Postoperative shivering in children and causative factors

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of shivering in children and to reveal the causative factors as well as any possible clinical implications. METHODS: This study was conducted on 1507 children who underwent surgery under general anesthesia. The patients were admitted to the postanesthesia care unit after the operation and their body temperatures measured from the tympanic membrane. The type of operation, operative time, method of anesthesia induction, age, and number of cases in which caudal block had been used were recorded. RESULTS: Of the 1507 children, 53 (3.5%) experienced shivering. The use of intravenous induction agents, age older than 6 years, and prolonged duration of surgery were associated with shivering. The type of the operation and gender had no effect. The frequency of shivering was lower in children who underwent caudal block with a statistical significance (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The overall incidence of shivering in children is low (3.5%). Use of intravenous induction agents, age older than 6 years, and prolonged duration of surgery were associated with shivering; prophylaxis is not necessary in children, treatment is given only when shivering occurs.     

Postoperative shivering

Shivering ist ein h?ufig beobachtetes und seit langem bekanntes Problem in der postoperativen Phase. Es handelt sich um unwillkürliches Muskelzittern und eine Erh?hung des Muskeltonus als Gegenregulation des Organismus im Sinne eines Abwehrmechanismus bei einem Abfall der Ist-Temperatur gegenüber dem Temperatursollwert. Die H?ufigkeit wird in der Literatur sehr unterschiedlich mit 5–65% angegeben [11]. Shivering ist nicht nur ein für den Patienten subjektiv sehr unangenehmes Ph?nomen – einige Patienten erinnern es als das Unangenehmste an der gesamten Operation – sondern birgt insbesondere für kardial und pulmonal vorerkrankte Patienten deutliche Risiken. Ursache hierfür ist der beim Shivering erh?hte Energie- und damit auch Sauerstoffverbrauch des Patienten. Wesentliche Erkenntnisse über das Ph?nomen des Shivering und der Mechanismen der Thermoregulation unter An?sthesie verdanken wir der Arbeitsgruppe um Daniel Sessler.

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Postoperative shivering: aetiology and treatment

Most postanaesthetic shivering-like tremor is normal thermoregulatory shivering in response to core hypothermia. Therefore, shivering will be prevented by maintaining intraoperative normothermia. Other thermoregulatory-related shivering is caused by the release of cytokines by the surgical procedure. Non-thermoregulatory shivering, occurring in normothermic patients, is caused by other aetiologies such as postoperative pain. It is thus likely that adequate treatment of postoperative pain will ameliorate non-thermoregulatory tremor. In addition, the administration of antipyretic drugs reduces shivering in patients after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.     

Postoperative spasticity and shivering

The cause of postoperative shivering is not known. The theories and possible remedies are reviewed. Five hundred patients were observed for the possible effect of lissive doses of gallamine, and of analgesic or benzodiazepine premedication. Diazepam premedication appeared to reduce the incidence of post-halothane shivering.     

Postoperative atrial arrhythmias: risk factors and associated adverse outcomes.

Atrial arrhythmias are the most common complication of cardiac surgical procedures today. Because of the additional hospital costs associated with these arrhythmias, owing to increased use of antiarrhythmic medications, diagnostic studies, and prolonged hospitalization, this subject continues to draw the interest of cardiac surgeons, cardiologists, insurance companies, and hospital administrators, among others. Despite many clinical studies, there is still no consensus regarding the best prevention strategy for these arrhythmias. We recently reviewed our experience with these arrhythmias, with the intent of identifying risk factors for the development of these arrhythmias and identifying any associated, potentially adverse, outcomes. We found that the incidence of postoperative atrial arrhythmias has increased to more than 35% in recent years. Risk factors for the development of postoperative atrial arrhythmias include increasing patient age, preoperative use of digoxin, history of rheumatic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and increasing aortic cross-clamp (ischemic) time. Among patients with postoperative atrial arrhythmias, there was an increased rate of perioperative stroke, increased frequency of ventricular arrhythmias, increased need for the placement of a permanent pacemaker, and prolongation of the intensive care unit and total hospital length of stay.     

