Human exposure to trace metals and possible public health risks via consumption of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Adriatic coastal area

Considering the growing concern due to different levels of anthropogenic loadings, the main purpose of this study was to identify the levels of trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Cd, Pb and Hg) in the mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis sampled along the marine coast of Boka Kotorska Bay, Montenegro. In comparison with the permissible limits set by the EU and the US FDA, all trace metal concentrations found in the mussels from the coastal area of Boka Kotorska Bay were lower than the prescribed limits. Generally, the trace metal concentrations found in Montenegrin mussels are within the range of trace metal concentrations determined in low to moderately polluted Adriatic areas. Based on these and other available literature data published by other authors for Adriatic region, the public health risks associated with the consumption of mussels in relation to reported trace metal concentrations were evaluated. In terms of the obtained trace metals concentrations in mussels and the provisional tolerable weekly intake prescribed by the JECFA and oral reference doses by the US EPA, the Pb and Cd concentrations and the Co and Cd concentrations were recognized as the limiting factor for the consumption of mussels from some Adriatic areas, respectively.     

微波消解-ICP-MS法测定中天舒胶囊中5种重金属元素

目的：使用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）仪,建立天舒胶囊中Cu、As、Pb、Cd、Hg共5种重金属元素的测定方法。方法：样品经过微波消解处理后,采用外标法,用ICP-MS进行测定。结果：各元素线性关系良好（r＞0.999）,最低检出限为0.0018~0.8237μg‧L-1,回收率为98.1%~115.6%。结论：该方法准确、简便、快速、灵敏,适用于天舒胶囊内容物中重金属的含量测定。     

不同产地厚朴中重金属及有害元素检测

目的:检测不同产地厚朴中重金属及有害元素含量。方法:采用原子荧光光度法和原子吸收分光光度法对全国8省11个不同产地厚朴中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜进行测定。结果:不同产地厚朴中所含重金属及有害元素的量有一定差异,11个样品中除有4个样品的铅含量较高外,其余均符合"药用植物及制剂外经贸绿色行业标准"要求。结论:所建立的方法可行,其含量测定结果可为厚朴药材的规范化种植和质量评价提供参考。     

3种注射液中重金属、砷盐检查方法提高的研究

目的提高白花蛇舌草注射液、伊痛舒注射液、蟾酥注射液检查项下部分质量标准。方法采用中国药典2005年版一部附录方法对有关物质、重金属和砷盐进行检查。结果三个品种注射液拟收载的各项指标均符合要求。结论方法准确可靠,可更好地控制白花蛇舌草注射液、伊痛舒注射液、蟾酥注射液的质量。     

淫羊藿中重金属超临界CO2流体净化技术研究

目的利用超临界CO2萃取技术(SFE)净化淫羊藿中重金属.方法①以二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(DDC-Na)为金属络合剂,用超临界流体萃取技术净化药材中的重金属,并对萃取方案进行最优化.②选择不同的混合酸消化液完全消解药材后,以空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收法(AAS)和氢化物发生AAS法分别测定其中的铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)以及砷(As)、汞(Hg).③采用Kromasil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm )色谱柱,以甲醇-水(60∶40)为流动相,检测波长为270 nm,测定淫羊藿中淫羊藿苷的含量.结果在最佳萃取条件下,重金属净化率达到90%以上,中药材有效成分的损失＜5%.结论确定了药材中重金属的最佳萃取条件.     

Risk assessment of heavy metals bioaccumulation: fished shrimps from the Persian Gulf

Although, several benefits can be offered by the consumption of marine products, the heavy metals bioaccumulation inside of their body can put the health of consumers at a high level of risk. In this context, however, the Persian Gulf contentedly is polluted by waste water, solid waste and petroleum activities residues, due to an increasing trend in consumption of fished aquatic organisms such as fish and shrimp, the safety of marine products is a source of concern. The current review was established in order tracing the metals concentrations in the muscle of fished shrimps from the Persian Gulf as well as conducting the health risk assessment. The reviewed literature was based on the internal and external databases. According to the results of 23 studies, the maximum and minimum heavy metals concentrations were determined as Zn (8.56?±?34.68?μg/g) and Hg (0.08?±?0.04?μg/g), respectively. Moreover, the heavy metal levels in the 32.5% of studies were higher than premiered limit by the WHO/FDA guidelines. Based on the calculated median for heavy metals concentrations, Total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) for the adults and children were reported as 0.466 and 0.311, respectively. The order of the concentration of the heavy metals can be demonstrated as following: Co?>?As?>?Cd?>?Pb?>?Cu?>?Zn?>?Mn?>?Ni?>?Hg?>?Cr. Considering the results of risk assessment, no potential human health risk for the consumer's shrimps of the Persian Gulf was observed.

Research highlights

• Maximum and minimum of heavy metals concentrations in the shrimps were determined as Zn and Hg, respectively, in the Bushehr, Khuzestan, Bandar Abbas, Qeshm Island, Kuwait and Qatar.

• Total target hazard quotient for the adults and children were less than 1 value.

• Overall, potential health risk of heavy metals does not threaten consumer’s heath.

     

Concentrations of toxic heavy metals in ambient particulate matter in an industrial area of northeastern China

This paper investigates concentrations of various heavy metals in ambient particulate matter (PM) and provide evidence for prevention from air pollution. The concentrations of heavy metal components in the PM were determined by inductively coupled plasma/Mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) from September 2000 to August 2002 in a northeast industrial city in China. Concentrations of Cd, Mn, Pb, Ni, Cr and As in the PM were 9.3, 461.9, 588.7, 69.5, 205.7 and 57.4 ng/m³ in the industrial area, and 5.7, 245.5, 305.0, 31.4, 58.8 and 32.5 ng/m³ in the main road, respectively. Concentrations of these heavy metals except Cd were significantly higher in the industrial area and main road than those in the suburban area (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The change curves of the six heavy metal concentrations show their concentrations increased in the winter and spring, but decreased in the summer and autumn. The results indicate that concentrations of the metals in the PM are relatively high in the industrial area and main road. __________ Translated from Journal of Dalian Medical University, 2007, 29(4): 332–335 [译自: 大连医科大学学报]     

黄芪中重金属超临界CO_2净化技术研究

目的利用超临界CO2 萃取技术净化黄芪中重金属。方法a 以二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(DDTC)为金属络合剂 ,用超临界流体萃取技术净化药材中的重金属 ,并对萃取方案进行最优化。b 选择不同的混酸消化液完全消解药材后 ,以空气 乙炔火焰AAS法和氢化物发生AAS法分别测定其中的铅 (Pb)、镉 (Cd) ,以及砷 (As)、汞 (Hg)。c 采用UCTRONVX -ODS(2 5 0mm×4 6mm ,5 μm)色谱柱 ,以乙腈 水 (V∶V =30∶70 )为流动相 ,检测波长为 2 0 3nm ,卡马西平为内标 ,测定黄芪中黄芪甲苷的含量。结果与结论a 确定了药材中重金属的最佳萃取条件。在最佳萃取条件下 ,重金属净化率达到 85 %以上 ;同时 ,中药材中的有效成分损失低于 5 %。b 建立了药材中金属元素和有效成分的含量测定方法 ,为正确评价中药材的质量奠定了基础 ,可用于正确评价净化前后药材的质量变化     

Determination of heavy metals in albumen of hen eggs from the Markazi Province (Iran) using ICP-OES technique

Increase of distribution of environmental contaminants such as heavy metals have been caused the knowledge of the safety and hygiene of food is very important, especially eggs, because of its role in the daily diet. There are very few studies about the investigation of the heavy metal contents in egg-white. In this study, six heavy metals include Aluminium (Al), Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), Antimony (Sb) in egg-white from 32 industrial poultry farms were investigated, by ICP-OES. All the samples were collected in all area of Markazi Province, Iran in autumn 2013. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in egg-white as follows: 0.119 for Al, 0.785 for As, 0.750 for Pb, 0.249 for Cd, 0.270 for Hg and 0.186?mg/kg for Sb. Also, the concentration of the some heavy metals were higher than maximum allowable concentration that probably it is associated to use pesticides and activities of industrial factories around the poultry farms.     

