内镜下放置鼻空肠管在危重病人的应用

目的:总结危重病人内镜辅助下床边放置鼻空肠管的经验,探讨内镜置管的具体方法及其在危重病人中的应用.方法:1997年1月至2005年1月间共107例重症病人接受内镜辅助下放置鼻空肠管,观察置管的时间、成功率、并发症及留置时间.结果:置管时间为(12.3±7.8)min,成功率为98.1%,未发生置管相关并发症,置管后并发症发生率为2.8%(3/107).导管留置时间为(20.7±8.4)d.结论:内镜辅助放置鼻空肠管具有简单、快捷、安全,易于护理、病人痛苦小和易于耐受等优点,尤其适于危重病人使用.     

Nasoenteric feeding tubes in critically ill patients (fluoroscopy versus blind)

Numerous complications have been encountered with small-bore nasoenteric feeding tubes, some potentially life threatening. Patients particularly at risk are those with anatomic abnormalities, debilitation, or neurologic impairment. Fluoroscopy has been reported to be a safe, efficacious modality for the placement of these tubes. Thirty critically ill patients were studied to assess caloric delivery, costs, and complications associated with both fluoroscopically and blindly placed feeding tubes. All patients had either a tracheostomy or an endotracheal tube. They were randomized to group A (fluoroscopy) or group B (blind). Caloric delivery was greater in group A patients on days 1 through 5, with statistically significant differences on days 1 through 4. The mean daily calories per patient over the study period was 1135 +/- 96 and 662 +/- 110 (mean +/- SEM) in groups A and B, respectively (P < 0.01). Costs were similar in both groups. The most frequent problems encountered were difficult insertion, tubes requiring replacement, and failure to intubate the duodenum. We conclude that critically ill patients intubated either endotracheally or with tracheostomy should have nasoenteric feeding tubes placed with the guidance of fluoroscopy.     

X线下放置鼻空肠营养管在危重症早期肠内营养中的应用

目的:探讨X线下放置鼻空肠营养管,在危重症病人早期肠内营养中的临床应用价值.方法:在X线监视下,将带有金属导丝的营养管自鼻腔经胃、十二指肠,置入空肠,拔出导丝,注入造影剂,确认营养管前端已进入Treitz韧带后30 cm以远.结果:X线下可将营养管放置至Treitz韧带30 cm以远的空肠部位,置管成功率为100%,置管时间为10～40(平均20)min.置管后营养管在位良好,喂养过程顺利.结论:X线下放置鼻空肠营养管,是一种操作简便快捷、安全可靠的置管技术,为危重症病人早期肠内营养支持提供了一条更有效的营养途径.     

A randomized trial of endoscopic and fluoroscopic placement of postpyloric feeding tubes in critically ill patients

BACKGROUND: Early postpyloric feeding is considered the accepted method of nutrition support in critically ill patients. Endoscopic and fluoroscopic techniques are associated with the highest percentage of successful placement. The purpose of this study was to compare endoscopic vs fluoroscopic placement of postpyloric feeding tubes in critically ill patients. METHODS: This is a randomized prospective clinical trial. Forty-three patients were randomized to receive feeding tubes by endoscopic or fluoroscopic technique. All procedures were performed at the bedside in the critical care unit. A soft small-bore nonweighted feeding tube was used in all cases. Successful placement was confirmed by either an abdominal x-ray for endoscopic technique or a fluoroscopic radiograph for fluoroscopic technique. RESULTS: Postpyloric feeding tubes were successfully placed in 41 of 43 patients (95%). The success rate using endoscopic technique was 96% (25 of 26), whereas the rate using fluoroscopy was 94% (16 of 17). The average time of successful placement was 15.2 +/- 2.9 (mean +/- SEM) minutes for endoscopic placement and 16.2 +/- 3.2 minutes for fluoroscopic placement, which was not statistically significant (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic and fluoroscopic placement of postpyloric feeding tubes can safely and accurately be performed at the bedside in critically ill patients. Our results showed no significant difference in the success rate or time of placement between endoscopic vs fluoroscopic placement of postpyloric feeding tubes.     