Independent risk factors for postoperative shivering

Postoperative shivering (PAS) is uncomfortable for patients and potentially risky. In this observational trial we sought to identify independent risk factors for PAS after general anesthesia. Potential risk factors for PAS were recorded in 1340 consecutive patients. Signs of shivering, peripheral and core temperature, and thermal comfort were recorded in the postanesthetic care unit. The data were split into an evaluation data set (n = 1000) and a validation data set (n = 340). The first was used to identify independent risk factors for PAS and to formulate a risk score using backward-elimination logistic regression analysis. The proposed model was subsequently tested for its discrimination and calibration properties using receiver operating characteristic (ROC)-curve analysis and linear correlation between the predicted and the actual incidences of PAS in the validation group. The incidence of PAS was 11.6%. There were three major risk factors: young age, endoprosthetic surgery, and core hypothermia, with age being the most important. The risk score derived from this analysis had a reasonable discriminating power, with an area under the ROC-curve of 0.69 (95% confidence interval, 0.60-0.78; P < 0.0001). Furthermore the equation of the calibration curve (y = 0.69x + 6; R2= 0.82; P < 0.05) indicated a good and statistically significant agreement between predicted and actual PAS incidence. Postoperative shivering can be predicted with acceptable accuracy using the four risk factors identified in the present study. The presented model may serve as a clinical tool to help clinicians to rationally administer prophylactic antishivering drugs.     

全身麻醉术后寒战相关危险因素的研究

目的研究全身麻醉术后寒战发生的相关危险因素。方法 2011例静吸复合全麻术后回麻醉后恢复室(PACU)的患者,按有无寒战发生分为寒战组(115例)和非寒战组(1896例),记录中心体温(鼻咽温度)、拔管后疼痛评分、术中出血量、手术时间。结果两组间年龄、中心体温、拔管后疼痛评分、手术时间、术中出血量差异有统计学意义(P0.01),且与寒战发生相关。结论年轻患者、中心体温下降、术后疼痛、手术时间长、术中大量出血均可增加全身麻醉术后寒战发生率。     

Effects of intravenous clonidine on postoperative shivering]

A study was designed to assess the possible effects of intravenous clonidine on postoperative shivering. Fifty patients undergoing spinal fusion under isoflurane anaesthesia were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 25). Patients in one group were given intravenous clonidine (5 micrograms.kg-1 during the first hour, and 0.3 microgram.kg-1.h-1 thereafter) or placebo. Shivering intensity (rated from 0 to 2) and pulmonary artery blood temperature (theta) was recorded every ten minutes for two hours. Haemodynamic and metabolic data were obtained by way of a Swan-Ganz catheter prior to administering the test drug, and then after 1 and 2 hours. On arrival at the recovery room, theta was 36.2 +/- 0.3 degrees C in the clonidine group, and 36.5 +/- 0.2 degrees C in the placebo group. There were no significant differences in shivering between the two groups. Clonidine significantly decreased blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output and whole body oxygen consumption. The patients in these series were free from any cardiac disease. Further studies are required to assess the possible beneficial effects of clonidine on postoperative oxygen consumption in patients suffering from heart failure.     

Postoperative prognostic factors in patients with spinal cord tumors]

This study is to analyse the prognostic factors of the patients with spinal cord tumors, consisted of intramedullary tumor (33 patients), multiple extramedullary tumor (15), solitary cauda equina tumor (22), and solitary extramedullary tumor (48). The significant prognosis of intramedullary tumors depends on the histopathological type, the tumor margin, and the extramedullary tumor extension. Multiple extramedullary tumors had a tendency to recur at the different spinal cord levels; poorer long-term clinical results than those with solitary spinal cord tumor. Solitary cauda equina tumor cases showed good clinical course except for the bladder disfunction. Prognostic factors for solitary extramedullary tumors were the preoperative neurological status, the duration of myelopathy prior to surgery, the age at surgery, the tumor size, tumor location along the spinal axis, and the site of tumor in relation to the spinal cord.     

直肠癌术前放化疗的疗效评价及相关因素分析

目的评价直肠癌术前放化疗的疗效，并探讨影响术前放化疗疗效的相关因素。方法对53例局部进展期直肠癌患者行术前放化疗。术前放疗总剂量46 Gy，每周5次，每次2 Gy。于放疗第1～2天和第23～24天采用乐沙定加氟尿嘧啶加亚叶酸钙（FOLFOX 4）方案进行两个疗程同步化疗，放化疗结束后4～6周手术。采用腔内超声、螺旋cT和病理学方法评价疗效。放化疗疗效的影响因素的判定采用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析方法。结果经术前放化疗后，全组患者肿瘤直径缩小率32．1％，肿瘤分期下降率为64．2％，淋巴结转阴率为58．1％．病理完全缓解（pCR）11例（20．8％）。单因素分析结果显示，肿瘤大小和组织学分级与术前放化疗的疗效有关；多因素分析结果显示，肿瘤大小是影响直肠癌术前放化疗后pCR的独立因素。结论直肠癌术前放化疗能使部分肿瘤病理完全缓解，降低肿瘤分期。肿瘤大小是影响直肠癌术前放化疗后pCR的独立因素。     

