Clostridium septicum Infection Associated with Necrotizing Pancreatitis, Transmural Gastric Necrosis, and Liquefaction of the Spleen

Abstract Spontaneous infection with Clostridium septicum (C. septicum) is rare, but when isolated it is commonly associated with malignancy. We report a case of a 47-year-old man with infected pancreatic necrosis involving greater than 80% of the pancreas, transmural gastric necrosis, and liquefaction necrosis of the spleen. Initial cultures revealed C. septicum infection. He was managed with prompt aggressive surgical debridément, resection, appropriate broad spectrum antibiotics, and early enteral nutrition.     

重症急性胰腺炎外科手术干预时机的探讨

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)外科手术干预的时机.方法 回顾我院1998年3月～2007年12月收治的157例SAP病例,按胰腺坏死面积及是否感染分级,分别分析外科干预及保守治疗对治愈率的影响.结果 本资料显示:总手术治愈率为80.4%,总非手术治愈率为87.1%,差异无统计学意义.30%的坏死面积者,非手术疗法效佳;50%的坏死面积者,手术疗法效佳;而在30%～50%之间者,手术及非手术疗法疗效无明显差异.胰腺坏死未合并感染组,非手术疗法效佳;町疑感染组及胰腺坏死合并感染组,手术疗法效佳.结论 外科干预在治疗SAP中占有重要地位,应结合胰腺坏死面积及是否感染等具体情况选择外科手术干预的时机.     

Management of infection in acute pancreatitis

The clinical course of acute pancreatitis varies from a mild, transitory illness to a severe, rapidly fatal disease. In about 80% to 90% of cases pancreatitis presents as a mild, self-limiting disease with low morbidity and mortality. Unlike mild pancreatitis, necrotizing pancreatitis develops in about 15% of patients, with infection of pancreatic and peripancreatic necrosis representing the single most important risk factor for a fatal outcome. Infection of pancreatic necrosis in the natural course develops in the second and third week after onset of the disease and is reported in 40% to 70% of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. Just recently, prevention of infection by prophylactic antibiotic treatment and assessment of the infection status of pancreatic necrosis by fine-needle aspiration have been established in the management of severe pancreatitis. Because medical treatment alone will result in a mortality rate of almost 100% in patients with signs of local and systemic septic complications, patients with infected necrosis must undergo surgical intervention, which consists of an organ-preserving necrosectomy combined with a postoperative closed lavage concept that maximizes further evacuation of infected debris and exudate. However, intensive care treatment, including prophylactic antibiotics, reduces the infection rate and delays the need for surgery in most patients until the third or fourth week after the onset of symptoms. At that time, debridement of necrosis is technically easier to perform, due to better demarcation between viable and necrotic tissue compared with necrosectomy earlier in the disease. In contrast, surgery is rarely needed in the presence of sterile pancreatic necrosis. In those patients the conservative approach is supported by the present data. Received: March 20, 2002 / Accepted: April 15, 2002 Offprint requests to: W. Uhl     

Management of Severe Acute Pancreatitis

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) develops in about 25% of patients with acute pancreatitis. Severity of acute pancreatitis is linked to the presence of systemic organ dysfunctions and/or necrotizing pancreatitis. Risk factors independently determining the outcome of SAP are early multiorgan failure (MOF), infection of necrosis, and extended necrosis (>50%). Morbidity of SAP is biphasic, in the first week it is strongly related to systemic inflammatory response syndrome while, sepsis due to infected pancreatic necrosis leading to MOF syndrome occurs in the later course after the first week. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography provides the highest diagnostic accuracy for necrotizing pancreatitis when performed after the first week of disease. Patients who suffer early organ dysfunctions or are at risk for developing a severe disease require early intensive care treatment. Antibiotic prophylaxis has not been shown as an effective preventive treatment. Early enteral feeding is based on a high level of evidence, resulting in a reduction of local and systemic infection. Patients suffering infected necrosis causing clinical sepsis are candidates for intervention. Hospital mortality of SAP after interventional or surgical debridement has decreased to below 20% in high-volume centers.     