伏立康唑治疗101例重症患者侵袭性真菌感染的临床分析

目的 观察伏立康唑治疗重症患者侵袭性真菌感染(IFI)的临床疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性分析医院ICU2005-2010年101例侵袭性真菌感染的病原学特点、伏立康唑的有效率、患者死亡率及不良反应.结果 101例重症侵袭性真菌感染患者中,确诊8例,占7.9％,临床诊断44例,占43.6％,拟诊49例,占48.5％,3组均具备真菌感染的多项危险因素;88例患者痰细菌培养为阳性,血培养阳性者19例,其中真菌血症8例;患者自发热至应用伏立康唑的时间为(9.1±6.6)d,52例患者有真菌学依据;确诊、临床诊断、拟诊3组有效率分别为25.0％、70.5％、71.4％,确诊组有效率低于临床诊断与拟诊组(P＜0.05),总有效率为67.3％.结论 伏立康唑能安全、有效地控制重症患者的侵袭性真菌感染,对于IFI拟诊患者,应尽早给予经验性治疗.     

床旁空肠营养管徒手置入技术在危重症病人营养治疗中的应用研究

目的:探讨床旁空肠营养管徒手置入技术在危重症病人肠内营养(EN)治疗中的安全性、有效性和实用性. 方法:鼻空肠管组病人采用美国CORPAK公司CORFLO导管置入行鼻空肠营养29例.鼻胃管组采用普通胃管置入行EN支持30例.观察鼻空肠管组置管成功率,置管时间和不良反应.对比观察两组病人血清清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、血红蛋白(Hb)、APACHEⅡ评分、入住ICU时间、置管费用和ICU总费用等指标的变化,以及反流、腹胀、腹泻、应激性溃疡和吸入性肺炎等并发症的发生率. 结果:床旁经鼻空肠营养管徒手置入成功率为93.1％,置管时间为(19.3-6.8) min,无不良反应.鼻空肠管组病人营养指标和APACHEⅡ评分改善明显,且入住ICU时间、ICU总费用和并发症的发生率均低于对照组. 结论:床旁空肠营养管徒手置入技术在危重症病人EN支持治疗中,具有操作简单、安全、置管成功率高、并发症低、病人营养状况改善明显的优点.     

When early enteral feeding is not possible in critically ill patients: results of a multicenter observational study

Background: Early enteral nutrition (EN) is the preferred strategy for feeding the critically ill; however, it is not always possible to initiate EN within the recommended 24 to 48 hours. When these situations arise, controversy exists whether to start feeding early via the parenteral route or to delay feeding until EN can be provided. Methods: A multicenter, international, observational study examined nutrition practices in intensive care units (ICUs). Eligible patients were critically ill patients with a medical diagnosis who remained in the ICU for >72 hours and received EN >48 hours after admission. Data were collected on site, including patient characteristics, daily nutrition practices, and outcomes at 60 days. Nutrition and clinical outcomes were compared between 3 groups of patients: (1) early parenteral nutrition (PN) (<48 hours after admission) and late EN (>48 hours after admission), (2) late PN and late EN, and (3) late EN and no PN. Results: Of the 703 patients who met our inclusion criteria, 541 (77.0%) medical patients received late EN and no PN. In patients receiving late EN and PN, 83 (11.8%) received early PN and 79 (11.2%) received late PN. Adequacy of calories and protein from total nutrition was highest in the early PN group (74.1% ± 21.2% and 71.5% ± 24.9%, respectively) and lowest in the late EN group (42.9% ± 21.2% and 38.7% ± 21.6%) (P < .001). The proportion of patients dead or remaining in hospital was significantly higher for early PN compared with late EN and PN (unadjusted hazard ratio for early PN = 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.37–0.83, P = .015). However, this difference did not remain significant (P = .65) after adjustment for baseline characteristics. Conclusions: The results suggest that initiating PN early, when it is not possible to feed enterally early, may improve provision of calories and protein but is not associated with better clinical outcomes compared with late EN or PN.     

外科重症病人早期肠内营养执行流程的研究进展

早期肠内营养符合生理,有利于细胞、器官功能的恢复,降低感染等发生率,改善预后。然而,外科重症病人由于腹腔高压、血流动力学不稳定、肠功能障碍等原因,常导致早期肠内营养难以顺利实施,本文就外科重症病人早期肠内营养执行流程研究进展作一综述     

Post‐pyloric feeding tube placement in critically ill patients: Extending the scope of practice for Australian dietitians

Aim

To determine whether the placement of a post‐pyloric feeding tube (PPFT) can be taught safely and effectively to a critical care dietitian.

Methods

This is a prospective observational study conducted in an adult intensive care unit (ICU). The intervention consisted of 19 attempts at post‐pyloric intubation by the dietitian. The 10 ‘learning’ attempts were performed by the dietitian under the direction of an experienced (having completed in excess of 50 successful tube placements) user. A subsequent nine ‘consolidation’ attempts were performed under the responsibility of the intensive care consultant on duty. The primary outcome measures were success (i.e. tip of the PPFT being visible in or distal to the duodenum on X‐ray) and time (minutes) to PPFT placement. Patients were observed for adverse events per standard clinical practice.

Results

A total of 19 post‐pyloric tube placements were attempted in 18 patients (52 (23–70) years, ICU admission diagnoses: trauma n = 4; respiratory failure n = 3; and burns, pancreatitis and renal failure n = 2 each). No adverse events occurred. Most (75%) patients were sedated, and mechanically ventilated. Prokinetics were used to assist tube placement in 11% (2/19) of attempts, both of which were successful. Placement of PPFT was successful in 58% (11/19) of attempts. Whilst training, the success rate was 40% (4/10) compared with 78% (7/9) once training was consolidated (P = 0.17). In the successful attempts, the mean time to placement was 11.0 minutes (3.9–27.1 minutes).

Conclusions

A dietitian can be trained to safely and successfully place PPFT in critically ill patients.     

经皮内镜下胃空肠造瘘对危重症患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率的影响

目的　通过对在ICU内危重症患者进行经皮内镜下胃空肠造瘘（PEG-J）肠内营养管道的建立,探讨该术式对危重症患者营养状态以及预后的影响。方法　收集常熟市第一人民医院重症医学科2013年1月至2015年12月接受机械通气治疗的58例患者,通过随机数字表分成两组：治疗组（n=28）和对照组（n=30）。治疗组在排除禁忌证后于120 h内建立PEG-J营养支持管道进行肠内营养支持;对照组则选用鼻胃管作为肠内营养支持途径,若患者出现胃排空障碍时则选用鼻肠管。观察两组患者28 d呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发生率以及ICU停留时间、机械通气时间。结果　治疗组患者28 d VAP发生率（7.14%比26.67%,P=0.049)、ICU停留时间［(13.6±5.9)d比(16.8±4.4)d, P=0.024］、机械通气时间［(8.1±5.0)d比(10.7±4.5)d,P=0.041］显著低于对照组。结论　应用PEG-J管道在危重症患者中进行肠内营养支持是可靠、安全的,同时也是降低VAP发生率的一个重要举措。     

转运交接单在急诊危重患者安全转运中的效果探讨

目的 探讨转运交接班在急诊危重患者转运中的应用效果.方法 将2009年1～12月行院内转运急诊危重症患者793例设为对照组,按照常规院内转运方式进行;将2010年1月～2010年12月同类患者812例设为观察组,采取转运交接单监控模式,比较两组转运途中意外发生率、交接班遗漏率和物资不及时归位率.结果 实验组意外事件发生率、交接班遗漏率及物资不及时归位率均低于对照组(P＜0.01),差异有统计学意义.结论 转运交接单的应用不仅能有效降低转运意外事件发生率、交接班遗漏率及物资不及时归位率,同时还明确了职责,确保患者的转运安全,值得临床推广应用.     

链式流程方法在院间危重患者转运中的运用

目的探讨链式流程转运方法在院间危重患者转运的价值。 方法回顾总结2011年11月至2014年11月采用链式转运的42例患者,与同期通过对照转运的80名患者进行比较。转运患者的年龄(49.38±18.52)岁,危重患者诊断包括：多发伤4例,高位截瘫3例,颈椎骨折2例,重型颅脑外伤2例,脓毒血症1例,特重度烧伤4例。比较两组转运里程数、时间、转运速率,转运的状态加重、平稳、死亡以及转运的肿瘤患者比较。 结果链式流程方法较一般急诊转运组相比时间更短(P<0.01),转运的路程两组间比较有统计学意义(P<0.01),链式转运的流程速率小于对照转运(P<0.01)。链式转运组病人的加重率(9.8%)小于对照转运组的加重率(40%)(P<0.01)。链式转运的平稳率(85.4%)好于对照转运(26.3%)(P<0.01)。链式流程转运的死亡率(2.4%)小于对照转运的死亡率(23.1%)(P<0.01)。两组患者转运肿瘤率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),链式流程转运的死亡率(2.4%)小于对照转运的死亡率(23.1%)(P<0.01)。 结论链式流程转运方法在危重患者的途转运中较一般的转运模式具有更好的安全性及优越性,而加强链式转运人员对危重患者转运指南操作规程的培训和实施,是长途转运安全的保障。