下斜肌截除及前转位术治疗大度数垂直斜视临床分析

目的 评价下斜肌截除及前转位术治疗大度数垂直斜视的疗效.方法 以2001年1月至2009年6月收治的53例大度数垂直斜视(≥15△)患者为研究对象,均采取下斜肌截除(3～8mm)及前转位术,即转位于下直肌颞侧缘前1 mm处.对于垂直斜度在15△～25△之间者,下斜肌截除3～5mm;垂直斜度在25△以上者,下斜肌截除6mm及前转位后,术中照影观察,将残留的垂直斜度按1∶1.5的原则分配在该眼的上直肌与另一眼的下直肌(上、下直肌后徙1mm可解决1.5°的垂直偏斜);对于垂直斜度在60△以上的先天性下直肌缺如合并小角膜患者,下斜肌截除6～8mm及前转位术.伴有水平斜视时,按水平斜视矫正原则进行一并矫正.结果 经3～36mo随访,平均18mo.53例大度数垂直斜视患者Ⅰ期治愈40例(75.5%),好转9例(17.0%),未愈4例(7.5%).总有效率92.5%.结论 在大度数垂直斜视患者中,伴有下斜肌功能亢进者,首选下斜肌截除及前转位术,不足以矫正垂直偏斜时,联合该眼的上直肌与另一眼的下直肌后徙术,合并水平斜视时,均可Ⅰ期矫正.     

下斜肌后徙转位术治疗分离性垂直斜视

目的探索伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜的有效手术方式。方法对54例95眼伴有下斜肌亢进的DVD患者应用下斜肌后徒转位法。依据上斜程度确定下斜肌新附着点的位置。上斜小于6△16眼转位到下直肌止端水平后1mm;上斜7～11△45眼,转位到下直肌止端水平;上斜大于11△34眼,前移到下直肌止端前1mm或2mm(1mm25眼,2mm9眼)其中1例单眼上斜50～80△者联合同侧上直肌后徙6mm,对合并水平斜视者,则采用水平直肌后徙和缩短术同时矫正水平斜视。结果术后满意者93眼(97.89%),好转者2眼(2.11%),无1例无效者。95眼术后下斜肌亢进均消失,无1例上转受限者。结论下斜肌后徒转位术是治疗伴有下斜肌亢进分离性垂直斜视的有效手术方式。     

伴下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜的手术治疗

目的探索伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜的有效手术方式。方法对19例(25眼)伴有下斜肌亢进的DVD患者应用下斜肌缩短4-5mm后徙前移法。依据上斜程度,确定下斜肌新附着点的位置。垂直分离小于10△者3眼,下斜肌固定于下直肌附着点颞侧水平后1mm;11△-20△12眼,下斜肌固定于下直肌附着点颞侧水平;21△-30△12眼,下斜肌固定于下直肌附着点颞侧前1mm处,术中检查仍向上分离15△-18△者2眼,联合同侧上直肌后退4-5mm。对合并水平斜视者,则采用水平直肌徙后或缩短术同时矫正水平斜视。结果本文19例(25眼)术后良好者23眼(92%),好转者1眼(4%),无1例无效者。1例行右眼下斜肌转位后,发现左眼向上分离<5△未术。24眼术后下斜肌亢进均获矫正,无1例上转受限者。结论下斜肌缩短4-5mm后徙前移术是治疗伴有下斜肌亢进DVD的有效手术方式。     

垂直斜视的手术治疗

目的垂直斜视手术治疗的临床观察方法垂直斜视病例43例,其中麻痹性斜视33例,垂直性分离性偏斜(DVD)8例,甲状腺相关性眼病2例。检查双眼和单眼运动、角膜映光法、三棱镜遮盖试验及同视机检查垂直和水平斜视角,垂直斜视角3△～60△,水平斜视角10△～70△,作牵拉试验和Bielschowsky头位倾斜试验。手术一期完成31例,二期手术12例。手术选择在高位眼,麻痹眼及非注视眼。上斜肌麻痹26例行单侧或双侧下斜肌减弱术,5例行下斜肌和垂直直肌手术。1例上直肌麻痹行对侧眼下斜肌后退术,另1例行同侧眼下直肌后退术。8例DVD均采用一眼或双眼上直肌等量或不等量后退,后退量为6～9mm,合并下斜肌亢进的同时作下斜肌减弱术,其中1例行下斜肌转位术。2例甲状腺相关性眼病,行下直肌后退术。结果40例病人第一眼位正位,复视消失。2例DVD患者术后明显改善,1例甲状腺相关性眼病患者术后垂直斜视8△。结论垂直斜视的手术起点是垂直斜度大于10△,在斜度最大视野内起作用的肌肉上手术,垂直斜视矫正应保证正前方及前下方注视野,手术宜选择在高位眼,麻痹眼及非注视眼上进行。     

