应激对心肌缺血预适应保护作用的影响

目的: 探讨应激反应对心肌缺血预适应保护的影响。方法: 30只家兔随机分为5组:缺血预适应组(IPC组)、缺血再灌注组(IR组)、依托咪酯组(Etom组)、甲基强的松龙组(MP组)和假手术组(Sham组),以心肌梗死面积/缺血面积、血清肌酸激酶(CK)活性、肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)浓度为检测指标,同时检测血清皮质醇动态变化。结果: IPC组、MP组、IR组、Etom组心肌梗死面积/缺血面积分别为(5.86±2.81)%,(11.28±3.62)%,(26.79±4.53)%,(18.19±3.72)%,CK活性分别增加(255±89),(314±160),(855±371),(768±404)U/L,cTnI增高值分别为(3.6±0.6),(6.1±2.2),(8.1± 3.6),(6.4±1.6) μg/L。各指标组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),Etom组皮质醇反应明显钝化。结论: 钝化皮质醇反应可明显削弱IPC的保护作用,甲基强的松龙有一定程度的心肌保护作用,提示IPC保护作用中可能有应激反应参与。     

缺血后处理对缺血再灌注大鼠心肌梗死和心肌细胞凋亡的作用

目的观察在体情况下缺血后处理(IPC)对兔心肌梗死范围及缺血心肌细胞凋亡的影响,并与缺血预处理(IP)心脏保护作用比较. 方法采用兔心肌缺血/再灌注模型,在缺血后、再灌注前多次短暂再灌/停灌处理. 以Even's blue-TTC法检测心肌梗死范围,TUNEL方法检测缺血心肌细胞凋亡. 结果与对照组相比,缺血后处理明显减小心肌梗死范围(12.5±5.4% vs对照组26.7±6.7%, P<0.01),缺血区心肌凋亡指数明显下降(14.6±7.4 vs对照组30.4±12.3, P<0.05). 结论对于已缺血心肌,再灌前予多次短暂复灌、停灌处理具有与IP类似缩小心梗范围作用,IPC对缺血心肌的保护效应可能与其抑制缺血心肌细胞凋亡有关.     

应激对缺血预适应心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的:研究应激反应对缺血预适应心肌细胞凋亡的影响.方法:将24只大白兔随机分4组:静脉用依托咪酯建立兔去应激动物模型作为去应激预适应组(Etom)、正常应激预适应组(IPC)、甲基强的松龙组(MP)和无预适应处理组(IR),用DNA-ladder、TUNEL染色和Hoechst染色对比4组行缺血处理后细胞凋亡程度.结果:DNA-Ladder显示条带密度IR组＞Etom组＞MP组＞IPC组.TUNEL染色检测的凋亡率:Etom组(3.0％±0.4％)和IR组(3.8％±1.3％)与IPC组(1.7％±0.2％)比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);IR且和MP组(2.3％±0.8％)比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Hoechst染色检测的凋亡率:Etom组(7.6％±0.4％)和IR组(6.2％±1.6％)与IPC组(4.1％±0.9％)比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);IR组和MP组(3.5％±0.4％)比较,差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05).结论:去应激削弱了预适应对心肌细胞凋亡的抑制作用,甲基强的松龙可抑制缺血再灌注损伤的心肌细胞凋亡.     

缺血预处理对缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的 :观察缺血预处理 (ischemicpreconditioning ,IPC)对体外循环中缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡的影响 ,评价其对心肌的保护作用。 方法 :在猫体外循环 (cardiopulmonarybypass,CPB)模型的基础上随机分成 3组 :组 1(单纯CPB组 ,n =18)和组 2 (主动脉阻断组 ,n =18)于CPB开始 4 5min后阻断主动脉 ,6 0min后开放主动脉使心脏恢复再灌注 90min ;组 3(IPC组 ,n =18)于主动脉阻断前进行IPC(阻断升主动脉 5min后开放 10min ,并重复 3次 ) ,余处理与组 2相同。应用Annexin Ⅴ /PI联合染色、流式细胞仪检测心肌细胞膜磷脂酰丝氨酸的外翻 ,比较IPC处理组及单纯缺血再灌注组体外循环过程中 4 5、10 5、195min时间点心肌细胞坏死和凋亡的数量。 结果 :组 2于主动脉阻断 6 0min及再灌注 90min时心肌细胞坏死率分别为(2 .6 75± 0 .4 2 4 ) %及 (5 .32 7± 0 .5 13) % ,而组 3则分别为 (1.317± 0 .2 92 ) %和 (3.112± 0 .32 8) % ,两组主动脉阻断 6 0min时 ,均未检出凋亡心肌细胞 ,但在再灌注 90min时 ,组 2和组 3的心肌细胞凋亡率分别达 (2 .32 7± 0 .6 73) %和 (0 .94 3± 0 .14 6 ) %(P <0 .0 1)。IPC处理组缺血再灌注期间坏死及凋亡的心肌细胞明显减少。 结论 :IPC不仅能减少体外循环缺血再灌注导致的心肌细胞坏     