Outcome of severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: The treatment of severe acute pancreatitis has been evolving from routine operative management to nonoperative care for patients without evidence of pancreatic infection. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of patients with severe acute pancreatitis at a single institution during a 9-year period. RESULTS: Sixty consecutive patients had severe pancreatitis. Forty-two had pancreatic necrosis on computed axial tomography (13 infected and 29 sterile). Patients with infected necrosis and 8 with sterile necrosis had operative debridement; the remaining patients were managed without operation (n = 39). The overall mortality was 15%. Mortality was directly related to the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Examination II and Marshall organ failure scores (P <0.001). Patients who died had a greater incidence of nosocomial infection. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with infected pancreatic necrosis require early operative debridement, whereas those with sterile necrosis or severe pancreatitis without necrosis can usually be managed safely without surgery.     

Prophylaxis for septic complications in acute necrotizing pancreatitis

Because the mortality of severe pancreatitis is higher when infected necrosis supervenes, prevention of infections has become a relevant endpoint for management. The "ideal" drug should be characterized by specific activity against the bacteria known to be responsible for infection and should be able to penetrate the gland in a sufficient concentration. To date there have been eight prospective trials with antibiotics, one on selective digestive decontamination, and others with enteral nutrition. A meta-analysis regarding experiences with antimicrobial drugs reports a significant reduction in the incidence of infected necrosis and pancreatic abscesses during severe pancreatitis. In conclusion, among the several options aimed at reducing infections during necrotizing pancreatitis, the prophylactic use of antibacterial drugs is the only one to have been tested to date in several randomized studies. Strong consideration should be given to treating patients with severe pancreatitis with broadspectrum antibiotics, selective digestive decontamination, and enteral nutrition. Received: June 5, 2000 / Accepted: December 28, 2000     

Is procalcitonin a reliable marker for the diagnosis of infected pancreatic necrosis?

BACKGROUND: Infected necrosis in acute pancreatitis is the main factor in determining the prognosis of the disease. Early and accurate diagnosis of infected pancreatic necrosis might decrease mortality. The aim of the present study is to identify a reliable marker for the onset infection in three different experimentally induced pancreatitis models. METHODS: Ninety female Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into nine groups. In three different experimental models, including cerulein induced acute oedematous pancreatitis (AEP), sterile pancreatic necrosis due to taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis (SPN) and infected pancreatic necrosis taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis (IPN). Serum levels of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor a (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8), amylase were measured. The degree of pancreatic damage also evaluated pathologically. RESULTS: Procalcitonin levels were increased significantly in AEP, SPN and IPN compared to control groups (P < 0.05). PCT and IL-6 level were the highest in the IPN group (P < 0.05). Serum amylase, CRP, TNF-alpha, IL-2, and IL-8 levels were similar between IPN and SPN groups (P > 0.05), but higher than in other groups. The results of histological evaluation also correlated with the advent of the disease. CONCLUSION: Procalcitonin and IL-6 acts as reliable acute phase reactant in an experimental model of AEP, SPN and IPN in the rat. PCT and IL-6 combination might be surrogate marker of infected pancreatic necrosis and should be preferred to other markers assay especially in severe pancreatitis.     

Bacterial analysis of infected pancreatic necrosis and its prevention (Symposium 8: Pancreatobiliary infection (IHPBA))

In severe acute pancreatitis, sepsis mainly due to pancreatic or peripancreatic infection have emerged as the most serious complications and now accounts for more than 80% of deaths. Collective review of organisms associated with secondary pancreatic infection in patients with acute pancreatitis has revealed that most of them are intestinal flora. Several experimental studies including ours have revealed that acute pancreatitis promotes bacterial translocation (BT), which in turn leads to infection of the pancreas and septic complications. Prophylactic antibiotics given intravenously have been demonstrated to be beneficial in reducing the rate of pancreatic infection, but their survival benefit remains unclear. We have demonstrated that continuous regional arterial infusion (CRAI) of an antibiotic is more effective than intravenous administration in preventing pancreatic infection and improving survival, in a canine model of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Our recent experimental study has revealed that CRAI of an antibiotic via the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is effective in mitigating intestinal mucosal damage and preventing BT in acute pancreatitis, thereby improving survival. BT aggravates pancreatic necrosis and remote organ damage in acute pancreatitis, and SMA infusion of antibiotics is effective in preventing BT and is practical for clinical use.     

