Cut-off points for Polish-language versions of depression screening tools among patients with Type 2 diabetes

AimsScreening tools can help improve the detection of depression in patients with diabetes, yet the psychometric properties of most translations of scales, which are originally published in English, have not been assessed. Thus we studied the screening performance of widely used depression measures.MethodWe applied the cut-off points of the English-language versions of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); Depression in Diabetes Self-Rating Scale (DDS-RS); Brief Self-Rating Scale of Depression and Anxiety (BS-RSDA); and Problematic Areas in Diabetes Survey (PAID), all of which were used to assess diabetes-specific distress in a sample of 101 patients with Type 2 diabetes. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were used to diagnose depression.ResultsWhen the English cut-off points were used, the tools had varied values of both sensitivity and specificity. When the best cut-off points were used, all measures had either very good or good sensitivity. Taking into account their length, the HADS and the BS-RSDA seem to be the best among the screening tools.ConclusionsEffective initial diagnosis of depression in patients with diabetes during a routine medical visit requires the use of screening tools that have adequate cut-off points.The analyses presented in this article show that screening tools should be validated and the cut-off points that are used should be population-specific.     

Autonomy of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With an Insulin Pump Device: Is It Predictable?

Background:Insulin pump therapy may be offered to patients with type 2 diabetes that is not controlled by multiple daily injections. Patients with type 2 diabetes may suffer from unrecognized cognitive disabilities, which may compromise the use of a pump device.Methods:To predict patient autonomy, we evaluated 39 patients with type 2 diabetes from our database (n = 143) after continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) initiation using (1) an autonomy questionnaire evaluating the patient’s cognitive and operative capacities for CSII utilization, (2) the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) for the detection of mild cognitive disabilities, (3) the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for the detection of anxiety and depression, and (4) the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ). Patients were selected to constitute 3 groups matched for age, with different degrees of autonomy at discharge after the initial training program: complete (n = 13), partial (n = 13), or no autonomy (n = 13).Results:The satisfaction level with the pump device was high. At the last follow-up visit, only 23% of patients did not reach complete autonomy. The autonomy score correlated fairly with the MOCA score (R = 0.771, P < .001). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that at a cut-off score of 24, the MOCA identified autonomous versus dependent patients at long-term follow-up (area under the ROC curve [AUC], 0.893; sensitivity, 81%; specificity, 81%). The HADS correlated negatively with the autonomy score, and the sociocultural level also influenced autonomy with pump utilization.Conclusion:Patients with type 2 diabetes with partial autonomy at discharge may progress to complete autonomy. The MOCA and HADS may help predict a patient’s ability to manage with a pump device.     

Prevalence of anxiety and depression in osteoarthritis: use of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale as a screening tool

The aims of this study are to ascertain the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders in an outpatient population with osteoarthritis (OA), examine the interrelationships between severity of OA, pain, disability, and depression, and evaluate the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) as a screening tool for this population. Patients with lower limb OA were evaluated with the Short Form McGill Pain and Present Pain Index Questionnaires, and a visual analogue scale, WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index-section C, and the HADS. Participants underwent a structured clinical interview by a liaison psychiatrist (AB). X-rays of affected joints were rated for disease severity. Fifty-four patients (42 females; mean age 63.3) were investigated. The prevalence of clinically significant anxiety and/or depression was 40.7% (95% confidence interval (CI), 27.6–55.0%). HADS was a good predictor of anxiety and depression with a sensitivity and specificity of 88% (95%CI, 64% to 99%) and 81% (95%CI, 65% to 92%), respectively. Pain correlated with HADS anxiety and depression scores (e.g. Rank correlation coefficients (Kendall’s tau-b) between total HADS scores and Pain VAS scores 0.29; p = 0.003). Disability was greater in patients with depression and/or anxiety (e.g. total HADS score; Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient tau-b = 0.26, p = 0.007) OA severity as determined by radiological score was not a good predictor for anxiety nor depression and only weakly associated with disability. Anxiety and depression are very common in OA patients. HADS anxiety was a better predictor of diagnosed anxiety than HADS depression was of diagnosed depression. HADS is a valid and reliable screening instrument for detecting mood disorder, but not a diagnostic tool or a substitute for asking about symptoms of depression. The interrelationship between mental health, pain and disability is strong. We should therefore adopt a multidisciplinary approach to the management of OA.     

