结肠康泰对大鼠结肠炎肠组织内TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平的影响

目的:探讨大鼠实验性结肠炎结肠组织内TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平变化及中药结肠康泰的影响.方法:将SD大鼠随机分为3组,对照组、模型组、模型+结肠康泰组.采用三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)/乙醇复制实验性结肠炎模型,检测各组肉眼和组织病理学记分、肠组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性和TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量.结果:模型+结肠康泰组大鼠结肠肉眼及组织学损伤记分、MPO活性明显低于模型组;模型组结肠组织TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平明显高于正常对照组;模型+结肠康泰组TNF-α及IL-6水平明显低于模型组,而IL-1β水平无显著差异.结论:结肠康泰对大鼠实验性结肠炎的治疗作用可能涉及到结肠组织细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6的免疫调节作用.     

石榴果浓缩物对大鼠免疫性结肠损伤的保护作用

目的:研究石榴果浓缩物对大鼠免疫性结肠损伤的保护作用。方法:建立大鼠免疫性结肠炎模型,采用石榴果浓缩物灌胃治疗并与阳性药物5-氨基水杨酸(5-ASA)及空白组对照。10天后,参照有关标准评价各组大鼠结肠粘膜损伤指数(CMDI),检测结肠髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)含量及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)水平。结果:石榴果浓缩物300、500、1000mg/kg三种浓度和5-ASA均能不同程度降低结肠损伤大鼠CMDI、MPO活性、减少MDA含量,提高GSH-PX、SOD活性,使显著升高的TNF、IL-6水平下降、降低的IL-10水平升高,且呈一定量效关系。结论:石榴果浓缩物通过免疫调节及抗脂质过氧化对免疫性损伤结肠进行修复,抑制结肠炎症反应。     

阿魏酸钠对结肠炎大鼠结肠巨噬细胞功能的影响

目的:探讨阿魏酸钠在整体水平下对结肠炎大鼠结肠巨噬细胞功能的影响及其机制。方法:建立大鼠免疫性结肠炎模型。阿魏酸钠(SF)灌肠用药21d后检测结肠组织MDA、NO、PGE₂含量,SOD、IL-1、TNF-α、MPO活性及NF-κBp65表达水平。结果:阿魏酸钠(200、400、800mg/kg)灌肠用药剂量依赖性降低模型组大鼠显著升高的MDA、NO、PGE₂含量,IL-1、TNF-α、MPO活性及NF-κBp65表达水平,同时升高显著降低的SOD活性。结论:SF整体水平下减弱结肠炎大鼠结肠活化巨噬细胞的生物活性,缓解结肠炎症反应,机制可能与抑制NF-κB表达有关。     

白芨多糖抑制溃疡性结肠炎大鼠炎性反应与氧化应激

目的从炎性反应与氧化应激两方面研究白芨多糖对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大鼠的治疗作用。方法将大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组(采用0.8 mL,2.5 mg/mL含50%乙醇的三硝基苯磺酸灌肠构建UC模型)、美沙拉嗪组(10 mL/kg)及白芨多糖低、中和高剂量组(100、200和400 mg/kg)。造模2 d后开始灌胃给药,连续10 d,观察大鼠疾病活动指数(DAI);ELISA法检测血清中IL-1β、IL-10和TNF-α水平;RT-qPCR检测结肠组织中IL-1β、IL-10和TNF-αmRNA表达;试剂盒检测结肠组织中SOD、MDA和GSH-Px指标;Western blot检测结肠组织TLR-4、NF-κB p65蛋白表达。结果与正常组比较,模型组大鼠体质量减轻,DAI评分升高,IL-1β和TNF-α浓度及mRNA表达升高,IL-10降低,结肠组织中SOD和GSH-Px活性降低,MDA含量及TLR-4、NF-κB p65蛋白表达升高(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,白芨多糖低、中和高剂量组DAI评分降低,IL-1β和TNF-α浓度及mRNA表达降低,而IL-10升高,结肠组织中SOD和GSH-Px活性升高,MDA含量及TLR-4、NF-κB p65蛋白表达呈剂量依赖性降低(P<0.05)。结论白芨多糖对UC大鼠具有较好的治疗作用,其作用机制可能与抑制炎性反应和氧化应激有关。     