Prophylactic antibiotics alter the bacteriology of infected necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: Use of appropriate prophylactic antibiotics has been shown to decrease infectious complications and mortality rate in patients with severe acute pancreatitis, but its influence on the bacteriology of secondary pancreatic infection is poorly defined. STUDY DESIGN: Operative cultures from 61 consecutive patients with pancreatic necrosis treated during routine prophylactic antibiotic use (1993-2001) were compared with 34 consecutive patients with necrosis treated before routine antibiotic use (1977-1992). RESULTS: The two groups of patients were similar in demographics, etiology of pancreatitis, and severity of illness. All patients in the antibiotic group received prophylactic antibiotics compared with only 38% (13 of 34) in the control group. Routine broad-spectrum prophylactic antibiotics altered the bacteriology of secondary pancreatic infection in severe acute pancreatitis from predominantly gram-negative coliforms (56% versus 26%, p = 0.005) to predominately gram-positive organisms (23% versus 52%, p = 0.009) without a significant increase in either the rate of beta-lactam resistance or fungal infections. The overall hospital stay in patients treated with prophylactic antibiotics was significantly reduced (61 +/- 24 days versus 41 +/- 28 days, p = 0.002), and there was a trend toward a decline in mortality rate in the antibiotic treatment group. CONCLUSION: Routine broad-spectrum prophylactic antibiotic use has altered the bacteriology of secondary pancreatic infection in severe acute pancreatitis from predominantly gram-negative coliforms to predominantly gram-positive organisms without altering the rate of beta-lactam resistance or fungal superinfection.     

急性胆源性胰腺炎继发感染性胰腺坏死处理方式及时机

胆源性胰腺炎作为一种最常见且病因明确的急性胰腺炎，解除病因是其治疗的首要原则。但是对于合并感染性坏死、器官功能衰竭等较重的病情，如何解决胆道问题以及进行坏死组织清创成为一个较为复杂的问题。在病程早晚、感染坏死病灶复杂程度、胆道并发症及器官功能衰竭严重程度等多个因素得到综合评估的基础上制定符合个体化原则的治疗方案应是合理手段。多种微创清创技术及分步强化的清创策略（“step-up”策略）的应用虽然已逐渐被广泛认可，但仍有可能因为刻板分步、过度强调微创而造成治疗周期延长、并发症增加等不良后果。针对胆源性胰腺炎，一方面宜积极处理胆道问题为安全清创创造条件，另一方面宜根据局部病灶的复杂程度及器官功能状态妥善处理清创与彻底解决胆道并发症的关系，因此，必须制定一套完善合理的处置流程。     

Effect of early and late antibiotic treatment in experimental acute pancreatitis in rats

Background The clinical course in acute necrotizing pancreatitis is mainly determined by bacterial infection of pancreatic and peripancreatic necrosis. The effect of two antibiotic regimens for early and late treatment was investigated in the taurocholate model of necrotizing pancreatitis in the rat. Materials and methods Seventy male Wistar rats were divided into five pancreatitis groups (12 animals each) and a sham-operated group (10 animals). Pancreatitis was induced by intraductal infusion of 3% taurocholate under sterile conditions. Animals received two different antibiotic regimes (20 mg/kg imipenem or 20 mg/kg ciprofloxacin plus 20 mg/kg metronidazole) early at 2, 12, 20, and 28 h after induction of pancreatitis or late at 16 and 24 h after induction of pancreatitis or no antibiotics (control). Animals were examined after 30 h for pancreatic and extrapancreatic infection. Results Early and late antibiotic treatment with both regimes could significantly reduce pancreatic infection from 58 to 8–25%. However, extrapancreatic infection was only reduced by early antibiotic therapy. While quinolones also reduced bacterial counts in small and large bowel, imipenem did not. Conclusions In our animal model of necrotizing pancreatitis, early and late treatment with ciprofloxacin/metronidazole and imipenem reduce bacterial infection of the pancreas. Extrapancreatic infection, however, is reduced significantly only by early antibiotic treatment. The effectivity of early antibiotic treatment in the clinical setting should be subject to further investigation with improved study design and sufficient patient numbers.     