Prevalence,Temporal Change,and Determinants of Anxiety and Depression in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure

BackgroundAnxiety and depression may be under-recognized in patients with heart failure (HF). We therefore investigated the prevalence and temporal change of these symptoms in hospitalized patients with HF.Methods and ResultsWe prospectively evaluated consecutive hospitalized patients with HF using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) on admission and at discharge. The HADS-A (anxiety) and HADS-D (depression) scores were categorized as follows; 0–7, no symptoms; 8–10, mild; and 11–21, significant anxiety or depression. Symptom worsening was defined as the HADS category at discharge being poorer than that on admission. Of 224 patients (mean age 77.5 years), 35 (16%) and 62 (28%) had significant symptoms of anxiety and depression, respectively. During hospitalization, the HADS-A significantly decreased (on admission; median 6 [interquartile range (IQR) 3–9] vs at discharge; median 4 [IQR 2–7], P < .01), whereas the HADS-D did not improve (on admission; median 8 [IQR 5–11] vs at discharge; median 8 [IQR 4–11], P =.82). Anxiety and depression worsened during hospitalization in 19 (10%) and 40 (21%) patients, respectively. Advanced age, higher natriuretic peptide levels, and acute-on-chronic HF were associated with worsening anxiety, and longer hospitalization length was associated with worsening depression.ConclusionsAnxiety and depression were common and depression persisted during HF hospitalization.     

Relationship Between Psychiatric Disorders and Quality of Life in Nondialysis Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychiatric disorders (anxiety and depression) and quality of life (QOL) in nondialysis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).MethodsQOL was evaluated in a sample of 57 nondialysis patients with CKD using the 36-item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire comprising 8 scales, including the physical component summary and mental component summary measures. Depression and anxiety were estimated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, respectively.ResultsDepression and anxiety scores were negatively correlated with 7 of the 8 scales of the Short Form 36 questionnaire, and with the physical component summary and mental component summary scores, despite 38.6% patients with depression and 54.4% with anxiety, whereas QOL in the depression group, the anxiety group, and the anxiety and depression comorbid group was lower than that for those without the corresponding psychiatric disorders (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that depression and anxiety, commonly encountered in patients with CKD, could be a risk factor for QOL in these patients.     

Prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders in Chinese gastroenterological outpatients

AIM: To investigate the prevalence and physicians’ detection rate of depressive and anxiety disorders in gastrointestinal (GI) outpatients across China.METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in the GI outpatient departments of 13 general hospitals. A total of 1995 GI outpatients were recruited and screened with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The physicians of the GI departments performed routine clinical diagnosis and management without knowing the HADS score results. Subjects with HADS scores ≥ 8 were subsequently interviewed by psychiatrists using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) to make further diagnoses.RESULTS: There were 1059 patients with HADS score ≥ 8 and 674 (63.64%) of them undertook the MINI interview by psychiatrists. Based on the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition), the adjusted current prevalence for depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and comorbidity of both disorders in the GI outpatients was 14.39%, 9.42% and 4.66%, respectively. Prevalence of depressive disorders with suicidal problems [suicide attempt or suicide-related ideation prior or current; module C (suicide) of MINI score ≥ 1] was 5.84% in women and 1.64% in men. The GI physicians’ detection rate of depressive and anxiety disorders accounted for 4.14%.CONCLUSION: While the prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders is high in Chinese GI outpatients, the detection rate of depressive and anxiety disorders by physicians is low.     

Evolution of the emotional impact in patients with early inflammatory bowel disease during and after Covid-19 lockdown

BackgroundPatients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are vulnerable to some psychological disorders. Here we describe the psychological impact of a COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in patients with IBD.MethodsThis multicenter prospective cohort study included 145 patients recently diagnosed with IBD. Data on clinical and demographic characteristics, anxiety and depression scales, and IBD activity were collected in two telephone surveys, during and after the first COVID-19 lockdown in Spain. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.ResultsDuring lockdown, 33.1% and 24.1% scored high on the anxiety and depression scales, respectively. Independent factors related to anxiety (all values ORs; 95% CIs) during lockdown were female sex (2; 1.2–5.4) and IBD activity (4.3; 1.8–10.4). Factors related to depression were comorbidity (3.3; 1.1–9.8), IBD activity (6; 1.9–18.1), use of biologics (2.9; 1.1–7.6), and living alone or with one person (3.1; 1.2–8.2). After lockdown, anxiety and depression symptoms showed significant improvement, with 24.8% and 15.2% having high scores for anxiety and depression, respectively. Factors related to post-lockdown anxiety were female sex (2.5; 1.01–6.3), Crohn's disease (3.3; 1.3–8.5), and active IBD (4.1; 1.2–13.7). Factors associated with depression were previous history of mood and/or anxiety disorders (6.3; 1.6–24.9), active IBD (7.5; 2.1–26.8), and steroid use (6.4; 1.4–29).ConclusionsLockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant psychological impact in patients with IBD. Disease activity was related to the presence of anxiety and depression symptoms during and after lockdown.     

消化科门诊患者抑郁和焦虑障碍的现况调查

目的 了解北京地区综合医院消化科门诊患者抑郁障碍和焦虑障碍的患病率和诊疗状况.方法 对2007年5-6月在北京三所大型综合医院消化科就诊的年龄≥18岁的患者517例,应用医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)筛查,评分≥8分者由精神病科医生根据国际神经精神科简式访谈问卷(M.I.N.I.)做出临床诊断.同时由消化科医生在对HADS评分不知情的状况下作出疾病诊断以及处理意见.结果消化科门诊患者中抑郁和焦虑障碍的患病率为15.3%,抑郁障碍的患病率为12.0%,焦虑障碍为6.4%,抑郁合并焦虑障碍为3.0%.不同性别、不同年龄患者中抑郁障碍和焦虑障碍的患病率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).胃炎和消化功能紊乱性疾病是焦虑抑郁患者中主要诊断,分别占30.6%和26.4%.消化科医生对抑郁和焦虑障碍的正确识别率为2.8%.结论 北京地区综合医院消化内科门诊患者中抑郁和焦虑障碍的患病率较高,消化科医生的识别率较低.     

The Validity of the Substance Abuse and Mental Illness Symptom Screener (SAMISS) in People Living with HIV/AIDS in Primary HIV Care in Cape Town,South Africa

Given the high prevalence of HIV in South Africa and co-morbid mental disorders in people living with HIV/AIDs (PLWHA) we sought to validate a brief screening tool in primary HIV care. Methods: 366 PLWHA were recruited prior to combination anti-retroviral treatment (CART) initiation from two primary health HIV clinics. A mental health nurse administered a socio-demographic questionnaire and the Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and a lay counsellor administered the Substance and Mental Illness Symptom Screener (SAMISS). Results: Using the MINI, 17 % of participants were identified with either depression, anxiety disorders or adjustment disorder and 18 % with substance or alcohol abuse/dependence. The sensitivity and specificity of the SAMISS was 94 % (95 % CI: 88–98 %) and 58 % (95 % CI: 52–65 %) respectively, with the alcohol component (sensitivity: 94 %; specificity: 85 %) performing better than the mental illness component of the SAMISS (sensitivity: 97 %; specificity: 60 %). The specificity of the tool improved when the cut-off for the mental illness component was increased. Conclusion: The SAMISS may provide a useful first tier screening tool for common mental disorders in primary care for PLWHA.     

Screening Clinical Depression in HIV-Seropositive Patients Using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

The aim of this study was to verify the capacity of the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D), a self-report scale, to screen clinical depression in HIV-seropositive patients. Sixty-nine HIV-infected patients participated in this study, of whom 22 met diagnostic criteria for a depressive disorder or an adjustment disorder with depressed mood, while the remaining 47 did not. Results of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses suggest that the HADS-D is a highly effective screening tool for clinical depression in this population. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was also found to be effective, but it takes much longer to complete than the HADS-D (21 vs. 7 items) and is therefore less likely to be routinely implemented in HIV care settings. Moreover, the BDI contains somatic items that can be confused with HIV manifestations. For these reasons, health care providers are encouraged to use the HADS to screen depression in their HIV-infected patients.     

Prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression among esophageal cancer patients prior to surgery

This study aims to establish the prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression among esophageal cancer patients, post‐diagnosis but prior to curatively intended surgery. This was a cross‐sectional study using data from a hospital‐based prospective cohort study, carried out at St Thomas' Hospital, London. Potential predictor variables were retrieved from medical charts and self‐report questionnaires. Anxiety and depression were measured prior to esophageal cancer surgery, using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Prevalence of anxiety and depression was calculated using the established cutoff (scores ≥8 on each subscale) indicating cases of ‘possible‐probable’ anxiety or depression, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine predictors of emotional distress. Among the 106 included patients, 36 (34%) scored above the cutoff (≥8) for anxiety and 24 (23%) for depression. Women were more likely to report anxiety than men (odds ratio 4.04, 95% confidence interval 1.45–11.16), and patients reporting limitations in their activity status had more than five times greater odds of reporting depression (odds ratio 6.07, 95% confidence interval 1.53–24.10). A substantial proportion of esophageal cancer patients report anxiety and/or depression prior to surgery, particularly women and those with limited activity status, which highlights a need for qualified emotional support.     

Clinical efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine Xiao Yao San in insomnia combined with anxiety

Background:Patients with long-term insomnia generally experience anxiety and depression. Traditional sleeping pills and anti-anxiety drugs have certain limitations. Xiao Yao San (XYS), a complementary and alternative therapy, has been widely used to treat insomnia combined with anxiety. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of XYS in the treatment of insomnia combined with anxiety.Methods:Related literature was retrieved from 8 electronic databases from the establishment time to March 2021. The subjects were diagnosed with insomnia combined with anxiety. We assessed the methodological quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) according to the Cochrane Handbook. Data analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software.Results:The analysis includes 9 RCTs involving 681 patients. Meta-analysis supported that as an auxiliary drug for Western medicine (WM), XYS could enhance the clinical efficacy of insomnia calculated according to the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome score scale (risk ratio [RR]: 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13–1.43; P = .0002) and reduced the scores of Hamilton Anxiety Scale (mean difference [MD]: −5.19; 95% CI: −7.78 to −2.60; P < .001), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (MD: −3.35; 95% CI: −4.86 to −1.84; P < .001), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (MD: −9.38; 95% CI: −10.20 to −8.75; P < .001), TCM syndrome score scale for insomnia (MD: −4.45; 95% CI: −6.65 to −2.24; P < .001), and TCM syndrome score scale for anxiety (MD: −5.54; 95% CI: −9.48 to −1.6; P = .006). The summary analysis also shows that the separate use of XYS was advantageous in reducing the scores of the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (MD: −3.70; 95% CI: −6.31 to −1.09; P = .005), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (MD: −1.82; 95% CI: −2.39 to −1.24; P < .001), and Self-rating Anxiety Scale (MD: −10.79; 95% CI: −14.09 to −7.49; P < .001). The incidence of adverse events with XYS as an ancillary drug or used separately was lower than that in the WM.Conclusion:Our systematic evaluation and meta-analysis showed that XYS combined with WM or XYS alone was beneficial for improving sleep quality and relieving anxiety. Due to the low methodological quality, small sample size, and significant heterogeneity of RCTs, more rigorous and scientific clinical trials are required to further evaluate the efficacy and safety of XYS.PROSPERO registration number:CRD42020190613.     