单侧上斜肌麻痹术式分析

目的观察单侧上斜肌麻痹不同术式的疗效。方法124例单侧上斜肌麻痹患者,据Knapp上斜肌麻痹手术方案,结合眼球运动及眼球旋转情况选择术式。垂直斜视角在5△～20△之间行单纯上斜肌折叠或单纯下斜肌后徙术;垂直斜视角>25△者,除上、下斜肌手术外,若麻痹眼为主眼,则同时选择对侧下直肌后徙术;若非麻痹眼为主眼,则同时选择同侧上直肌后徙术。若伴水平斜视,据常规手术量设计,同时予以矫正。结果垂直斜视治愈109例占87.90%,头消失107例占86.29%。其中单纯上斜肌折叠和单纯下斜肌后徙的垂直斜视治愈率分别为84.21%和92.31%,无统计学意义(x2=1.03,p>0.25);头位消失率分别为84.21和86.54%,无统计学意义(x2=0.062,p>0.75)。结论合理选择术式是矫正单侧上斜肌麻痹的关键。     

分离性垂直性偏斜手术疗效分析

目的为讨论分离性垂直性偏斜(dissociated Vertical deviationDVD)手术治疗方法对15例(25眼)第一诊断为DVD患者，手术治疗方案进行经验总结。方法单纯DVD做上直肌后徙术，DVD合并下斜肌亢进者做下斜肌断腱加转位至下直肌附着点颞侧，DVD合并水平斜视同时联合水平斜视矫正术。结果1．DVD疗效标准：痊愈：垂直斜视消失或小于10^△；好转：垂直斜视较术前减少10^△以上；无效：垂直斜视无改善或改善小于10^△。2．治疗结果：痊愈12例(80％)，好转2例(13％)，无效l例(7％)。结论DVD患者双眼虽然分离不相等，但尽量行双眼等量手术，如果双眼分离相差10^△以上做双眼上直肌不等量后徙手术，如伴有下斜肌亢进应做下斜肌断腱加转位术。     

非对称性分离性垂直斜视的手术治疗探讨

目的 探讨非对称性分离性垂直偏斜(DVD)的手术治疗效果.方法 对15例因非对称性分离性垂直斜视行手术治疗的患者进行回顾性总结分析,观察患者性别、年龄、斜视类型、临床表现、手术方式和效果,并随访3个月到2年.结果 单纯DVD患者6例,合并其他类型斜视患者9例;单眼受累5例,其中3例采用上直肌后徙,2例采用下斜肌部分切除加转位;双眼受累10例,6例采用不等量的上直肌后徙,后徙量为3.5～10 mm,4例采用下斜肌部分切除加前转位,根据垂直斜度及下斜肌亢进程度的不同,分别将下斜肌离断并切除一定量后转位于下直肌颞侧水平前1 mm至下直肌颞侧水平后1 mm不等.术后12例患者眼位正位,遮盖后无上斜视出现,外观满意,1例行单眼手术者对侧眼出现DVD,1只眼行下斜肌转位后患者出现上转受限.结论 非对称性分离性垂直斜视选择非对称性手术效果较好,对于无下斜肌亢进的患者首选上直肌不等量后徙,对于伴有下斜肌功能亢进的患者采用下斜肌部分切除加前转位.     

单眼双上转肌麻痹的临床特征及手术治疗探讨

6年间共收治12例单眼上转肌麻痹患者，其临床特征为患眼下斜视，下斜度≥50△，多合并外斜视，外斜度＜30△．患眼向上、内上和外上方向转动受限，且伴有假性上睑下垂。手术原则为垂直斜度≤30△者行患眼下直肌后徙，30～50△者行患眼下直肌和健眼上直肌后徙，≥50△者除患眼下直肌和健眼上直肌后徙外，同时作患眼上斜肌腱．对合并混合性上睑下垂行提上睑肌折叠术，真性上睑下垂行提上睑肌缩短术．依据上述原则施术12例，10例眼位矫正，上睑下垂消失，欠矫和过矫各1例，效果满意。     