SIRS发展在胰腺坏死、继发感染致胰腺炎病变加重中的作用

目的 探讨全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）在胰腺坏死、继发感染致胰腺炎病变加重中的作用.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠46只,随机分为四组：SO组仅翻动胰腺,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组经胰管逆行注射1％、3％、5％牛磺胆酸钠＋104/mL大肠杆菌混合液.8 h后处死大鼠,检测胰腺组织细菌培养、脂肪酶、磷脂酶A2、c反应蛋白、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平,进行胰腺组织病理学检查及Schmidt评分.结果 ①SO、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组胰腺组织细菌培养阳性率分别为0 （0/10）、0（0/12）、25％ （3/12）、90％ （9/10）,其中Ⅲ组与SO、Ⅰ、Ⅱ组比较有统计学差异（P＜ 0.01）.②SO、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清脂肪酶、C反应蛋白、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、Schmidt评分逐渐升高,各组间差别有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.③Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清磷脂酶A2水平较SO组有显著性升高（P＜0.01）,Ⅲ、Ⅱ组比Ⅰ组亦有显著性升高（P＜0.01）.④病理学检查结果：SO组未见明显病变;Ⅰ组可见胰腺水肿,炎性细胞浸润;Ⅱ组腺泡水肿,炎性细胞浸润,血管内充血,散在坏死灶与出血点;Ⅲ组可见凝固性坏死灶,大量炎性细胞浸润,微血管破裂,片状出血,甚至可见微脓肿.结论 ①胰腺坏死程度越重,其继发感染的概率越大;②SIRS可能是胰腺坏死、继发感染致胰腺炎病变加重的共同机制,抑制SIRS有助于SAP的治疗.     

Clostridium perfringens infection of pancreatic necrosis: absolute indication for early surgical intervention

It is generally accepted that the surgical treatment of pancreatic necrosis should be delayed as long as possible and after there is laboratory confirmation of infection, determined by image guided fine-needle aspiration. Two cases of severe necrotizing pancreatitis are presented where gas developed in the pancreatic bed, detected by CT scanning, within 2--4 days of the onset of symptoms. Bacteriology studies showed clostridium perfringens and other gram negative flora. The presence of retroperitoneal gas in this context is an absolute indication for early surgical intervention.     

JPN Guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis: surgical management

Acute pancreatitis represents a spectrum of disease ranging from a mild, self-limited course to a rapidly progressive, severe illness. The mortality rate of severe acute pancreatitis exceeds 20%, and some patients diagnosed as mild to moderate acute pancreatitis at the onset of the disease may progress to a severe, life-threatening illness within 2–3 days. The Japanese (JPN) guidelines were designed to provide recommendations regarding the management of acute pancreatitis in patients having a diversity of clinical characteristics. This article sets forth the JPN guidelines for the surgical management of acute pancreatitis, excluding gallstone pancreatitis, by incorporating the latest evidence for the surgical management of severe pancreatitis in the Japanese-language version of the evidence-based Guidelines for the Management of Acute Pancreatitis published in 2003. Ten guidelines are proposed: (1) computed tomography-guided or ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for bacteriology should be performed in patients suspected of having infected pancreatic necrosis; (2) infected pancreatic necrosis accompanied by signs of sepsis is an indication for surgical intervention; (3) patients with sterile pancreatic necrosis should be managed conservatively, and surgical intervention should be performed only in selected cases, such as those with persistent organ complications or severe clinical deterioration despite maximum intensive care; (4) early surgical intervention is not recommended for necrotizing pancreatitis; (5) necrosectomy is recommended as the surgical procedure for infected pancreatic necrosis; (6) simple drainage should be avoided after necrosectomy, and either continuous closed lavage or open drainage should be performed; (7) surgical or percutaneous drainage should be performed for pancreatic abscess; (8) pancreatic abscesses for which clinical findings are not improved by percutaneous drainage should be subjected to surgical drainage immediately; (9) pancreatic pseudocysts that produce symptoms and complications or the diameter of which increases should be drained percutaneously or endoscopically; and (10) pancreatic pseudocysts that do not tend to improve in response to percutaneous drainage or endoscopic drainage should be managed surgically.     

Antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis- what are the facts?

