2007年太原市城区12～16岁少年儿童肺活量及与形态指标相关性分析

[目的]了解少年儿童肺活量发育水平与其形态指标的相关性。[方法]对2007年太原市城区部分12～16岁学生肺活量、身高、体重、胸围测量资料进行分析。[结果]调查男生1974人、女生2039人。肺活量男生为3020.88±590.84ml,女生为2231.08±413.40ml（P〈0.01）;12～16岁各组均为男生高于女生（P〈0.01）;男生和女生均为随年龄增长不断增高（P〈0.01）。男女生的肺活量均与身高、体重、胸围呈正相关性（P〈0.01）。肺活量体重指数,男生大于女生,男生和女生均随年龄的增长呈增大趋势,各个年龄组的男生均大于女生,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。[结论]12～16岁少年儿童的肺活量与身高、体重、胸围呈正相关关系,肺活量体重指数更能反映肺功能发育水平。     

1985-2010年大理州汉族学生体质状况分析

目的探讨25年间大理州汉族学生体质发展的动态变化趋势,为更好地开展中小学校体育教学工作提供参考。方法对1985、1991、2000、2005和2010年全国体质调研大理州汉族中小学生身体形态、功能和素质的测试数据进行统计分析。结果 25年间,身高、体重呈现持续增长的趋势,男生身高平均增长6.3cm,女生平均增长5.0cm。而胸围并没有随身高、体重的增长而增长;心肺功能明显下降(P均<0.01),且幅度较大;主要指标肺活量男生下降342ml,女生下降265ml。50m往返跑男生延长6.2s,女生延长4.3s,身体素质整体出现较大的滑坡,在耐力素质方面下降非常显著,肺活量男、女生均呈下降趋势(P均<0.05或0.01)。结论应对汉族学生采取相应干预措施,提高其身体素质水平。     

大理州1985-2005年白族学生生长发育指标变化趋势分析

目的 了解大理州7～18岁白族学生的生长发育状况,为青少年生长发育研究提供依据.方法 对大理州白族学生1985年、1991年、2000年和2005年4次体质调研数据指标进行动态分析.结果 1985,1991,2000,2005年体质调研结果表明,男生身高分别为(144.25± 6.03),(146.09± 5.68),(147.49±6.20),(149.00.±6.25)cm;女生分别为(141.33±5.61),(142.25 ±5.30),(143.96 ±5.70),(145.23±5.63)cm.体重男生分别为(35.55±4.19),(37.29±4.35),(38.36±5.26)和(39.38±6.34)kg;女生分别为(34.71±4.13),(35.14±4.37),(37.19±5.44)和(37.36±5.01)kg.胸围男生分别为(68.00 ±3.53),(70.99 ±3.82),(70.82 ±4.40)和(70.06±5.10)cm,女生分别为(66.42±3.41),(69.38±3.89),(68.99±5.01)和(67.16±4.66)cm.肺活量男生分别为(2 509±414),(2 359±423),(2 459±432)和(1 997±418)mL;女生分别为(2 036±342),(1 790±339),(1 884 4±40)和(1 486±269)mL.身高、体重呈现持续增长的趋势,而胸围并没有随身高、体重的增长而增长;肺活量男、女生均呈下降趋势.皮褶厚度除男生外,女生2005年较2000年下降.结论 应对白族学生采取相应干预措施,提高其身体素质水平.     

1985-2014年大理州汉族和白族青少年体质状况比较分析

目的 探讨30年间大理州汉族和白族青少年体质发展特点,为更好地开展青少年体育教学工作提供参考.方法 采用1985、1991、2000、2005、2010和2014年大理州学生体质健康监测资料,对7～l8岁汉族和白族青少年身高、体重等身体形态、机能和素质指标资料进行比较分析.结果 30年间,汉族和白族青少年身高、体重、胸围均呈持续增长趋势,除胸围无差异外,身高、体重汉族均高于白族(P＜0.01);机能指标肺活量汉族和白族均抑住下滑趋势,从2005年开始反弹,总体上汉族高于白族(P＜0.01);速度、爆发力及柔韧性等反映身体素质的指标,汉族和白族均呈上升趋势,总体上汉族优于白族,但反映肢体力量的引体向上、斜身引体、立定跳远及握力汉族和白族均从2010年开始下降(P＜0.01):汉族和白族青少年的耐力一直呈下滑趋势(P＜0.01).结论 调整策略,采取针对性的措施,提高青少年健康水平.     

1985-2010年大理州白族学生体质发展状况动态分析

目的探讨大理州白族学生体质发展动态变化趋势,为更好地开展中小学校体育教学工作提供参考。方法对1985、1991、2000、2005和2010年大理州白族中小学生身体、形态、功能和素质的测试数据进行统计分析。结果1985-2010年间,男女生身高分别增长5．3和3．9cm;体重分别增长了4．7和3．1kg;而胸围分别增长了2．1和3．2cm;肺活量,男女生分别下降了584和664ml。代表性的指标男生1000m跑、女生800m跑分别延长20．9和29．7s。与汉族比较：除男生的胸围、坐位体前屈（cm）无差异,斜身引体是白族高于汉族外,代表指标白族男女生身高、体重、肺活量低于汉族分别是1．5和1．5cm;2．1和1.0cm;281和352ml。结论应对白族学生采取相应干预措施,提高其身体素质水平。     