单眼上斜肌麻痹伴同侧上直肌亢进或挛缩综合征手术治疗

目的观察下斜肌减弱联合同侧上直肌后徙手术治疗单眼上斜肌麻痹伴同侧上直肌亢进或挛缩综合征的临床疗效和安全性。方法2013年5月至2016年2月在沈阳市第四人民医院眼科,临床确诊为单眼上斜肌麻痹伴同侧上直肌亢进或挛缩综合征患者12例,所有患者第一眼位垂直斜视度≥15△,麻痹眼侧歪头试验阳性,向麻痹眼方向注视时垂直斜视度比第一眼位〉5△,上方所有注视眼位均上斜,对侧眼上斜肌功能过强。所有患者均为初次手术治疗,手术将下斜肌后徙于下直肌颞侧止端后3mm,上直肌后徙3-5mm,合并水平斜视者同时予以矫正。结果术前患者均有代偿头位,中度9例,重度3例;术后所有患者代偿头位均有改善,头位消失者6例,轻度倾斜者4例,中度倾斜者2例;术前第一眼位垂直斜视度（24．8±5．2）△,术后（6．0±2．8）△;术后歪头试验10例阴性,2例轻阳性;术后术眼有轻度上转受限,无双眼复视。结论下斜肌减弱联合同侧上直肌后徙手术是治疗单眼上斜肌麻痹伴同侧上直肌亢进或挛缩综合征可选择的手术方式,可以有效改善代偿头位和垂直斜视,未引起明显上转受限。     

应用水平直肌移位治疗水平斜视伴垂直斜视

目的探讨水平直肌移位治疗水平斜视伴小角度垂直斜视效果。方法对我院56例（103只眼）水平斜视合并小角度垂直斜视者,在行内、外直肌缩短或徙后手术同时,将附着点上下移位。结果 56例（103只眼）中,30例垂直斜度5-7△,将单眼水平直肌垂直移位5mm,平均矫正垂直斜度5.78±0.57△,疗效较好。21例垂直斜度8-20△将水平直肌垂直上下移位6-7mm,平均矫正垂直斜度6.69±0.91△,其中6例垂直斜度15-20△,欠矫。5例不伴有下斜肌异常V型外斜者,垂直斜度为7-20△,将双眼外直肌徙后并同时向上移位6-7mm,获得较好效果。结论水平肌移位治疗水平斜视伴小角度垂直斜视及不伴有下斜肌异常的V型外斜视获得满意效果。     

下斜肌减弱术治疗下斜肌功能亢进

目的观察下斜肌减弱术治疗下斜肌功能亢进的治疗效果。方法下斜肌功能亢进92例,以正前方的垂直斜视度为依据:斜视度在15△以内者(43例),采用下斜肌截除术;斜视度在15△以上者(49例),采用下斜肌截除术联合对侧眼下直肌后徙术或同侧眼上直肌后徙术。结果79例(85.87%)原位眼垂直斜视度得到矫正,68例代偿头位患者中62例(91.18%)代偿头位消失或减轻。结论根据正前方的垂直斜视度采用不同的下斜肌减弱术,可获得较好的临床治疗效果。     

Comparison of anterior transposition and recession of the inferior oblique muscle in unilateral superior oblique paresis

PURPOSE: Both anterior transposition and graded recession have been shown to be effective procedures in weakening the inferior oblique muscle. Anterior transposition may work in part by converting the inferior oblique muscle from an elevator to a depressor of the globe. In theory, this would be useful in treating the inferior oblique overaction associated with superior oblique paresis. We compared inferior oblique recession and anterior transposition for the surgical correction of Knapp's class III unilateral superior oblique paresis. METHODS: Four patients underwent 14 mm recession, and five underwent anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle for the hypertropia in superior oblique paresis. Prism cover test measurements were made in all cardinal fields of gaze and were compared before and after operation between the two groups. RESULTS: The mean preoperative hyperdeviation in the primary position was 12 prism diopters in the recession group and 15 prism diopters in the anterior transposition group. The mean postoperative hyperdeviation was 1 prism diopter in the recession group and 3 prism diopters in the anterior transposition group. Postoperative results in the inferior oblique field of action demonstrated a mean 3 prism diopter hypertropia in the recession group and a 2 prism diopter hypotropia in the anterior transposition group. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior transposition and graded recession gave similar results in correcting the primary position hyperdeviation in Knapp's class III superior oblique paresis. Both procedures also markedly improved the hyperdeviation in the field of action of the inferior oblique muscle and superior oblique muscle. However, anterior transposition was more likely to result in postoperative hypodeviation in upgaze.     