After acute pancreatitis, sepsis secondary to infected pancreatic necrosis is the main cause of late stage death. Routine prophylactic antibiotic use following a severe attack of pancreatitis has been proposed but remains contentious. Three recent randomised controlled studies compared routine antibiotic prophylaxis to no treatment. All three showed reduced sepsis rates and two showed reduced rates of pancreatic infection, but in none was there any effect on operation rate. Only one study, from Finland, has shown any effect on mortality. A feature of the use of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis is the increased frequency of drug-resistant or unusual organisms, including fungi, cultured from pancreatic tissue removed at necrosectomy. Mortality may be increased in this group of patients. The aim of antibiotic prophylaxis is a reduced death or operation rate rather than reduced sepsis rates per se and it is possible that the use of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis merely masks the underlying disease process without affecting the natural history. There are, thus, too many uncertainties to enable a clear recommendation on routine antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis. Further well-designed, adequately powered studies are required to establish the role of antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis.     

A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Ciprofloxacin Prophylaxis in Patients with Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis

Background  The use of prophylactic antibiotics in acute severe necrotizing pancreatitis is controversial. Methods  Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was carried out at Bellvitge Hospital, in Barcelona, Spain. Among 229 diagnosed with severe acute pancreatitis, 80 had evidence of necrotizing pancreatitis (34/80 patients were excluded of the protocol). Forty-six patients without previous antibiotic treatment with pancreatic necrosis in a contrast-enhanced CT scan were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous ciprofloxacin or placebo. Five patients were secondarily excluded, and the remaining 41 patients were finally included in the study (22 patients received intravenous ciprofloxacin and 19 patients placebo). Results  Comparing the 22 with intravenous ciprofloxacin and 19 with placebo, infected pancreatic necrosis was detected in 36% and 42% respectively (p = 0.7). The mortality rate was 18% and 11%, respectively (p = 0.6). No significant differences between both treatment groups were observed with respect to variables such as: non-pancreatic infections, surgical treatment, timing and the re-operation rate, organ failure, length of hospital and ICU stays. Conclusion  The prophylactic use of ciprofloxacin in patients with severe necrotizing pancreatitis did not significantly reduce the risk of developing pancreatic infection or decrease the mortality rate. The small number of patients included in this study should be considered. This study was promoted by the “Bellvitge Hospital” and has not received any grant or payment from the pharmaceutical industry.     

Surgical management of severe pancreatitis including sterile necrosis

Background/Purpose: Severe pancreatitis develops in 15% to 20% of patients with acute pancreatitis, morphologically characterized by extra- and intrapancreatic necrosis and associated with single or multiple organ failure. It is well accepted that surgery is indicated in patients with infected pancreatic necrosis. However, management of sterile necrosis is still controversial. In a prospective study, we evaluated the effect of maximal intensive care unit (ICU) treatment combined with prophylactic antibiotics in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. Methods: A total of 306 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis were hospitalized between November 1993 and August 2001. All patients with necrotizing pancreatitis diagnosed by computed tomography received ICU treatment, including antibiotics (imipenem/cilastin). Fine-needle aspiration of pancreatic necrosis was performed in patients with clinical signs of sepsis, and necrosectomy combined with continuous postoperative lavage was indicated when bacterial testing demonstrated infection. In the presence of sterile necrosis, surgery was only performed when there was no clinical improvement despite maximal ICU treatment. Results: Necrotizing pancreatitis was found in 121 patients. Infected necrosis was verified in 41 patients (34%) at a mean of 26 days. Four percent of patients with sterile necrosis and 95% of patients with infected necrosis were operated on. The surgical procedure was successful in 83% of patients as a single intervention; relaparotomy had to be performed in only 7 patients (17%). Pancreatic abscesses were found in 7 patients; four of these were drained interventionally. The overall mortality of the patients with necrotizing pancreatitis was 9.9%. The mortality of patients with sterile and infected necrosis was 2.5% and 24%, respectively (sterile vs infected; P < 0.01). Conclusions: Due to improved intensive care treatment, including prophylactic antibiotics, surgical intervention is usually not indicated in the early course of severe acute pancreatitis. Surgery is clearly indicated in patients with proven infected necrosis. Patients with sterile necrosis should undergo surgery when there is no clinical improvement within 4 weeks of intensive care treatment. In the majority of patients a single intervention is sufficient. Reinterventions are rare and even in patients with abscess formation are not needed, because these can easily be drained interventionally. Received: March 26, 2002 / Accepted: April 15, 2002 Offprint requests to: M.W. Büchler     