Impact of heavy metals and PCBs on marine picoplankton

Synergistic/antagonistic effects of multiple contaminants in marine environments are almost completely unexplored. In the present study, we investigated the effects of heavy metals (Zn and Pb) and PCBs on picoplankton abundance, biomass, cell size distribution, and bacterial C production. Natural picoplankton assemblages were exposed to heavy metals (Zn or Pb), organic contaminants (PCBs, Aroclor 1260), and to a mixture of different contaminants. The results of the present study indicate that Zn addition stimulated heterotrophic growth, whereas Pb has a negative impact on heterotrophic picoplankton, particularly significant in the first 24 h. Heavy metals had no effects on the autotrophic component. The addition of Aroclor 1260 had a significant impact on abundance, biomass, and cell size of autotrophic and heterotrophic picoplankton, and reduced significantly bacterial secondary production. Three weeks after PCB treatment, heterotrophic bacteria displayed a clear resilience, both in terms of abundance and biomass, reaching values comparable to those of the controls, but not in terms of bacterial C production. Our results indicate that picoplankton can be sensitive indicators of impact determined by heavy metals and PCBs in coastal marine systems.     

中药重金属限量控制现状与对策

本文针对国际广泛关注的中药重金属超标现象,综述国内外有关中药重金属的限量标准,结合现代重金属毒理学研究成果和中药自身的特点,分析了中药重金属限量控制现状,提出应从建立科学合理的限量标准与测定方法、严格控制外源性污染和有效去除重金属杂质3个方面解决中药重金属限量问题。     

Non-carcinogenic risk assessment induced by heavy metals content of the bottled water in Iran

Recently, the exposure to heavy metals from bottled waters raised huge concerns. In this context, for the first time the risk of non-carcinogenic exposure by the heavy metals in Iranian drinking water was assessed. Therefore, by using the obtained data in our previous published study, the target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) by considering to the sexuality of consumers were calculated. THQ in females were determined as significantly higher (p??Pb?>?Hg?>?Cd?>?Cu, respectively. The minimum and maximum of THQ for the males were observed in age groups of?+65 and 1–3?years, respectively. The minimum and maximum of THQ for females were noted in age groups of 11–14 and 1–3?years, respectively. Since TTHQ for all ages were less than 1 (p?相似文献   

Identification of an exposure risk to heavy metals from pharmaceutical-grade rubber stoppers

Exposure to low concentrations of heavy metals and metalloids represents a well-documented risk to animal and human health. However, current standards (European Pharmacopeia [EP], United States Pharmacopoeia [USP], International Organization for Standardization [ISO], YBB concerned with rubber closures) only require testing for Zn in pharmaceutical-grade rubber stoppers and then using only pure water as a solvent. We extracted and quantified heavy metals and trace elements from pharmaceutical-grade rubber stoppers under conditions that might occur during the preparation of drugs. Pure water, saline, 10% glucose, 3% acetic acid (w/v), 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (4 mg/mL, 0.4 mg/mL, and 0.04 mg/mL) were used as extraction agents. We quantified the extracted arsenic, lead, antimony, iron, magnesium, aluminum, and zinc using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The concentration of extracted metals varied depending on the different extraction solutions used and between the different rubber stopper manufacturers. Rubber stoppers are ubiquitously used in the pharmaceutical industry for the storage and preparation of drugs. Extraction of heavy metals during the manufacturing and preparation of drugs represents a significant risk, suggesting a need for industry standards to focus on heavy metal migration from rubber stoppers.     

A review of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) of Iran

With attention to high public concern to dietary intakes of heavy metals from various foods and rice as one of the main food of the people in the Iran, the aim of this study was to survey heavy metals in rice samples of Iran. Based on obtained results, among the metals in some Iranian cultivated rice samples, cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) concentrations were higher than national standard of Iran. But, totally in Iran, average weekly intake for Cd, As, Pb, cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) were lower than the maximum weekly intake recommended by WHO/FAO. However, the average weekly intake amount for Hg from rice in Iran is higher than the maximum weekly intake recommended by WHO/FAO.     

