溃疡性结肠炎易感性与谷胱甘肽转硫酶P1基因型的关系

目的探 讨汉族人群溃疡性结肠炎（UC）易感性与谷胱甘肽转硫酶（GST）PI基因型的关系。方法用聚合酶链反应技术（PCR）检测76例溃疡性结肠炎（UC）和140例健康人群的GSTPI基因型，采用X^2检验，分析比较GSTPI基因型频率在UC组和健康对照组之间的分布差异。结果GSTPI基因VaL／VaL基因型频率在UC组中明显增高，有统计学差异（48．7％vs34．3％，P=0．039）；根据临床特征对UC组和进行分层分析，发现VaL／VaL基因型在远端UC中的分布频率高于广泛结肠UC（P=0．017）。结论 GSTPI基因型与中国汉族人群UC的易感性相关。     

谷胱甘肽S-转移酶P1基因多态性与散发性结直肠腺癌易感性的关系

背景：谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）属Ⅱ相代谢酶，在人体内参与多种致癌物的解毒作用。目的：探讨GSTPI基因多态性与散发性结直肠腺癌（SCRAC）遗传易感性的关系。方法：118例SCRAC患者和140名健康对照者纳入研究。采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR—RFLP）检测GSTP1基因第5外显子105位密码子单核苷酸多态性．分析两组间GSTP1等位基因和基因型的差异。结果：SCRAC组GSTP1突变型等位基因（Val）频率显著高于健康对照组（57．6％对40．7％，P=0．000）；纯合突变基因型（Val／Val）频率亦高于健康对照组，但差异无统计学意义（44．1％对30．7％，P=0．027）。根据临床病理特征对SCRAC患者进行分层分析，Dukes C期和低分化腺癌Val/Val基因型频率分别显著高于Dukes A、B期（P=0．007）和高、中分化腺癌（P=0．002）。结论：GSTP1基因多态性与SCRAC相关，纯合突变基因型携带者对SCRAC的易感性增加。     

代谢酶基因GSTM1和广西人群胃癌遗传易感性的关系

目的探讨代谢酶基因GSTM1多态性与广西地区人群胃癌遗传易感性之间的相关性。方法采用PCR技术检测广西地区121例胃癌患者和138例健康人的GSTM1基因多态性的分布频率,分析其与广西地区胃癌遗传易感性之间的相关性以及与吸烟、饮酒在胃癌易感性中的交互作用。结果胃癌组GSTM1（-）基因型频率（54．5％）显著高于对照组（39．1％）（X^2=6．140,P=0．013）。携带GSTM1（-）基因型的个体患胃癌的风险是携带GSTM1（＋）基因型个体的2．13倍（95％CI=1．079-1．831,P=0．013）。在吸烟者中,携带GSTM1（-）基因型的个体较携带GSTM1（＋）基因型的个体患胃癌的风险明显增加（OR=3．247,95％CI=1．067—2．328,P=0．015）。其增加程度远远高于总的胃癌风险（OR=2．129）。在饮酒者中,携带GSTM1（-）基因型的个体较携带GSTM1（＋）基因型的个体患胃癌的风险亦明显增加（OR=3．117,95％CI=1．020—2．863,P=0．033）。其增加程度远远高于总的胃癌风险（OR=2．129）。结论GSTM1（-）基因型显著增加广西地区人群患胃癌的风险,且显著增加吸烟、饮酒者患胃癌的风险。     

ⅠⅡ相代谢酶基因多态性与食管癌遗传易感性的病例对照研究

目的研究细胞色素P450（CYP）1A1和谷胱甘肽转硫酶M1（GSTM1）和T1（CSlTrl）基因多态性与食管癌易感性的关系。方法应用PCR—RFLP技术对87例食管癌患者和162例无上消化道肿瘤的健康者的CYP1A1、GSTMl和GSlTrl的基因多态性进行分析。比较两组基因型频率的差异。结果食管癌组CYPlAlIle—Val多态位点各等位基因和基因频率与对照组比较，差别有统计学意义，其中Val／Val基因型在食管癌组的频率（29．9％）显著高于对照组（13．0％）（X^2=10．54，P〈0．01），OR值为3．10，95％CI为（1.57，6．14），而CYPlAl的Ⅱe／Val、Ⅱe／Ⅱe多态位点和GSTMl与GSTTl的缺失多态性的基因型频率与对照组比较，差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论CYPlAlVal／Val基因型为食管癌的重要易感因素之一，而GSTMl与GSTTl的基因型可能与食管癌的发生无关。     

GSTM1基因多态性与肺癌发病的相关性研究

目的探讨谷胱甘肽硫转移酶M1（GSTM1）基因多态性与肺癌易感性的关系，以期用于肺癌的筛检。方法用PCR法分析56例肺癌（简称肺癌组）和42例健康对照组GSTM1基因型，并用Logistic多因素回归法分析可能影响GSTM1的职业环境因素、生活习惯、及宿主个体因素。结果肺癌组GsTM1基因缺失型[GSTM1（-）]发生率达71．43％，显著高于对照组的45．24％，差异有统计学意义，P〈0．05；GSTM1（-）型与肺癌呈高度联系强度，OR=3．09（95％CI=1．32～6．94）；Logistic回归分析表明，职业接触PAHs（OR=6．6939，P=0．009）、吸烟（OR=9．7058，P=0．0010）、既往肺病史（OR=7．5233，P=0．0465）与GST M1（-）型相关。结论GST M1（-）型个体增加了肺癌发生的风险性，可作为宿主肺癌易感性的遗传标志。     