结肠康泰对大鼠结肠炎肠组织内TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平的影响

目的：探讨大鼠实验性结肠炎结肠组织内TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平变化及中药结肠康泰的影响。方法：将SD大鼠随机分为3组，对照组、模型组、模型+结肠康泰组。采用三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）/乙醇复制实验性结肠炎模型，检测各组肉眼和组织病理学记分、肠组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性和TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量。结果：模型+结肠康泰组大鼠结肠肉眼及组织学损伤记分、MPO活性明显低于模型组；模型组结肠组织TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平明显高于正常对照组；模型+结肠康泰组TNF-α及IL-6水平明显低于模型组，而IL-1β水平无显著差异。结论：结肠康泰对大鼠实验性结肠炎的治疗作用可能涉及到结肠组织细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6的免疫调节作用。     

愈肠宁胃-结肠分释胶囊对三硝基苯磺酸致大鼠溃疡性结肠炎的影响

目的评价愈肠宁胃-结肠分释胶囊的药效,并探讨其作用机制。方法SD大鼠48只,按体重随机分为正常组、对照组、阳性对照组、愈肠宁胃-结肠分释胶囊低剂量组（胶囊低剂量组）、愈肠宁胃-结肠分释胶囊高剂量组（胶囊高剂量组）、愈肠宁溶液组（溶液组）,每组8只。正常组、对照组均给予同体积生理盐水,阳性对照组给予柳氮磺吡啶肠溶片,其余3组分别给予不同剂量的愈肠宁胃-结肠分释胶囊和愈肠宁溶液。各组给药3d后,以三硝基苯磺酸诱导建立火鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,各组继续给药至8d后结束实验,取大鼠结肠组织测定肠重系数,观察并评价给药后结肠组织损伤指数,同时检测结肠组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）、TNF-α、IL-1β、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）水平。结果与正常组比较,对照组大鼠肠重系数、结肠组织损伤指数差异显著,结肠组织SOD水平显著降低,MPO、TNF—α、IL-1β、MDA水平显著升高。与对照组相比,各给药组大鼠肠蕈系数、结肠组织损伤指数（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）以及MPO、TNF—α、IL-1β、MDA水平均显著降低;胶囊高剂量组、阳性对照组人鼠结肠组织SOD水平均显著升高。与溶液组相比,阳性对照组、胶囊高剂量组大鼠肠重系数、结肠组织损伤指数均显著降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）：胶囊高剂量组人鼠结肠组织SOD水平明显升高,MPO、TNF—α、1L-1β水平均显著降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,MDA水平则无明显差异。结论通过抑制炎性细胞浸润和促炎因子的异常释放,以及调节失衡的氧自由基系统等作用机制,愈肠宁胃一结肠分释胶囊表现出与同剂量愈肠宁溶液相比更明显的疗效优势,具有良好应用前景。     

苦参素减轻三硝基苯磺酸诱导结肠炎大鼠的炎症损伤及其机制

目的研究苦参素对三硝基苯磺酸/乙醇混合溶液诱导的结肠炎大鼠中CD11c~+ CD103~+ E-cadherin~+细胞的调节作用。方法将40只SD成熟雄性大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、苦参素组(20 mg/kg)以及美沙拉嗪组(150 mg/kg)。除去正常组,其余组使用三硝基苯磺酸/乙醇混合溶液建立大鼠结肠炎模型,模型建立后给药治疗7 d并每天称量大鼠体质量。给药结束后剪取大鼠结肠,测量结肠长度并称其质量,计算结肠质量指数, HE染色检测结肠病变情况。ELISA检测结肠组织白细胞介素10(IL-10)、 IL-2、细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM-1)的水平,流式细胞术检测结肠中CD11c~+ CD103~+E-cadherin~+细胞频数。结果与模型组比较,苦参素组大鼠体质量明显增加,结肠长度显著增加,结肠质量及结肠质量指数显著降低,且苦参素治疗组结肠黏膜损伤明显减轻, IL-2与ICAM-1水平显著降低, IL-10和CD11c~+ CD103~+ E-cadherin~+细胞水平明显增加。结论苦参素通过调节IL-10、 IL-2、 ICMA-1水平、增加CD11c~+ CD103~+ E-cadherin~+细胞数量,减轻大鼠结肠炎症。     

