宁夏病毒性肝炎40年流行趋势

80年代以来 ,在我区所报告的 16种传染病中 ,病毒性肝炎的年报告发病率仅次于痢疾 ,位于第二。为了掌握病毒性肝炎在我区的流行趋势 ,对 40年来的疫情资料做一流行病学分析 ,为今后防制工作提供依据。一、流行趋势1 年发病率 :195 9～ 1999年底 ,共报告肝炎病例 89118例 ,直接因肝炎死亡 6 8例 ,年平均报告发病率和死亡率分别为 6 0 12 / 10万和 1 91/ 10万。 6 0年代 (包括 195 9年 )年报告发病率波动在 2 12 / 10万～ 87 2 5 / 10万之间。 70年代在14 31/ 10万～ 42 2 7/ 10万之间。 80年代在 2 7 0 1/ 10万～91 45 / 10万之间 ,90年代…     

海阳市1959～1998年病毒性肝炎疫情特点分析

病毒性肝炎由于传染性强、感染途径广、发病率高。一直是疾病控制的重点病种。为了解我市病毒性肝炎流行和分布特征,对1959～1998年肝炎疫情资料进行了统计分析。1 资料来源 资料来自海阳市1959～1998年的疫情数据及统计局的人口资料。2 结果与分析2.1 发病强度 1959～1998年全市病毒性肝炎发病8972例,死亡14例,年发病率波动在11.71～112.28/10万,年均发病率为36.57/10万,病死率为0.17％。60～80年代每隔6～7年出现一次流行高峰,70年代上升明显,自80年代后期发病有下降趋势。 为便于分析,将40年的疫情数据按每10年为一个阶段进行统计。见表1。     

武汉铁路地区病毒性肝炎疫情分析

病毒性肝炎是由肝炎病毒引起的一种常见传染病。由于病毒性肝炎的传染性强、流行面广、发病率高从而严重危害人类的身体健康。为了解武铁地区病毒性肝炎流行情况 ,对1998年的疫情资料进行了分析 ,报告如下。1　疫情资料根据武汉铁路地区 4个医疗区传染病报告卡统计 ,1998年度武汉铁路地区发生病毒性肝炎 2 0 2例 ,其中职工发病15 4例 ,发病率为 193.69/ 10万、离退休发病 2 4例 ,发病率为12 6.89/ 10万、家属发病 2 4例 ,发病率为 31.0 7/ 10万。该年度病毒性肝炎死亡报告 5例 (均为乙型病毒性肝炎 ) ,其中职工 2例。2　流行病学分析2 .1　…     

重庆市涪陵区1991-2000年病毒性肝炎流行状况分析

病毒性肝炎是严重危害人类健康的一种传染病 ,其发病率位于涪陵区各类传染病发病率的第一位 ,为了进一步掌握病毒性肝炎发病规律和流行特征 ,为制订有效的防治措施提供科学依据 ,现将重庆市涪陵区 1991-2 0 0 0年病毒性肝炎发病流行情况分析如下。1　资料来源疫情资料来源于涪陵区 1991-2 0 0 0年法定报告传染病年报表 ,人口资料由本区统计局提供。2　结果2 1　流行概况　涪陵区 1991-2 0 0 0年共报告病毒性肝炎 (以下简称病肝 ) 1785 2例 ,死亡 6例 ,年均发病率为 16 6 79/10万 ,死亡率为 0 0 6 /10万 ,以 1991年为最高流行年 ,年发病率…     

大连市1959～2002年病毒性肝炎流行趋势分析

大连市自 195 9年始对病毒性肝炎 (肝炎 )进行疫情报告和管理 ,为加强病毒性肝炎的防制工作 ,对大连市 195 9～ 2 0 0 2年肝炎发病资料进行分析。1　资料来源资料来自 195 9～ 2 0 0 2年大连市传染病疫情报表及疫情监测资料。2　结果2 1　不同年份发病情况　 195 9年以来 ,肝炎发病率出现了 5个高峰 ,分别为 196 5年 (30 3 6 2 /10万 ,114 97/3786 6 41)、1973年 (2 98 38/10万 ,12 6 6 0 /4 2 4 2 912 )、1978年 (2 5 9 75 /10万 ,114 92 /4 4 2 4 2 5 4)、1993年 (30 2 70 /10万 ,16 0 4 4/5 30 0 2 97)和 1997年 (2 6 2 6 0 /10万 ,14…     