过氧化物酶体增殖活化受体γ基因Pro12Ala和C161T多态性与溃疡性结肠炎的相关性

目的研究过氧化物酶体增殖活化受体γ（PPAR-γ）基因Pro12Ala和C161T位点的多态性与湖北汉族人群溃疡性结肠炎（UC）的相关性。方法采用多聚酶链式反应-限制片段长度多态性分析方法（PCR-RFLP）,对212例UC患者和220例健康对照者进行PPAR-γ基因分型。结果UC患者PPAR-γ基因C161T位点C／T基因型频率,T等位基因频率明显高于正常组（35．4％比25．0％,P=0．015,OR=1．69,95％CI=1．12～2．57;20．1％比12．9％,P=0．006,OR=1．68,95％CI=1．17～2．43）,T等位基因携带者也高于正常对照组（37．7％比25．5％,P=0．007,OR=1．77,95％CI=1．18～2．68）。而Pro12Ala位点基因型频率,等位基因频率UC组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论PPAR-γ基因C161T位点基因T等位基因与湖北汉族人群UC的发生存在相关性。     

CYP2E1,GSTM1基因多态性与甘肃地区食管癌易感性

目的探讨细胞色素氧化酶P450,GSTM1的基因多态性与甘肃地区食管癌遗传易感性之间的以及基因—基因的交互作用。方法运用病例对照分子流行病学研究方法和聚合酶链反应方法对食管癌病例组和正常对照组基因DNA进行CYP2E1,GSTM1基因分型。结果CYP2E1基因pst1多态性的三种基因型在食管癌组和对照组的频率差异有统计学意义（χ2=12.59,P〈0.05）。携带C1/C1基因型个体发生食管癌的风险是携带其他基因型2.80倍（OR=2.80,95%C I=1.21-6.46）。食管癌组GSTM1（-）基因型频率显著高于对照组（χ2=10.292,P〈0.05）,携带GSTM1（-）的个体患食管癌的危险性显著高于GSTM1（＋）基因型的个体（OR=2.337,95%C I=1.39-3.93）。联合分析CYP2E1基因pst1多态性和GSTM1基因多态性,携带有C1/C1和GSTM1（-）基因型的个体患食管癌的风险高于携带GSTM1（＋）和C1/C2或C2/C2基因型的个体（OR=3.00,95%C I=1.7375-5.182）。结论CYP2E1,GSTM1基因多态性与食管癌易感性有关联,CYP2E1基因C1/C1基因型是食管癌的易感性基因,而GSTM1基因缺失使食管癌危险性增加,CYP2E1,GSTM1存在交互作用。     

谷胱甘肽硫转移酶M1和T1基因多态性与燃煤型砷中毒发病的关系

目的探讨谷胱甘肽硫转移酶M1和T1（GSTM1、GSTT1）基因多态性与燃煤污染型砷中毒发病风险的关系。方法采用多重等位基因特异聚合酶链反应技术检测贵州省130名燃煤型砷中毒患者及140名健康个体的GSTM1和GSTT1基因多态性，并分析不同基因型与砷中毒发病的关系。结果砷中毒病例组和对照组GSTT1纯合缺失基因型（GSTT1^（-/-））的频率分别为58．5％和45．0％，组间比较差异有统计学意义（Х^2=6．246，P〈0．05）；携带GSTT1^（-/-）基因型个体发生砷中毒的风险是携带GSTT1非纯合缺失基因型（GSTT1^（＋/＋）or（-/-））个体的2．18倍[比值比（OR）adj=2．18，95％可信区间（CI）：1．183～4．018]。砷中毒病例组和对照组间GSTM1纯合缺失基因型（GSTM1^（-/-））频率的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。基因型联合分析显示：携带GSTM1^（-/-）和GSTT1^（-/-）联合基因型的个体，其砷中毒的发病风险显著增加（ORadj=2．931，95％CI：1．024～8．387）。结论GSTT1^（-/-）基因型可能是燃煤型砷中毒发生的重要危险内因之一。     

谷胱甘肽转硫酶M1基因型与汉族溃疡性结肠炎及大肠癌易感性的关系

谷胱甘肽转硫酶（GST）能促进毒性物质从机体排出，其基因多态性与人体对毒性物质的解毒能力相关，因此影响个体对疾病尤其是肿瘤的易感性。本研究通过探索谷胱甘肽转硫酶M1基因型（GSTM1）在正常汉族人群、溃疡性结肠炎（UC）及散发性大肠癌（SCRAC）患者中的分布差异，旨在阐明UC和SCRAC的遗传易感性。     

CYP1A1及GSTM1基因多态性对肺癌发病的影响

目的探讨代谢活化酶细胞色素P4501A1（CYP1A1）及谷胱甘肽硫转移酶M1（GSTM1）基因多态性和环境暴露与肺癌易感性的关系。方法用聚合酶链反应—限制性片段长度多态性技术测定158例肺癌患者和455例对照者的CYP1A1及GSTM1基因多态性。结果与对照组比较，肺癌组吸烟、粉尘接触频率明显升高，而摄入蔬菜水果及消毒水频率明显降低（P均〈0．01）；两组CYP1A1与GSTM1基因各类型分布无统计学差异；CYP1A1突变型基因及GSTM1缺陷型与吸烟有协同致肺癌作用。结论吸烟、接触粉尘均增加肺癌发生率，而摄入蔬菜水果及消毒水降低其危险性；吸烟可增加CYP1A1基因突变型或GSTM1基因缺陷型个体肺癌发生的危险性。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.