Postoperative stay following colorectal surgery: a study of factors associated with prolonged hospital stay

AIM: To study the factors that contribute to postoperative stay following colorectal surgery. DESIGN: A prospective observational study. SETTING: Three colorectal surgical units - a teaching hospital, a large district general hospital and a district general hospital. PARTICIPANTS: 350 patients undergoing colorectal surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: 28 pre-, peri- and postoperative patient- and treatment-related factors. RESULTS: Stepwise regression analysis suggests that the factors that significantly lengthen postoperative stay include a low albumin on admission, stoma formation, operative blood loss, urinary and respiratory complications, wound infections, postoperative ventilation and social delay at the time of discharge. The postoperative stay was not affected by patient age or by the seniority of the surgical team. CONCLUSIONS: Factors have been identified that determine the postoperative length of stay. These data may allow better planning and treatment of patients undergoing colorectal surgery.     

Postoperative creatine kinase elevation following hip arthroscopy and associated risk factors

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate postoperative CK and risk factors for CK elevation after hip arthroscopy.MethodsThis retrospective study reviewed 122 patients (50 males, 72 females; mean age, 44.1 years) who underwent hip arthroscopy from September 2012 to March 2018. For all patients, CK was investigated preoperatively, on postoperative days 1 and 3, and at postoperative weeks 1 and 2. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed for parameters including sex, age, body mass index, preoperative glomerular filtration rate, diagnosis, duration of surgery, and duration of traction to determine the risk factors for CK > 10 upper limit of normal (CK > 10 ULN; 1900 IU/L for males and 1500 IU/L for females) after surgery.ResultsMean CK was 104.7 ± 68.7 IU/L preoperatively and 839.2 ± 2214.0, 523.9 ± 1449.4, 186.0 ± 690.7, and 122.0 ± 307.1 IU/L on postoperative days 1 and 3 and at postoperative weeks 1 and 2, respectively. CK was significantly higher on postoperative days 1 and 3 than before surgery. In total, 11 patients (9.0%), including 8 males (16.0%) and 3 females (4.2%), had CK > 10 ULN. Younger age and longer duration of traction are independent risk factors for CK > 10 ULN.ConclusionAfter hip arthroscopy, CK levels should be monitored, especially in young patients and cases of prolonged duration of traction during surgery.Level of evidenceLevel IV, therapeutic study.     

Meperidine to control shivering associated with platelet transfusion reaction

Shivering may be part of a febrile non-haemolytic reaction to blood product transfusion. Shivering can increase oxygen consumption up to 500 per cent which may be detrimental to patients with decreased myocardial reserve. A case is presented of a reaction to platelet transfusion characterized by shivering, tachycardia and hypertension in a patient with a recent myocardial infarction in whom the metabolic and haemodynamic effects were considered to be potentially disastrous. Intravenous injection of meperidine was rapidly effective in treating these changes.     

Postoperative infections. A prospective analysis of 1396 cases]

Postoperative infections are the most frequent complications in surgery and are the commonest cause of the lengthening of hospital stay. The purpose of this study is to prospectively evaluate the incidence and predisposing factors of postoperative infections in 1396 surgical patients admitted to our Institute from 1984 to 1988. Patients undergoing minor surgical procedures (wound less than 2 cm) were excluded from the study. Patients were evaluated daily during hospital stay for onset of infections and results recorded on data sheet. Hemocultures in septic patients and samples of exudate at site of infection were taken whenever possible for aerobic and anaerobic cultures. 368 patients (26.36%) had at least one postoperative septic complication; (79 of them [5.65%] had two or more infections). The following infections were recorded: wound infections: 148 (10.60%); respiratory tract infections: 144 (10.31%); urinary tract infections 125 (8.95%); miscellaneous infections 11 (0.78%); thrombophlebitis 23 (1.64%); FUO 10 (0.71%). The most important predisposing factor for wound infection was endogenous contamination (wound infections: 18/499 [3.60%] in clean, 42/594 [7.67%] in potentially contaminated, 57/217 [26.26%] in contaminated and 31/86 [36.04%] in dirty operations). The duration of the anaesthesia was found to correlate with an increased incidence of respiratory tract infections (4.49% anaesthesia less than 60 min; 7.21% anaesthesia greater than 60 less than 120 min; 15.31% greater than 120 min anaesthesia). Urinary infections were more frequent when the patients where catheterized at least once in the postoperative period (24.86% vs 3.2%).