猫胰腺坏死后的转归初探

１９只猫随机分成Ａ组和Ｂ组。Ａ组７只接受全胰腺点状注射酒精，Ｂ组１２只经主胰管插管注射酒精，并将导管留在主胰管内造成主胰管部分梗阻，再全胰腺点状注射酒精。结果：术后全部实验猫均发生急性坏死性胰腺炎（ＡＮＰ）。Ａ组２只猎（２８．６％）在４８小时内死亡，５只猫术后６周胰腺组织形态和外分泌功能基本恢复正常。Ｂ组死亡４只（占３３．３％），其中３只在术后４８小时内死亡，另１只在术后２周死亡。其余８只猫术后１５周全部发展成慢性胰腺炎。由此提示单纯胰腺坏死可在致病因去除后得到恢复；如果致病因继续起作用．可造成组织学和功能方面的不可逆损害，最终可能发展成慢性胰腺炎。     

Continuous regional arterial infusion (CRAI) therapy reduces the mortality rate of acute necrotizing pancreatitis: results of a cooperative survey in Japan

We evaluated the usefulness of continuous regional arterial infusion (CRAI) of protease inhibitors and antibiotics in 156 patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) collected in a cooperative survey carried out in 1997 in Japan. The overall mortality rate was 18.6%, and the frequency of infected pancreatic necrosis was 12.8%. There was no significant difference in mortality rates between patients who received the protease inhibitor via CRAI and the antibiotics intravenously (group A) and patients who received both the protease inhibitor and the antibiotics via CRAI (group B), but the frequency of infected pancreatic necrosis was significantly lower in group B (7.6%) than in group A (23.5%). The mortality rate in patients in whom CRAI therapy was initiated within 48 h after the onset of ANP (11.9%) was significantly lower than that in patients in whom CRAI therapy was initiated more than 48 h after the onset (23.6%). These results suggested that CRAI of both protease inhibitors and antibiotics was effective in reducing mortality and preventing the development of pancreatic infection in ANP when initiated within 48 h after the onset of ANP. Received: June 9, 2000 / Accepted: December 28, 2000     

探讨重症急性胰腺炎与器官功能衰竭之间的关系

目的：研究重症急性胰腺炎患者器官功能衰竭的发病率以及器官功能衰竭与胰腺坏死和感染坏死程度之间的关系。方法：将2003年3月-2011年6月被明确诊断为重症急性胰腺炎的患者纳入本研究。器官功能衰竭的诊断依据是Atlanta标准。感染坏死的诊断是基于标本培养阳性。依据CT扫描情况,胰腺坏死程度被分为〈30％,30～50％和〉50％。对持续器官功能衰竭患者的资料进行分析,探讨胰腺坏死和感染的程度与持续器官功能衰竭之间的关系。结果．128例重症急性胰稼炎患者,男99例,女29例,平均年龄（42．6±16．1）岁,522％（67／128）的患者有器官功能衰竭。在器官功能衰竭患者中,49—3％有1个器官功能衰竭,32．8％有2个器官功能衰竭和17.9％有多器官功能衰竭。肺衰竭是最常见的器官功能障碍（761％）。患者年龄的增加和越高的APACHEII评分是器官功能衰竭进展的重要危险因素（P〈0.05）。CT扫描显示：1个、2个和3个器官衰竭患者的胰8泉坏死超过50％的比例分别为48.5％、59-1％和83．3％,然而,在没有器官功能衰竭的患者中,只有27．9％的患者的胰腺坏死程度超过50％（P〈O.001）。没有发现感染坏死与器官功能衰竭之间存在相关性。总体死亡率为47．7％,衰竭的器官越多,死亡率越高（P〈0．os）。结论：52．2％的重症急性胰腺炎患者出现器官功能衰竭。器官功能衰竭的发生与年龄的增加、较高的APACHEII评分和胰腺坏死的程度显著相关,与感染坏死之间无显著相关性。