大理白族自治州青少年体质指数与身体形态、机能、素质指标关系研究

目的分析大理白族自治州青少年体质指数(BMI)与身体形态、机能和素质指标间的关系,为制订饮食健康策略及体质健康发展提供理论依据。方法采用2014年大理州学生体质健康监测资料,对7~18岁5 027名青少年身高、体重等身体形态、机能和素质指标资料进行分析。结果大理白族自治州青少年的体质指数存在性别差异(P﹤0.01),且男生高于女生。体重、胸围、皮脂厚度等形态指标随体质指数的增高而增大(P﹤0.01);血压、肺活量等机能指标随体质指数的增高而增高(P﹤0.01);仰卧起坐、立定跳远等素质指标随青少年体质指数的增高而降低(P﹤0.01)。结论不同体质指数对大理州青少年身体形态、机能、素质等指标均有一定的影响。     

广东省大学生身体形态和生理功能发育状况分析

目的了解大学生身体形态机能发育状况和规律,为制定相应政策和规划提供科学依据。方法抽取广东省华南师范大学、广东工业大学、深圳大学、东莞理工学院4所高校学生6 782名,测量身高、体重、胸围、肺活量、收缩压和舒张压等。结果城市学生身高、体重、胸围的均值明显大于农村学生(P<0.01);男生身高、体重、胸围均明显大于女生(P<0.01)。收缩压与肺活量存在明显的城乡差异(P<0.05或P<0.01);舒张压仅女生存在城乡差异(P<0.01)。男女生之间的收缩压、舒张压与肺活量的差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。结论大学生的形态发育和生理功能发育仍存在明显的城乡差异和性别差异。     

2010年山西省交城县中小学生生长发育与营养状况调查

目的 了解山西省交城县7 ～14岁中小学生生长发育与营养状况.方法 对2010年交城县8077名中小学生健康监测状况进行分析.结果 大多数学生发育状况为良好和正常.身高上等的中学生与小学生分别占23.97％、27.85％,身高下等的中小学生分别占0.69％、0.93％;体重上等的中学生与小学生分别占42.01％、48.70％,体重下等的中、小学生分别占1.07％、0.15％.肥胖率平均为19.00％,男生肥胖率明显高于女生(P＜0.01),初中生肥胖率高于小学生(P＜0.01);营养不良平均为8.57％,女生营养不良高于男生(P＜0.01),初中生营养不良高于小学生(P ＜0.01).与交城县2005年相比,中小学生身高、体重上等所占比率逐年增加,其差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为115.84和193.49,P＜0.01),即中小学生生长发育呈上升趋势;身高、体重下等所占比率逐年下降,身高下等其差异有统计学意义(x2=25.47,P＜0.01).营养不良、肥胖的检出率,也呈上升趋势(x2值分别为86.97和72.58,P＜0.01).结论 中小学生的身高和体重发育状况良好,中小学生的肥胖、营养不良检出率较高,应引起家长、学校、和社会的高度重视.     

南京市2010年7～17岁学生形态发育状况分析

目的 了解南京市7～17岁学生形态发育现状,为相关部门制定政策提供科学依据.方法 利用2010年南京市学生体质调研所获得的7 ～17岁学生形态发育的数据,对学生身高、体重、胸围进行统计分析.结果 南京市7～17岁学生形态发育指标随年龄增大而增大,各年龄组增长速度不均衡,女生的青春期突增高峰早于男生,身高、体重、胸围总体水平呈现城市高于乡村(P值均＜0.05)、男生高于女生(P值均＜0.05).结论 南京市 7～17岁学生形态发育状况存在明显的城乡、性别差异.应加强乡镇学生营养与体质改善的工作.     

1 065名初中生身高肺活量分析

[目的]为了解巍山县青少年身体发育情况,为制定相应的干预措施提供依据.[方法]对巍山县某中学1 065名初中生进行身高、肺活量普查.[结果]1 065名初中生身高状况:3个年级实测量值为男生135～181 cm,女生135～173 cm;年级均值为男生157.11～169.22 cm,女生155.19～157.37 cm.从初一至初三学生身高之差男女生相比平均为2～10 cm,身高差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).肺活量状况:3个年级实测量值为男生1 650～4 975 ml,女生1 560～4 110 ml;年级均值为男生2 874.63～3 929.80 ml,女生2 620.26～2 785.33 ml.从初一至初三学生肺活量之差250～1034 ml.肺活量差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).[结论]巍山县青少年身高水平、肺活量状况介于中等水平.应采取有效措施,促进学生积极有效的参与体育锻炼进一步增强青少年体质尤为重要.     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Selenium levels in human blood and tissues in health and in disease.

The levels of selenium in human sera and pancreatic, hepatic and synovial tissues were measured. An attempt was made to correlate the selenium level with certain disease states. Selenium was determined by nerutron activation analysis, using the 17.4 second half-life isotope 77mSe with a sensitivity of 2ppb. Serum-bound selenium was determined in normal individuals and individuals with various malignancies, and medical and surgical disorders. Tissue selenium was assayed in diseased and normal pancreases, livers, and synovial membranes. A wide variation was observed both in the serum selenium content of patients with a malignancy and in postmoren pancreatic and synovial showing histopathological changes. Significantly lower selenium values were observed in sera from cancer patients than from normal individuals. Higher values were generally observed in patients with primary neoplasms of the reticuloendothelial system. Higher tissue concentrations were obtained in synovia from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in pancreatic tissues associated with histopathological changes.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries