北京市男男性行为者HIV感染及影响因素的调查研究

目的 了解北京市男男性行为者(men who have sex with men,MSM)艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染情况及其影响因素.方法 于2006年9月-2007年2月,在北京市招募MSM进行问卷调查,调查内容包括社会人口学和高危行为学特征,采集血样检测HIV抗体.结果 在所调查的541名MSM中,HIV和梅毒感染率分别为4.8%(26/541)和19.8%(107/541).在多因素Logistic回归模型中,梅毒感染(OR=4.23;95%CI 1.88-9.54)、过去男性性伴总人数≥10个(OR=3.80,95%CI 1.49-9.72)与MSM HIV感染的关系有统计学意义.结论 MSM已成为HIV感染的高危人群之一,有必要加强艾滋病/性病防治知识宣传和预防干预,来降低HIV在MSM中的传播.     

HIV vulnerabilities and coercive sex at same-sex sexual debut among men who have sex with men in Beijing,China

Few studies have examined coercive sex and HIV vulnerabilities among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. The present study seeks to compare individual characteristics between MSM who did and did not experience coercive sex at their MSM sexual debut and to identify HIV risk factors correlated with coercive sex at MSM sexual debut. In 2007, we recruited 167 MSM in Beijing, China by peer-referred social network sampling. Each participant then completed self-administered questionnaires regarding their sexual experiences and practices. Results show that 14% of participants reported coercive sex at MSM sexual debut, of whom 48% reported recent unprotected anal intercourse (UAI). Coercive sex at MSM sexual debut was significantly associated with UAI [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 5.38, 95% confidence interval: 1.95–14.87] and lifetime number of male sex partners (AOR: 7.25, 95% CI: 2.39–22.01). Coercive sex is harming MSM in China and should be immediately addressed by researchers, public health officials, and MSM community stakeholders.     

Predictors of unprotected sex among men who have sex with men in Beijing, China

To estimate the prevalence of HIV and syphilis and to assess the predictors of unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing, a community-based survey recruited MSM in 2005 through internet advertisement, community outreach, and peer referral. Demographic, sexual, and HIV risk behavioral information were collected. Serospecimens were tested for HIV and syphilis infections. Of the 526 participants, 3.2% were HIV-positive, 11.2% syphilis-positive, 50% and 43.3% had UAI with regular and casual sex partners, respectively. Participants practicing UAI with regular male partners were independently associated with lower monthly income (adjusted odds ratio-AOR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-3.0) and encountering male sex partners at bathhouses, public washrooms, and parks (AOR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0-4.9). Participants practicing UAI with casual male partners were associated with encountering male sex partners at bathhouses, publics washrooms, and park (AOR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.8-5.2) and more male sex partners having receptive anal intercourse (AOR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-2.9), and was inversely associated with receiving money for sex with men (AOR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2-0.7). Professional male sex workers were less likely to practice UAI in Beijing, suggesting the benefits of educational outreach to date. Further education, condom promotion, and prevention of sexually transmitted infections should be intensified urgently to combat the rising HIV epidemic among MSM in Beijing.     

Lack of HIV testing and awareness of HIV infection among men who have sex with men, Beijing, China.

In China, men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk for HIV. However, little is known about their HIV testing behavior. From September 2001 to January 2002, we recruited 482 men through social networks and MSM venues. We conducted HIV testing and counseling, and anonymous, standardized face-to-face interviews. Eighty-two percent of participants had never tested for HIV before the study. The most common reasons for not testing were perceived low risk of HIV infection (72%), not knowing the location of test sites (56%), fear of positive test results (54%), fear of people learning about his homosexuality (47%), and fear of breach of confidentiality about test results (47%). We identified five statistically significant independent correlates of having been tested for HIV: being older, having a college degree, being more "out" (disclosing MSM activities to people), being recruited through social networks, and having a lifetime history of sexually transmitted diseases. Of 15 participants (3.1%) who tested positive for HIV in our study, 14 (93%) did not know their status before being tested in the study. The prevalence of HIV testing among MSM in Beijing is low; almost all HIV-positive men in our study were unaware of their infection. Our findings suggest an urgent need to promote HIV testing among MSM in Beijing.     

HIV intervention research for men who have sex with men: a 7-year update.

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to locate, characterize, and summarize effects of behavioral HIV prevention interventions for men who have sex with men (MSM). We found 54 interventions with 16,224 participants that were evaluated in 40 randomized trials and controlled observational studies with independent comparison groups. Formats included 26 small group interventions, 18 individual-level interventions, and 10 community-level interventions. Fifteen interventions focused on HIV-positive individuals including MSM. The 38 interventions that were compared with minimal or no HIV prevention interventions, reduced unprotected sex by 27% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 15-37%). The other 16 interventions reduced unprotected sex by 17% beyond changes observed in standard or other HIV prevention interventions (CI = 5-27%). Behavioral interventions reduce self-reported unprotected sex among MSM.     

Ethnicity and HIV vulnerabilities among men who have sex with men in China

Ethnic affiliation can define sociocultural boundaries and contribute to the HIV vulnerabilities faced by men who have sex with men (MSM). This study investigated the influence of ethnic affiliation on HIV vulnerabilities among MSM in North China. Our study analyzed a cross-sectional survey of MSM (n?=?398) in two major North China cities. We examined associations between ethnic affiliation and (a) HIV status, (b) sexual behaviors and experiences, and (c) substance use. Compared to ethnic majority Han MSM: MSM belonging to ethnic minority groups of South China had significantly greater odds of HIV infection (AOR: 7.40; 95% CI: 2.33–23.47) and experience of forced sex (AOR: 3.27; 95% CI: 1.12–9.52). Compared to ethnic majority Han MSM, Ethnic Hui MSM had significantly lower odds of condomless anal sex (AOR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.21–0.82) and significantly greater odds of circumcision (AOR: 2.62; 95% CI: 1.24–5.51). HIV prevalence and riskier sexual behaviors among MSM in China appear to vary significantly by ethnic affiliation. Current epidemiological practices of aggregating all ethnic minority groups in China into a single category may be masking important interethnic differences in HIV risk, and precluding opportunities for more culturally appropriate interventions.     

中国MSM人群艾滋病传播的网络干预

目的依托中盖项目,通过访谈与调研,梳理了各地针对男男性行为人群（MSM）的网络干预模式。方法对包括同志网站、线上社区、即时通讯工具、微博等在内的不同类型的网络工具及其作用进行总结和比较。结果当前网络干预主要分为两类：一类是延伸传统线下干预服务,第二类是利用新技术平台进行的创新自主性干预,扩大目标干预人群范围,并引导目标干预人群的行为。结论合理利用网络资源,使用网络工具,可以促使艾滋病防治工作取得更好的效果。     

86名男性性工作者AIDS相关情况调查

目的了解男性性工作者（MSW）的基本情况和艾滋病（AIDS）相关情况,探索适合在该人群中开展AIDS宣传教育和行为干预的模式,为今后的工作提供科学依据.方法在知情同意、保密和无伤害的原则下,采用个别访谈、填写调查问卷、发放健康就诊卡、敦促其到指定医院进行健康体检和免费咨询等方法,了解其基本情况和AIDS相关情况,用SPSS11.0对调查结果进行统计学分析.结果（1）在同意调查的86名MSW中,69名参加了调查问卷,其中年龄最小的17岁,最大的28岁,平均21.35岁;具有高中文化水平的＞50%;84.1%未婚.（2）愿接受艾滋病知识教育者占75.4%,获得艾滋病知识的途径来自报纸、杂志（55.1%）,电视、广播（37.7%）,医院、诊所（31.9%）;性生活的频率普遍偏高,1周内≥3～7次的占34.8%;安全套的使用率很低,最近一次性生活安全套使用率为23.2%;存在不同形式的吸毒现象.（3）86名MSW性病/艾滋病检测,查出梅毒5人,HIV抗体均为阴性.结论MSW人群具有更多的艾滋病传播危险因素,有关部门应提高重视程度,对他们应加强性病艾滋病教育和干预,提高其艾滋病知晓率和安全套使用率.     