缺血预处理对大鼠急性肾缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用及其对细胞凋亡的影响

目的 :观察缺血预处理 (IPC)对大鼠急性肾缺血 /再灌注损伤的保护作用及其对细胞凋亡及凋亡相关蛋白Bcl 2和Bax表达的影响 ,探讨其作用的可能机制 .方法 :双肾动脉缺血 4 5min再灌注 2 4h制备成急性肾缺血 /再灌注动物模型 ,5 0只Wister大鼠随机分为对照假手术组、缺血 /再灌注组、缺血预处理组 (IPC1 ,IPC2 ,IPC3) .原位末端标记法检测细胞凋亡指数 ,免疫组化法测定Bcl 2和Bax表达 .结果 :与对照组比较 ,缺血 /再灌注组凋亡指数增加 (3.1± 2 .3vs 2 8.8± 4 .4 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,Bax(1 83.0± 1 2 .8vs1 6 3.0± 1 7.1 ,P <0 .0 5 )表达明显增强 ,Bcl 2增加 (1 84 .0± 9.6vs 1 79.0± 1 3.0 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,Bcl 2 /Bax比值明显降低 (1 .0 0± 0 .0 8vs 1 .1 0± 0 .0 7,P <0 .0 5 ) .缺血 /再灌注组比较 ,IPC3组肾小管凋亡指数明显下降(2 8.8± 4 .4vs 1 5 .6± 3.8,P <0 .0 5 ) ,Bcl 2表达增强 (1 79.0±1 3.0vs1 70 .0± 1 5 .1 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,Bax表达减弱 (1 6 3.0± 1 7.1vs1 74 .0± 1 3.7,P <0 .0 5 ) ,Bcl 2 /Bax比值增高 (1 .1 0± 0 .0 7vs0 .98± 0 .1 1 ,P <0 .0 5 ) .结论 :缺血预处理 (IPC3)具有抗肾脏缺血 /再灌注损伤作用 ,其作用机制可能是通过调控Bcl 2 /Bax介导的肾脏缺血 /再灌注细胞     

肾上腺皮质激素反应在心肌缺血预适应保护中的作用

目的:探讨肾上腺皮质激素反应在心肌缺血预适应保护中的作用。方法:30只家兔随机分为5组,缺血预适应组(IPC),缺血再灌注组(IR),依托咪酯组(Etom),甲基强的松龙组(MP)和对照组(control),以心肌梗死面积/缺血面积,血清肌酸激酶(CK)活性,肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)浓度为检测指标,同时检测血清皮质醇动态变化。结果:IPC组、Etom组、IR组、MP组心肌梗死面积/缺血面积分别为5.9%±2.8%,11.3%±3.6%,26.8%±4.5%,18.2%±3.7%,CK活性增高值分别为(255±89)U/L,(314±160)U/L,(855±371)U/L,(768±404)U/L,cTnI增高值分别为(3.6±0.6)μg/L,(5.9±2.0)μg/L,(8.1±3.6)μg/L,(6.1±2.3)μg/L。各指标组间比较均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。Etom组皮质醇反应明显钝化。结论:钝化皮质醇反应可明显削弱IPC的保护作用,甲基强的松龙有一定程度心肌保护作用,提示IPC保护作用中可能有应激反应成分参与。     

川芎嗪对缺血再灌注后心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察缺血再灌注后大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的特点及川芎嗪对其的影响。方法结扎冠状动脉左前降支45 min,再灌注180 min复制大鼠心肌缺血再灌注(IR)模型,川芎嗪保护组(IR+TMP)在结扎冠脉前30 min腹腔注射川芎嗪(20 mg/kg)。以TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡率,免疫组化法分析Fas、FasL、Capase-8及Capase-3蛋白表达,荧光分析法测定Capase-3活性。结果缺血再灌注组(IR)心肌细胞凋亡指数23.47±3.88较对照组0.41±0.03有显著性升高(P<0.01),Fas、FasL、Capase-8、Capase-3蛋白及Capase-3活性均显著高于对照组(P均<0.05)。川芎嗪保护组(IR+TMP)心肌细胞凋亡指数1.81±0.25较IR组23.47±3.882有显著性降低(P<0.05),Fas、FasL、Capase-8、Capase-3蛋白及Capase-3活性均显著性低于IR组(P均<0.01)。结论缺血再灌注后心肌细胞凋亡数有明显的增多;川芎嗪对缺血再灌注后心肌细胞凋亡有较好的拮抗作用,其机制可能与降低Fas死亡受体通路的信号转导有关。     

