老年糖尿病合并尿路感染患者的治疗与护理

目的：分析老年糖尿病合并尿路感染患者的临床特点,探讨其治疗、护理措施。方法分别对57例老年糖尿病合并尿路感染与非糖尿病尿路感染患者的临床表现,以及对57例老年糖尿病合并尿路感染与无尿路感染患者的实验室结果进行比较。结果老年糖尿病合并尿路感染患者血糖控制不良,FGP、2hPG及HbAlc水平均高于未合并尿路感染患者（P＜0．05）;老年糖尿病合并尿路感染患者与非2型糖尿病尿路感染患者比较,老年2型糖尿病合并尿路感染患者病程长、易复发（ P＜0．05）。结论良好的血糖控制是治疗老年糖尿病合并尿路感染的关键,在选择合适的抗生素的基础上,综合性护理干预措施可缩短病程、减少复发。     

尿N-乙酰-B-D葡萄糖苷酶对监测2型糖尿病早期肾功能损害的价值

目的 探讨尿NAG对监测2型糖尿病早期肾功能损害的价值。方法 测定78例2型糖尿病患者血中尿NAG的浓度。并与其尿中微量白蛋白（mAlb／Cr）含量进行比较。结果 2型糖尿病患者尿NAG／Cr水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）血糖控制不良组尿NAG／Cr水平显著高于血糖控制良好组（P〈0．01）。2型糖尿病患者中，mA1b／Cr阳性率为28．6％，尿NAG／Cr增高阳性率为46．7％，两者比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论 尿NAG／Cr对于在糖尿病肾病（DN）早期诊断上有较高检出率，具有一定的临床意义。     

老年2型糖尿病合并甲状腺功能减退患者临床观察

目的观察老年2型糖尿病合并甲状腺功能减退患者的临床表现、血糖水平及治疗特点。方法测定318例住院老年2型糖尿病患者的甲状腺功能及空腹血糖、餐后2h末梢血糖,糖化血红蛋白（HbAle）水平。合并甲状腺功能减退患者开始用小剂量左旋甲状腺素片替代治疗8周。结果318例老年2型糖尿病患者中22．6％合并甲状腺功能减退,女性患病比例高于男性（13．5％vs9．1％,P〈0．05）。合并甲状腺功能减退患者HbAle明显低于甲状腺功能正常者（P〈0．05）,替代治疗后所有患者HbAlc进一步降低,但合并甲状腺功能减退患者与甲状腺功能正常者比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。合并甲状腺功能减退患者替代治疗后低血糖发生频率明显下降（P〈0．05）,但替代治疗后胰岛素使用剂量增加。结论老年2型糖尿病患者合并甲状腺功能减退发生率较高,其血糖整体控制情况优于非甲状腺功能减退患者,但低血糖发生率较高。     

老年2型糖尿病患者合并尿路感染的临床分析

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病患者合并尿路感染的临床特点及相关危险因素,更有效的防治老年2型糖尿病患者发生尿路感染。方法选择2010~2012年住院的2型糖尿病合并尿路感染患者187例,根据年龄是否大于或等于60岁,分为老年组和非老年组,对两组之间的临床特点以及致病菌进行统计学分析。结果老年2型糖尿病合并尿路感染患者的糖尿病病程长,症状不典型,血糖水平和慢性并发症均高于非老年组（P〈0.05）,而血浆白蛋白水平低于非老年组（P〈0.05）,两组的致病菌均以大肠杆菌为主。结论老年2型糖尿病患者由于病程长、血糖水平高、有慢性并发症、低蛋白血症等因素,比非老年患者更易发生尿路感染,应积极控制血糖,防治并发症及营养不良,同时应根据药敏结果合理使用抗生素。     

2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝严重程度与尿微量白蛋白的研究

目的研究2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝超声严重程度与尿微量白蛋白的关系。方法应用超声诊断2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝及其严重程度,并比较其与尿微量白蛋白的关系。结果2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝组的尿微量白蛋白及阳性率[（32．19±3．87）mg／L,35．1％]高于2型糖尿病不舍并非酒精性脂肪肝组[（23．43±4．12）mg／L,9．2％],差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。2型糖尿病合并非酒精脂肪肝的超声下轻中重度三组尿微量白蛋白差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,且其严重程度与尿微量白蛋白的阳性率成正相关（Z=2．962,P=0．003〈0．05）。结论2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者的严重程度与尿微量白蛋白存在着正相关关系,提示其严重程度可一定程度的预测糖尿病的微血管病变。目的研究2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝超声严重程度与尿微量白蛋白的关系。方法应用超声诊断2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝及其严重程度,并比较其与尿微量白蛋白的关系。结果2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝组的尿微量白蛋白及阳性率[（32．19±3．87）mg／L,35．1％]高于2型糖尿病不舍并非酒精性脂肪肝组[（23．43±4．12）mg／L,9．2％],差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。2型糖尿病合并非酒精脂肪肝的超声下轻中重度三组尿微量白蛋白差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,且其严重程度与尿微量白蛋白的阳性率成正相关（Z=2．962,P=0．003〈0．05）。结论2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者的严重程度与尿微量白蛋白存在着正相关关系,提示其严重程度可一定程度的预测糖尿病的微血管病变。     