北京市部分男男性行为人群HIV感染情况及影响因素

目的了解北京市男男性行为人群（MSM）艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染情况及其影响因素。方法于2011年9-12月,在北京市通过同伴推动抽样法（RDS）招募500名MSM,进行问卷调查,内容包括社会人口学、性行为学及一般自我效能量表,并采集血样检测HIV抗体。用RDSAT软件对研究对象的社会网络进行调整,导出相关数据权重,并用SAS 9.1进行统计分析。结果 MSM的HIV感染粗率为7.2%（36/500）,经RDS调整,HIV感染率为6.1%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,MSM感染HIV的保护性因素有：一般自我效能得分高（AOR=0.4,95%CI：0.2～0.9）,近1年做过HIV检测（AOR=0.5,95%CI：0.2～0.9）;危险因素为近6个月发生过被动肛交（AOR=2.2,95%CI：1.1～4.4）。MSM一般自我效能量表内部一致性检验克朗巴赫系数（Cronbach’s Alpha）为0.92,不同的自我效能得分组同HIV感染有剂量关系。结论北京市MSM中HIV感染率较高,需采取适当的心理干预措施,提高MSM的自我效能,同时促进MSM定期做HIV检测,减少MSM被动无保护性行为的发生,有助于控制HIV在该人群的传播。     

High levels of unprotected sex with men and women among men who have sex with men: a potential bridge of HIV transmission in Beijing, China.

China is experiencing an emerging HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM). We investigated sexual risk, risk perception, HIV and condom knowledge, and utilization of prevention services in the first large sample of MSM recruited in Beijing. Four hundred eighty-two MSM were sampled from September 2001 to January 2002. Forty-nine percent of participants reported unprotected anal intercourse with men during the previous 6 months. However, only 15% perceived they are at risk for HIV and many had misconceptions about HIV transmission routes and limited knowledge about condoms. Less than one quarter obtained free condoms (24%) and condom lubricants (19%) in the past 2 years. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that unprotected insertive anal intercourse was associated with not having a Beijing residence card, having six or more male sexual partners, not having sex with women, having a lifetime history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and having never tested for HIV. Unprotected receptive anal intercourse was independently associated with having six or more male sexual partners, not having sex with women, having a lifetime history of STDs, having never tested for HIV, and having less exposure to HIV prevention services. In addition, 28% reported having sex with both men and women during the previous 6 months, and 11% had unprotected intercourse with both men and women. This finding suggests that MSM are a potential bridge of HIV transmission to heterosexual women (or vice versa) and that addressing the HIV prevention needs of MSM may benefit the wider population.     

北京市年轻MSM人群HIV感染情况调查

目的了解年轻男男性行为人群（MSM）艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染情况及其影响因素。方法分别于2009-2011年,采用应答驱动抽样方法（RDS）,在北京市18～25岁年轻MSM中开展横断面调查,采用计算机辅助问卷,调查内容包括社会人口学、性行为特征、HIV检测和对安全性行为的认知等。结果在474名调查对象中,HIV感染率为7.4%,其中2009年、2010年和2011年的感染率分别为6.4%、8.4%和7.5%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,HIV感染的影响因素为：自报HIV感染状况正确[比值比（OR）=0.06,95%可信区间（CI）：0.02～0.18]、对安全性行为的认知高（OR=0.44,95%CI：0.20～0.98）、近1年有过性病症状（OR=6.78,95%CI：1.92～23.95）和梅毒抗体阳性（OR=4.19,95%CI：1.49～11.80）。对安全性行为的认知量表内部一致性检验克朗巴赫系数为0.92。结论应促进对安全性行为的认知和性病的预防和治疗,以遏制HIV在年轻MSM中的快速传播。     

Sexual dysfunction, HIV, and AIDS in men who have sex with men

HIV infection is associated with sexual dysfunction. Using validated instruments, we investigated the relationship between HIV/AIDS and sexual function in a contemporary cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM). An anonymous Internet-based survey was disseminated to MSM via organizations and social networking sites that cater to this population. Information on ethnodemographic variables, health status (including HIV status, disease stage, and other health conditions), and sexual behavior was collected. Men were categorized as HIV-negative, HIV-positive/AIDS-negative, or HIV-positive /AIDS-positive. A modified validated version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) for use in MSM and the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT) were used to stratify risk of sexual dysfunction. The study cohort included 1361 men (236 of whom were HIV-positive) who provided complete data on HIV status, IIEF, and PEDT. There was a significant trend toward greater prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in men with progressive HIV infection 40-59 years of age relative to age matched HIV-negative men (p=0.02). In a logistic regression model controlling for other variables, HIV infection without AIDS was not associated with greater odds of ED; however, HIV infection with AIDS was associated with greater odds of ED (p=0.006). In a separate logistic regression model, HIV infection with or without AIDS was not significantly associated with greater odds of premature ejaculation (p>0.05). Use of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor drugs was much more common in HIV-infected men. HIV infection is a risk factor for poorer sexual function primarily due to higher risk of erectile dysfunction in men with AIDS.