Assessment of the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in environmentally exposed human populations to heavy metals using the cytokinesis‐block micronucleus cytome assay

The cytokinesis‐block micronucleus cytome (CBMN‐Cyt) assay was developed as a system for evaluating DNA damage, cytostasis, and cytotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to estimate levels of micronuclei (MNi), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), nuclear buds (NBUDs), cell death (apoptosis/necrosis), nuclear division index, and nuclear division cytotoxicity index values in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of environmentally exposed subjects to heavy metals from five Bosnian regions, characterized by different exposure to heavy metals. The study was performed using CBMN‐Cyt assay, considering factors, such as age, gender and smoking habits and their possible effects on analyzed parameters. In total, 104 healthy subjects were selected (49.04% females and 50.96% males; average age, 35.41 years; 51.92% smokers and 48.08% nonsmokers). There was significant difference between the frequency of NBUDs in Tuzla as compared to the control group. Furthermore, there was observed a statistically significant difference for the frequency of NPBs between Zenica, Olovo, and Kakanj when compared with the controls. Males showed a significantly higher number of apoptotic cells than females in controls. There were significant differences between smokers and nonsmokers in the frequency of NPBs in controls (higher in nonsmokers) and necrotic cells in Olovo (higher in nonsmokers). The pack years of smoking significantly influenced the number of necrotic cells in controls and the frequency of NBUDs in the overall sample. The results of the present study provide evidence of significantly increased frequency of NPBs and NBUDs in exposed subjects, suggesting that these endpoints are highly sensitive markers for measuring genotoxicity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 1331–1342, 2015.     

黄柏、牡丹皮和白鲜皮中重金属及砷盐的形态分析

目的了解黄柏、牡丹皮和白鲜皮中铅、镉、铬、铜、汞等重金属和砷盐存在的化学形态及其分布。方法采用Tessier连续提取法制备样品,铅、镉、铬、铜、砷、汞均采用原子吸收分光光度法测定。结果黄柏样品中含量最高的为铅,以离子交换态为主,最低为汞,以残渣态为主;牡丹皮中铜含量最高,以有机结合态为主,汞含量最低;白鲜皮中铅含量最高,以离子交换态为主,汞含量最低。3种药材中砷盐的含量均高于汞,而小于其他重金属。结论各有害元素以总量为指标评价药材的安全性有失偏颇。     

Interactive toxic effect and distribution of heavy metals in phytoplankton

Assessing the interactive toxic effect of chemicals in the environment is becoming a matter of increasing public focus on and concern with ecotoxicological aspects. The purpose of this study is to find the relationship between an interactive toxic effect and distribution of heavy metals in algal cells. The green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea Gernec(IAMC-27) was cultured for 6 days in the presence of cadmium and/or chromium. Algal cells were divided into 4 fractions by centrifugation after the cells were disrupted using a French press. The amounts of the metals in each fraction were determined. The interaction effect between the two metals on algal growth was investigated. The amount of one metal taken up in the cells and the growth inhibition rate increased with the concentration of metals in the medium. The amount of one metal in the cells was increased due to the presence of the other metal. Accordingly, the growth inhibition rate also increased. The amounts of Cd accumulated in the soluble fraction and in the membrane fraction of algal cells were 50 and 20%, respectively, of the total amount in the cells. The presence of Cr changed the Cd concentration in both fractions to 40%. The amount of Cr accumulated in each fraction was almost the same in the absence of Cd. The amount of Cr accumulated in the cell wall fraction rose to 90% after 3 days of exposure and it stayed as high as 50% even at the end of the six-day study period in the presence of Cd. It was assumed that the presence of one metal influenced the distribution of the other metal in the cells, which resulted in the synergistic toxic effect. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..     

关于含矿物中成药中总重金属和酸可溶性重金属含量的比较研究

目的：研究比较含矿物中成药中总重金属和酸可溶性重金属的含量。方法：选用3种含矿物药的中成药，用电感耦合等离子体质谱法在1350W功率下，以全定量模式进行了含量测定。结果：同批样品中酸可溶性重金属含量低于其所含的总重金属含量。结论：酸可溶性重金属含量限度可作为药物质控指标之一。     

甘肃地产药材中重金属含量测定

目的：以甘肃地产20种药材为研究对象进行砷、铅、镉、铜4种重金属元素含量的测定。方法以石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法对铅、镉进行测定,火焰吸收法对铜进行测定,氢化物发生器法对砷进行测定。结果甘肃地产20种药材中四种重金属含量符合《药用植物及制剂进口绿色行业标准》要求,但有部分药材均不同程度地受到重金属的污染。结论应查明污染原因,有效控制药材中重金属含量。