糖尿病合并尿路感染137例临床分析

目的探讨糖尿病合并尿路感染发生率及临床相关危险因素。方法采用回顾性分析的方法对我院内分泌科2008年7月。2009年7月收治住院的137例糖尿病并发尿路感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果（1）糖尿病合并尿路感染发生率为16．06％;（2）糖尿病患者年龄越大,尿路感染发生率越高（P〈0．01）;（3）女性发病率比男性高（P〈0．01）;（4）尿路感染与糖尿病病程密切相关（P〈0．05）;（5）尿路感染与糖尿病患者血糖控制情况有关（P〈0．05）。结论糖尿病容易合并尿路感染,血糖控制情况、性别、年龄、病程等是糖尿病患者感染的易发因素。     

老年2型糖尿病患者并发尿路感染的临床分析

目的:分析老年2型糖尿病患者并发尿路感染(简称尿路感染)的临床特点从而探讨其防治方法。方法:老年2型糖尿病患者并发尿路感染31例和非糖尿病患者并发尿路感染31例的临床表现比较;老年2型糖尿病患者无尿路感染的31例与并发尿路感染的31例的临床生化等实验室结果的比较。结果:并发尿路感染的老年2型糖尿病患者血糖控制不良,空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖及糖化血红蛋白均高于无尿路感染患者(P<0.05)。老年2型糖尿病患者并发尿路感染的和同期非糖尿病患者并发尿感比较,老年2型糖尿病患者尿路感染病程明显长(P<0.05)、无(膀胱刺激)症状性尿感发生率高(P<0.05)。结论:良好的血糖控制是预防糖尿病并发尿路感染的关键,根据中段尿培养及药敏试验结果选用抗生素,可缩短病程。     

2型糖尿病合并冠心病临床分析

目的：探讨2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者脂代谢的改变及其他心血管疾病的发生情况。方法：将已确诊的2型糖尿病65例患者随机分为合并冠心病组30例和单纯2型糖尿病组35例，比较两组性别、年龄、病程、BMI，血压、血糖、HbAlc、TG、TC、HCD、LCL以及出现心梗、高血压等心血管并发症发生率的差异。结果：两组患者年龄、性别及BMI比较，无明显差异（P〉0．05）；而合并冠心病组的FBG、TG、LDL、HbAlc明显高于单纯2型糖尿病组（P〈0．05）；心梗、高血压及病死数也明显高于单纯2型糖尿病组（P〈0．05）。结论：高血脂、高血压是2型糖尿病合并冠心病的高危因素，也是2型糖尿病患者死亡的主要原因之一，合理的控制血糖、血脂、血压，积极治疗糖尿病可避免或减少心血管不良事件的发生。     

2型糖尿病合并肺结核的临床研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并肺结核的临床特征。方法对我院2型糖尿病合并初治肺结核66例患者的临床资料进行分析，并动态评价血糖、肺结核病灶及痰菌培养结果的演变情况。结果痰菌阳性者57例（86．5％），继发性肺结核50例（75．8％），慢性纤维空洞型11例（16．7％），粟粒型肺结核3例（4．5％），胸膜结核2例（3．0％），病变广泛者61例（91．9％），有空洞者47例（70．6％）；66例中血糖控制良好者有23例（34．8％），血糖控制一般者26例（39．4％），血糖控制差者17例（25．8％），单纯肺结核组疗效（病灶吸收率、空洞闭合率、痰菌阴转率）高于血糖良好组（P〈0．05）；血糖控制良好组和血糖控制一般组高于血糖控制差组（P〈0．05）；总疗程1年组空洞闭合率及痰菌阴转率高于总疗程9个月组（P〈0．05）。结论控制血糖是治疗糖尿病合并肺结核的关键，长程抗结核治疗效果更佳。     

老年2型糖尿病伴高血压患者的护理要点

目的：探讨老年2型糖尿病伴高血压患者的护理要点及效果。方法：将本院2012年1月-2013年1月收治的76例老年2型糖尿病伴高血压的患者随机分为对照组（n=38）和观察组（n=38）,对照组给予常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上实施综合干预护理,比较两组的血糖血压控制情况和生活习惯的改变状况。结果：（1）收缩压和舒张压方面比较：两组的均值达到正常范围,观察组低于对照组（P〈0．05）;（2）空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖方面比较：两组值亦在正常范围内,而观察组显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）;（3）生活习惯改变状况：观察组低盐低脂饮食、适当运动、戒烟以及戒酒等的例数均明显高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：综合护理干预后,可有效降低和控制2型糖尿病合并高血压老年患者的血糖和血压,提高患者的生活质量,对预防老年2型糖尿病伴高血压的发生具有重要的意义。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.