褪黑素影响免疫性结肠炎的几种炎性细胞因子表达检测

目的　研究大鼠免疫性结肠炎模型中核转录因子 (nuclearfactorκB ,NF κB)调控结肠黏膜细胞因子表达及褪黑素对该过程的影响。方法　利用三硝基苯磺酸和乙醇复制大鼠免疫性结肠炎模型 ,设正常对照组、模型对照组、褪黑素给药组 (2 .5、5 .0、10 .0mg/kg) ,每天灌肠给药 1次 ,从复制模型 7d后开始至实验结束共 2 1d。检测大鼠结肠组织NF κB亚单位p6 5、p5 0及其抑制因子ⅠκB的表达和IL 1、IL 2、IL 8、TNF α水平。结果　模型对照组大鼠结肠组织p6 5、p5 0表达明显增强 ,ⅠκB表达减少 ,结肠组织IL 1、IL 2、IL 8、TNF α含量增多 ,褪黑素对大鼠结肠组织p6 5、p5 0表达可呈不同程度的抑制作用 ,增强ⅠκB表达 ,减低结肠组织IL 1、IL 2、IL 8、TNF α含量。结论　免疫性结肠炎大鼠结肠NF κB表达增强、ⅠκB表达减少 ,引起具有促炎作用的细胞因子明显增多 ,褪黑素可通过抑制NF κB表达减少促炎细胞因子水平 ,发挥抗结肠炎作用。     

苦参碱对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠肠黏膜细胞因子和自由基的影响

目的探究苦参碱对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠肠黏膜细胞因子和自由基的影响及其机制。方法采用2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）制造大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,运用苦参碱对大鼠溃疡性结肠炎进行治疗,以柳氮磺胺吡啶作为阳性对照。治疗结束后,剖取结肠,检测黏膜细胞中IL-1α、TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8等细胞因子的水平;检测结肠黏膜细胞中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）水平。另取部分结肠做组织显微镜检查,并对组织损伤评分进行数理统计。结果与模型组相比,苦参碱和柳氮磺胺吡啶均能极显著降低IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8水平（均P〈0．01）;与模型组相比,苦参碱和柳氮磺胺吡啶均能极显著升高结肠黏膜细胞SOD水平（P〈0．01）,极显著降低MDA水平（P〈0．01）;苦参碱和柳氮磺胺吡啶均能促进溃疡面愈合,减少病灶部位炎性细胞浸润,水肿及纤维化。结论苦参碱能明显抵抗溃疡性结肠炎炎性反应,增强机体免疫,通过调节肠黏膜细胞因子失衡和抑制黏膜细胞氧自由基的产生和抗氧化功能干预溃疡性结肠炎发病过程。     

巴柳氮对结肠炎小鼠肠TNF-α、IFN-γ和黏膜通透性影响的研究

目的 探讨结肠炎小鼠肠黏膜中TNF-α和IFN-γ的含量与肠黏膜通透性的关系及抗结肠炎药物巴柳氮的影响.方法 将45只C57BL/6J小鼠,分成正常对照组、葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran-sulfatesodium,DSS)模型组、巴柳氮不同剂量组(42、141、423 ms/ks),正常对照组自由饮水,其余各组自由饮用5%DSS溶液7 d.巴柳氮采用灌胃给药7 d.实验结束后取结肠进行HE染色评分,结肠匀浆检测髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)活性,小肠匀浆检测TNF-α和IFN-γ含量,小肠黏膜进行透射电镜检查.Evans-蓝方法检测小肠黏膜通透性.结果 DSS结肠炎组小鼠病理评分(histo-logical index,HI)增高(P<0.01),结肠黏膜MPO活性增高,小肠匀浆TNF-α和IFN-γ含量明显增高(P<0.05).透射电镜检查小肠黏膜绒毛变短、萎缩,细胞间连接复合体缩短、变宽,细胞间隙扩大;小肠组织中Evans-蓝含量增高,提示肠黏膜通透性增加.巴柳氮组小鼠HI降低(P<0.05),MPO活性减低,同时TNF-α和IFN-γ含量降低.小肠黏膜绒毛形态和细胞间隙接近正常,小肠组织中Evans-蓝含量明显减少.结论 DSS结肠炎小鼠中肠黏膜TNF-α和IFN-γ含量与肠黏膜通透性增加一致,巴柳氮在其抗结肠炎作用同时修复肠黏膜屏障.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.