两种下斜肌减弱术在先天性上斜肌麻痹治疗中的运用

目的探讨二种下斜肌减弱术在先天性上斜肌麻痹治疗中的效果。方法85例先天性上斜肌麻痹患者,33例垂直眼位<15~Δ行下斜肌部分切除术,52例垂直眼位>15~Δ行下斜肌移位术。结果85例患者中垂直眼位<15~Δ行下斜肌部分切除术者,治愈及好转29人(87.9%),>15~Δ行下斜肌转位术者,治愈及好转41人(78.8%)。术前有代偿头位者均消失或改善。结论先天性上斜肌麻痹垂直眼位<15~Δ可行下斜肌部分切除术,>15~Δ者可行下斜肌移位术。     

先天性上斜肌麻痹的手术治疗

目的探讨先天性上斜肌麻痹的各种手术方法与疗效及适应症。方法回顾性分析112例先天性上斜肌麻痹患者分别行患眼下斜肌断腱、下斜肌部分切除、下斜肌后徙转位、下斜肌后徙转位联合健眼下直肌后徙术的术后效果。结果术后平均随访22月（7～36月）,下斜肌断腱术22例,术后满意率86.36%,下斜肌部分切除术16例,术后满意率87.5%,两者治疗效果相当,无明显统计学差异;下斜肌后徙转位54例,术后满意率88.89%;下斜肌后徙转位联合健眼下直肌后徙术20例,术后满意率80%。结论先天性上斜肌麻痹患者应根据术前垂直斜视度的大小选用不同的手术治疗方法,且应该早期治疗。下斜肌断腱和下斜肌部分切除术治疗效果相当,适用于矫正垂直斜视度〈15~△者;下斜肌后徙转位适用于矫正垂直斜视度15~△～25~△者;下斜肌后徙转位联合健眼下直肌后徙术适用于矫正垂直斜视度〉25~△者。     

Unilateral inferior oblique muscle myectomy and recession in the treatment of inferior oblique muscle overaction: a longitudinal study

BACKGROUND: The comparable long-term outcomes of inferior oblique muscle myectomy and recession for the treatment of superior oblique underaction (in primary position and straight right and left gaze) have not been well documented in the literature. The purpose of this study was to compare longitudinally these two procedures in a similar, patient population with binocular single vision, when both operations were performed by the same surgeon, with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. METHODS: A total of 24 patients who randomly underwent either a unilateral myectomy (at the temporal border of the inferior rectus muscle) or a standard recession for inferior oblique muscle overaction associated with long-standing superior oblique underaction were evaluated preoperatively at 2 weeks, 4 months, and 12 months postoperatively by the same orthoptist. RESULTS: A total of 23 patients met the study criteria, (12 myectomies and 11 recessions). All but one patient had demonstrable binocular single vision. The average preoperative hyperdeviation in contralateral gaze was 26.5 prism dioptres (Delta) in the myectomies and 20 Delta in the recessions. This was reduced at 12 months postoperatively to 1.75 Delta in the myectomies and to 3 Delta in the recessions. Both procedures were largely self-grading, so that the larger the preoperative hyperdeviation, the greater the effect of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Single inferior oblique muscle-weakening procedures were effective in the vast majority of patients, even when the preoperative primary position hyperdeviation was 15 Delta or more. An improvement occurred in both groups immediately after surgery and in many throughout the follow-up period represented by a continuing drift towards orthotropia, but there was a recurrence of the hyperdeviation in some of the recession patients.     

垂直斜视75例手术临床分析

目的探讨垂直斜视手术治疗方法,评价疗效。方法回顾分析75例垂直斜视手术患者。根据原在位垂直斜度、下斜肌亢进程度及其合并症不同分别采取下斜肌截断术、下斜肌截除术、下斜肌截除+转位术、下斜肌截除+转位+同侧眼上直肌后徙/或对侧眼下直肌后徙术、伴有水平斜视者按水平斜视矫正原则联合水平斜视矫正术、对无下斜肌亢进者行上直肌和/下直肌后徙术共6种手术方式,并进行平均3年以上的随访。结果 75例患者,通过6种手术方式进行一期手术,治愈57例(76%);好转12例(16%);无效6例(8%),其中欠矫4例(5.3%),过矫2例(2.7%),总有效率为92%。结论垂直斜视临床表现复杂,没有固定的手术模式,需根据术前详细的检查结果制定合理的手术方案,本文6种手术方法对治疗垂直斜视是可行的,绝大部分垂直斜视可通过一期手术获得临床治愈。     

