OR 9.94, 95% CI 1.20-82.37), telephone and telegraph operators (OR 4.63, 95% CI 1.85-11.59), leather and fur processors (OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.11-9.53), and glass-manufacturing workers (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.14-3.82). A dose-response pattern for years of employment was observed for leather and fur processors (P = 0.02) and glass-manufacturing workers (P = 0.01). Stratified analyses also revealed dose-response relationships between the risk of breast cancer and years of employment as inspector and product analysts among pre-menopausal women (P = 0.02), and as farmers among post-menopausal women (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: This study found that several occupations are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer among women. Studies examining various occupational exposures in these high-risk occupations are warranted to identify carcinogens that may play a role in the increased breast cancer risk.     

Occupational exposures to extremely low frequency magnetic fields and postmenopausal breast cancer

BACKGROUND: The association between occupational exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer was assessed in a case-control study. METHODS: Breast cancer cases were compared to cancer controls. Interviewers elicited information on risk factors and on lifetime work history. Industrial hygienists assigned to each job average duration of exposure to ELF-MF at four levels of intensities ("none," <0.2 microT; "low," 0.2-<0.5microT; "medium," 0.5-<1microT; "high," > or =1-10microT). Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: A total number of 608 cases and 667 controls participated. Adjusting for accepted breast cancer risk factors, we found an OR of 1.13 for lifetime occupational exposure to ELF-MF at medium or high intensities. Risks were larger for exposures before age 35 (OR = 1.40), and statistically significant for exposures before 35 among cases with progesterone receptor positive tumors (OR = 1.56, 95% CI=1.02-2.39). CONCLUSIONS: There appears to be a small increased risk for breast cancer among postmenopausal women exposed occupationally to ELF-MF.     

Risk of premenopausal breast cancer in association with occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the relationship between risk of premenopausal breast cancer and occupational exposure to benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and whether the proposed relationship between PAH and breast cancer differed by tumor estrogen receptor (ER) status. METHODS: In a case-referent study of premenopausal breast cancer, occupational histories and other information were obtained through interviews, and job-exposure matrices were used to assess exposure to PAH and benzene. RESULTS: A dose-response relationship for the probability of exposure to benzene [low: odds ratio (OR) 1.64, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.64-4.21; high: OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.14-3.33) and to PAH (low: OR 1.56, 95% CI 0.78-3.12; high: OR 2.40, 95% CI 0.96-6.01). Risk increased with duration of exposure to benzene, but not to PAH. A dose-response relationship was not evident for the intensity of exposure to benzene or to PAH. When analyses were stratified by tumor ER status, PAH exposure was related to a greater increase in the risk of ER-positive (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.14-4.54) than ER-negative (OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.47-2.64) breast cancer. Risk of ER-positive, but not ER-negative, tumors increased with the probability of exposure to PAH. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest an association between risk and occupational exposure to benzene. Although it was difficult to study PAH independently of benzene, there was some suggestion of an association between PAH exposure and ER-positive tumors. These data should be interpreted with caution because of the limitations of this study, including low-response rates and small numbers of exposed persons.     

Physical activity on the job and cancer in Missouri.

We conducted a series of case-control studies to investigate the risks of 16 cancer types in relation to occupational physical activity. These studies were based on Missouri Cancer Registry data for 17,147 White male cancer patients registered between 1984 and 1989. Colon cancer risk was increased for both the moderate (odds ratio (OR) = 1.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0, 1.3) and low (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.0, 1.5) activity levels. Similar elevations were observed for prostate cancer at the moderate (OR = 1.1; 95% CI = 1.0, 1.3) and low (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.2, 1.8) levels of activity, and for cancer of the testis at the low activity level (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.3, 3.7). An opposite trend (p less than 0.01) was noted for lung cancer, which showed decreased risk at the moderate (OR = 0.9; 95% CI = 0.8, 1.0) and low (OR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.6, 0.9) activity levels. These associations suggest that further study of the relationship between physical activity and site-specific cancer risk is warranted.     