临沂市1956～1999年麻疹发病情况分析

为分析临沂市不同时期麻疹的流行特征 ,将 195 6～ 1999年以来临沂市的麻疹发病情况进行了分析。1　资料来源发病资料来自历年疫情记录与暴发流行记载 ,人口资料由临沂市公安局提供。2　结果2 1　发病情况　 195 6～ 196 9年麻疹疫苗使用前 ,年发病率 2 15 0 3/ 10万～ 2 4 6 5 4 3/ 10万 ,大流行共发生4次 ,分别为 195 9、196 1、196 2、196 5年 ,此阶段发病率、病死率均较高。 1970～ 1980年计划免疫实施前接种阶段 ,年发病率 12 2 2 6 / 10万～ 1197 84 / 10万 ,大流行发生 2次 ,分别为 1971、1973年 ,发病率、病死率较第一阶段普遍…     

兰州市1990～1999年猩红热疫情分析

猩红热是我市儿童中常见的呼吸道传染病 ,近年来猩红热发病较以往虽大幅度下降 ,但其发病位次仍居我市传染病发病第 6位。据 40多年来的资料统计 ,猩红热在我市曾发生 3次较大流行 ,间隔约 7～ 10年 ,每次流行持续 2～ 4年。第 1次是 195 6年 ,发病率为 73.98/10万 ;第 2次是 196 6年 ,发病率为16 7.15 / 10万 ;第 3次是 1980年 ,发病率为 92 .93/ 10万。 80年代后期及 90年代以来猩红热发病处于较低水平 ,1990～ 1999年共报告猩红热 3 80 7例 ,无作者单位 :730 0 30甘肃省兰州市卫生防疫站防疫科死亡。发病率波动于 6 .72 / 10万～2 5 .2 6…     

1997～1999年徐州铁路分局辖区病毒性肝炎流行特征分析

为了解徐州铁路分局辖区病毒性肝炎的流行特征 ,以便采取合理有效的防治措施 ,降低病毒性肝炎的发病率 ,对徐州铁路分局辖区 1997～ 1999年病毒性肝炎的疫情和调查资料进行分析。1　资料与方法利用 1997～ 1999年徐州铁路分局辖区的病毒性肝炎疫情报告资料进行病例分布分析 ;利用住院病例个案流行病学调查表及病因调查表进行流行因素的分析。2　结果2 1　发病情况　 1997～ 1999年合计报告病毒性肝炎2 32例 ,年平均发病率为 5 3 2 4 / 10万。其中 ,1997年报告 87例 ,发病率为 60 5 1/ 10万 ;1998年报告 74例 ,发病率为 5 0 5 6/ 10万 ;19…     

杭州市西湖区1959—2000年病毒性肝炎流行特征

病毒性肝炎是西湖区发病率较高的传染病之一 ,近年来虽然有所控制 ,但其发病位次仍居前列。为探讨该病的流行规律及流行因素 ,为制定进一步防治策略提供科学依据 ,现对西湖区 1 95 9～ 2 0 0 0年病毒性肝炎流行特征分析如下1　资料来源疫情资料来源于西湖区卫生防疫站疫情统计报表及疫情资料汇编 ;人口资料由区公安部门提供。病毒性肝炎“三间分布”资料始于 1 970年。2　结果2 .1　流行强度及趋势　 1 95 9～ 2 0 0 0年西湖区共报告病毒性肝炎 35 4 5 9例 ,死亡 1 96例。年平均发病率为 31 2 .1 1 /1 0万 ,死亡率为 1 .73/1 0万 ,病死率为0…     

海南省近10年肝炎流行趋势分析

目的　研究海南省近 10年来病毒性肝炎的发病趋势及流行规律 ,为制定防治策略提供理论依据。方法　查阅法定传染病统计年报表、疫情汇编资料及疫情专题调查报告 ,进行系统的统计分析。结果　近 10年来病毒性肝炎年发病率波动在 4 3 4 1/ 10万～ 6 6 92 / 10万之间 ,呈现明显的递增趋势 ,于 1993～ 1994年和 1998～ 1999年出现两个流行高峰 ;以乙肝病例最多 ,占 5 3 6 4 % ,发病逐年上升 ;男性发病显著高于女性 ,性别比为 2 4∶1,3～ 8岁组为发病高峰 ,职业分布以农民为主 ,占 2 3 5 5 % ;全年肝炎病例分布较为均匀 ,而甲肝和丙肝呈现 3～ 8月发病较多 ,分别占5 8 6 3%和 6 0 5 5 % ;沿海地区发病显著高于内陆 ,发病率分别为 6 3 4 1/ 10万和 32 0 6 / 10万。结论　海南省病毒性肝炎发病呈上升趋势 ,未来预防工作应以沿海地区和青少年为主     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.