缺血预适应对再灌注性心肌超微结构损伤和细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的 :研究体外循环 (CPB)中缺血预适应 (IPC)对缺血再灌注心肌超微结构损伤的保护作用及其对细胞凋亡的影响。方法 :建立猫 CPB模型并随机分成 3组。对照组 (n=30 )仅作单纯并行 CPB转流 ;缺血再灌注组 (IR组 ,n=30 )于 CPB开始 4 5 m in后阻断升主动脉 (ACC) 6 0 m in,开放主动脉恢复再灌注 90 m in;IPC组 (n=30 )于 ACC前进行 3轮 IPC(ACC5 min后开放 1 0 m in) ,余同 IR组。应用透射电镜观察心肌超微结构的变化 ,计算心肌细胞凋亡率 ,并结合细胞化学方法观察心肌超微结构中过氧化氢 (H2 O2 )电子致密物沉积的产生及细胞内 Ca2 +分布情况。 结果 :IR组 ACC6 0 min心肌细胞超微结构损伤较重 ,尤其是线粒体及血管内皮细胞肿胀明显 ,再灌注期间进一步加重 ,至再灌注结束时 ,未见明显改善 ;IPC组心肌细胞超微结构损伤较 IR组明显减轻。至再灌注 90 min时 ,IR组和 IPC组均可发现一定数量的凋亡心肌细胞 ,心肌细胞凋亡率分别为(8.82 7± 0 .973) %和 (2 .2 4 3± 0 .2 4 6 ) % ,两者之间具有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;IR组在心脏恢复再灌注后 ,其心肌中血管内皮细胞管腔面可见较多的 H2 O2 电子致密物沉积 ,而且细胞内 Ca2 + 分布也明显增加 ;IPC组 H2 O2 电子致密物沉积和细胞内Ca2 + 分布虽有一定程度的增     

缺血预适应对再灌注性心肌细胞凋亡及其Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的 :研究体外循环 (CPB)中缺血预适应 (IPC)对心肌细胞凋亡及其 Bcl- 2和 Bax蛋白表达的影响。 方法 :建立猫CPB模型并随机均分成 3组 :对照组 (n=30 )不阻断升主动脉 (ACC) ,仅作 CPB转流 ;缺血再灌注组 (IR组 ,n=30 )于 CPB开始 4 5 min后 ACC6 0 m in,开放主动脉使心脏恢复再灌注 ;IPC组 (n=30 )于 ACC前进行 IPC(ACC5 min后开放 1 0 min,并重复 3次 ) ,余同 IR组。应用 TUNEL 法观察 CPB过程中各组心肌细胞凋亡发生的情况 ,应用免疫组化 SABC法观察 Bcl- 2和Bax蛋白的表达 ,并结合流式细胞术定量检测心肌细胞凋亡率和 Bcl- 2、Bax蛋白的表达率。 结果 :各组在 CPB缺血期间及再灌注早期 ,均未检出凋亡心肌细胞 ;IR组和 IPC组在心肌再灌注 90 m in时 ,可检测到一定数量的凋亡心肌细胞 ,凋亡率分别为 (6 .932± 0 .6 38) %和 (3.0 2 1± 0 .2 5 4 ) % ,组间差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;与对照组相比 ,IR组的 Bcl- 2蛋白表达阳性率明显下降(P<0 .0 5 ) ,Bax蛋白表达阳性率则明显上升 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;而 IPC组的 Bcl- 2蛋白表达阳性率高于 IR组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,Bax蛋白表达阳性率低于 IR组 (P<0 .0 5 )。 结论 :CPB中缺血再灌注可影响心肌细胞凋亡相关基因 Bcl- 2和 Bax蛋白的表达水平 ;IPC可以通过上调 Bcl- 2     

IPC和缬沙坦在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中抑制心肌细胞凋亡的作用

目的 研究缺血预适应(ischemic preconditioning ,IPC)和缬沙坦(valaartan)在缺血再灌注损伤时,减少心肌细胞凋亡,减轻心肌细胞坏死程度,保护心脏的作用.方法 将32只Wistar 大鼠随机分为4组,每组8 只,分别为缺血再灌注(ischemia-reperfusion, IR)组、IPC组、缬沙坦缺血再灌注(VIR)组、和缬沙坦缺血预适应组(VIPC)组,IR组和IPC组合称为生理盐水组,VIR组和VIPC组合称为缬沙坦组.留取梗死区心肌组织用免疫组化染色法,检测c-fos蛋白的磷酸化. 结果 无论IPC 组与IR 组相比还是缬沙坦组与生理盐水组相比,c-fos的磷酸化明显降低(P＜0.01). 结论 IPC可抑制c-fos的磷酸化,减轻心肌细胞凋亡,减轻缺血再灌注损伤,保护心脏.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.