Physical activity and colorectal cancer

Physical activity has been inconsistently associated with rectal cancer despite the consistent association between physical activity and colon cancer. In this study, the authors evaluated the association between physical activity and rectal cancer using the same questionnaire used to evaluate the previously reported association with colon cancer. A population-based study of 952 incident cases of cancer in the rectum and rectosigmoid junction and 1,205 age- and sex-matched controls was conducted in Utah and northern California at the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program between 1997 and 2002. Vigorous physical activity was associated with reduced risk of rectal cancer in both men and women (odds ratio (OR) = 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.44, 0.81 for men; OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.86 for women). Among men, moderate levels of physical activity also were associated with reduced risk of rectal cancer (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.97). Participation in vigorous activity over the past 20 years conferred the greatest protection for both men and women (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.78 for men; OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.67 for women). In summary, physical activity was associated with reduced risk of rectal cancer in these data. The reduced risk was similar to that previously observed for colon cancer.     

Effects of physical activity on cognitive functioning in middle age: evidence from the Whitehall II prospective cohort study

OBJECTIVES: We examined the association between physical activity and cognitive functioning in middle age. METHODS: Data were derived from a prospective occupational cohort study of 10308 civil servants aged 35-55 years at baseline (phase 1; 1985-1988). Physical activity level, categorized as low, medium, or high, was assessed at phases 1, 3 (1991-1994), and 5 (1997-1999). Cognitive functioning was tested at phase 5, when respondents were 46-68 years old. RESULTS: In both prospective (odds ratio [OR] = 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.30, 2.10) and cross-sectional (OR=1.79; 95% CI=1.38, 2.32) analyses, low levels of physical activity were a risk factor for poor performance on a measure of fluid intelligence. Analyses aimed at assessing cumulative effects (summary of physical activity levels at the 3 time points) showed a graded linear relationship with fluid intelligence, with persistently low levels of physical activity being particularly harmful (OR=2.21; 95% CI=1.37, 3.57). CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of physical activity are a risk factor for cognitive functioning in middle age, fluid intelligence in particular.     

Fruits, vegetables, soy foods and breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal Korean women: a case-control study

We carried out a case-control study to examine the relationship between fruits, vegetables, and soy foods intake with breast cancer risk in Korean women. Incident cases (n = 359) were identified through cancer biopsies and hospital-based controls (n = 708) were selected in the same hospitals. Subjects were asked to indicate usual dietary habits, which were assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (98 items). Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by unconditional logistic regression after adjustment for additional confounding factors according to the menopausal status. High grape intake showed an inverse association of breast cancer in postmenopausal women (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.35-0.95; p for trend = 0.05). High tomato intake was associated with reduced breast cancer risk in premenopausal women (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.38-0.89, p for trend = 0.04). In postmenopausal women, green pepper intake showed an inverse association of breast cancer risk (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.43-0.96, p for trend = 0.03). High soybean intake showed an inverse association of breast cancer in postmenopausal women (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.34-0.89, p for trend = 0.02). Our study suggests that high intake of some fruits, vegetables, and soybeans may be associated with a reduced breast cancer risk.     

Obesity and height in urban Nigerian women with breast cancer

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between obesity, height, and breast cancer in an urban Nigerian population. METHODS: Between March 1998 and August 2000, we conducted a case-control study of hospital-based breast cancer patients (n = 234) and population-based controls (n = 273) using nurse interviewers in urban Southwestern Nigeria. RESULTS: The study did not find a significant association between obesity (BMI >/= 30) and breast cancer among all women (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 0.87-2.62) pre- (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 0.56-2.60) and post-menopausal breast cancer patients (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 0.78-4.31) in multivariate logistic regression analysis, while increasing height was positively associated with the risk of breast cancer among all women (OR = 1.05, 1.01 - 1.08), pre- (1.06, 1.01-1.10) and post-menopausal women (1.07, 1.01-1.13) for each cm. Age, irregular period, and early age of onset of periods were also found to be significantly associated with breast cancer risk. CONCLUSION: This study failed to demonstrate an association between breast cancer risk and obesity while showing that height is positively associated with risk of breast cancer in urbanized Nigerian women.