手术治疗外斜V征的效果观察

目的探讨外斜v征的手术方法及其效果。方法外斜V征43例中38例行下斜肌切断或部分切除联合常规水平肌手术,另5例行水平直肌垂直移位术。观察术前术后眼位、下斜肌功能和双眼视觉的状况。结果对大多数外斜V征的患者来说,下斜肌减弱术联合常规的水平肌手术矫正效果最好;对无明显下斜肌亢进者,水平直肌的垂直移位术可取得很好的疗效。本组43例外斜V征患者中37例术后眼位上、中、下均为正位,54眼下斜肌功能亢进消失,8眼仍有轻度下斜肌功能亢进,15例有一定程度的双眼视。结论根据外斜V征是否合并下斜肌亢进以及亢进的程度,决定行下斜肌减弱术或水平直肌垂直移位术,同时行常规水平肌手术矫正水平斜视。术后效果良好,患者双眼视觉功能可能有所恢复。     

先天性双上转肌麻痹的临床特点和手术治疗

目的探讨先天性双上转肌麻痹的临床特征和有效的手术治疗方法。方法根据病情对11例先天性双上转肌麻痹患者行不同手术治疗,观察手术前后眼位、斜视度数及临床特征的变化。结果11例先天性双上转肌麻痹患者中,10例患眼下斜,1例健眼上斜。患眼向上、内上及外上活动受限,且合并假性上睑下垂。10例以健眼注视的患者中,2例行患眼下直肌后退,8例行患眼上斜肌切断及下直肌后退术,其中2例因第1次手术量不足,术后6个月再行健眼上直肌后退术。7例合并外斜视患者同时行外直肌后退术(单眼5例,双眼2例)。1例以患眼注视的患者行健眼下斜肌切断及上直肌后退术。9例患者第一眼位斜视完全矫正,2例斜视症状明显改善。7例合并外斜视者症状全部消失。患眼下斜肌和上直肌功能均无改善。上睑下垂症状9例患者消失,1例患者明显改善,1例患者无改善。结论先天性双上转肌麻痹是临床较为少见的一种眼球运动障碍性疾病,上直肌和下斜肌同时麻痹是其发病的主要临床特征;其有效的手术治疗方法是垂直直肌后退术和上斜肌切断术。(中华眼科杂志．2004,40：652-654）     

The effect of graded recession and anteriorization on unilateral superior oblique palsy

PURPOSE: We wanted to examine the effect of graded recession and anteriorization of the inferior oblique muscle on patients suffering from unilateral superior oblique palsy. METHODS: Inferior oblique muscle graded recession and anteriorization were performed on twenty-two patients (22 eyes) with unilateral superior oblique palsy. The recession and anteriorization were matched to the degree of inferior oblique overaction and hypertropia. The inferior oblique muscle was attached 4 mm posterior to the temporal border of the inferior rectus muscle in six eyes, 3 mm posterior in five eyes, 2 mm posterior in five eyes, 1 mm posterior in five eyes, and parallel to the temporal border in one eye. RESULTS: The average angle of vertical deviation prior to surgery was 11.3 +/- 3.9 prism diopters (PD). The total average correction in the angle of vertical deviation after surgery was 10.8 +/- 3.8 PD. In the parallel group, the average reduction was 14 PD. After surgery, normal inferior oblique muscle action was seen in eighteen of twenty-two eyes (81.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Graded recession and anteriorization of the inferior oblique muscle is thought to be an effective surgical method to treat unilateral superior oblique palsy of less than 15 PD.     

The surgical results of correcting strabismus with inferior oblique hyperfunction

PURPOSE: To evaluate the surgical results of correcting strabismus with inferior oblique hyperfunction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 40 patients, who underwent surgery from 1999-2001 was performed. 7 patients had isolated inferior oblique hyperfunction, 5 with hypertropia, 23 patients had esotropia with inferior oblique hyperfunction and 5 patients had exotropia with inferior oblique hyperfunction. The recession of inferior oblique muscle was undergone in cases with inferior oblique hyperfunction, sometimes in hypertropia with anteposito. The recession-resection of rectus muscles with myotomy-tenotomy of inferior oblique muscle or his recession usually were performed in cases with coexisting esotropia or exotropia. RESULTS: In all cases eyes were acceptably aligned. The recession of inferior oblique muscle is the most effective method of operation in high oblique hyperfunction.