心血管疾病患者焦虑抑郁症状调查研究

目的了解心血管疾病患者焦虑抑郁症状发病情况和临床特征并分析其影响因素,为临床治疗提供依据。方法纳入2012年1月～2012年3月1105例心血管疾病患者,所有患者均接受综合医院焦虑抑郁量表、汉密尔顿抑郁量表和汉密尔顿焦虑量表进行心理状况检测,评估焦虑、抑郁的发生率,采用Logistic回归分析对相关危险因素进行评价,观察在使用心血管药物治疗联合心理干预的治疗效果。结果所纳入心血管疾病患者中焦虑和抑郁患者占22.81%（252/1105）,其中53.97%（136/252）为焦虑,31.35%（79/252）为抑郁,14.68%（37/252）同时合并焦虑和抑郁。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示：健康状况、工作状态和工作劳累程度是焦虑抑郁的主要危险因素（P＜0.05）。在使用心血管药物治疗的基础上合并使用抗焦虑抑郁药物同时配合心理干预治疗后总有效率达95.63%。结论心血管疾病住院患者中焦虑抑郁症状发病率较高,焦虑抑郁症状受到多种因素影响,在治疗心血管疾病的基础上进行抗焦虑抑郁治疗有助于改善患者整体状况。     

Prevalence of depression and anxiety in pulmonary tuberculosis patients and its association with unsuccessful treatment outcome: A prospective cohort study

BackgroundPulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem in Thailand. TB causes chronic disease which may cause physical disability, mental and socioeconomic problems in TB patients. Mental disorders may occur after TB infection or co-exist with the disease. This study assessed the prevalence of depression and anxiety among pulmonary TB patients and its association with treatment outcome.MethodsThis is a single-center prospective study. Pulmonary TB patients who were treated at a tertiary hospital, in both outpatient and in-patient settings, were enrolled into the study. Demographic data and Thai Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) score at baseline and at least 2 months after diagnosis were collected to evaluate the probability of depression and anxiety. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the data. Association between suspicious mental disorder and treatment outcome were evaluated at the end of each participant's treatment.ResultsOne hundred and three participants were enrolled into the study on March 2018 to October 2019. The prevalence of probable depression and anxiety (Thai HADS score ≥11 from both test) were 7.8% and 6.8%, respectively. Unsuccessful treatment outcome rate was 10.7% (11/103). From the multivariate analysis, people previously treated/relapsed (aOR (95%CI): 7.04 (1.19–41.85), p = 0.03) and probable depression/anxiety with Thai HADS score ≥11 (10.12 (1.54–66.45), p = 0.02) were associated with unsuccessful treatment outcome.ConclusionsIn this study, Thai HADS score could identify probable depression and anxiety among pulmonary TB patients, and its association with unfavorable treatment outcome. Clinicians should keep in mind that pulmonary TB can affect the mental status of the patients and therefore, should evaluate them and provide appropriate treatment.     

Anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with diabetes

Aims To identify the prevalence and major determinants of anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with diabetes. Methods A cross‐sectional study of 2049 people with Types 1 and 2 diabetes, selected from patients experiencing three different models of care in Ireland: (i) traditional mixed care; (ii) hospital/general practitioner (GP) shared care; (iii) structured GP care. Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Analyses were conducted primarily using logistic regression with adjustment for relevant confounders. Results The overall response rate was 71% (n = 1456). Based on the HADS, there was evidence of high levels of anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with diabetes; 32.0% (95% confidence interval = 29.5–34.6%) exceeded the HADS cut‐off score of ‘mild to severe’ anxiety and 22.4% (95% confidence interval = 20.2–24.7%) exceeded the HADS cut‐off score of ‘mild to severe’ depression. Diabetes complications, smoking, uncertainty about glycaemic control and being an ex‐drinker or a heavy drinker were risk factors for both higher anxiety and depression scores in multivariate analysis. Female gender and poor glycaemic control were risks factors associated only with higher anxiety scores. Higher socio‐economic status and older age were protective factors for lower anxiety and depression scores. Type of diabetes, insulin use, marital status and models of care were not significant predictors of anxiety and depression scores. Conclusions The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with diabetes is considerably higher than in general population samples. These data serve as a benchmark for the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with diabetes.     

Evaluation of quality of life in relation to anxiety and depression in primary Sjögren’s syndrome

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) using both Short-Form 36 (SF-36) and World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment–BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaires and to determine the effects of anxiety and depression on HR-QOL using the Hospital Anxiety–Depression Scale (HADS). In this cross-sectional study, 107 female patients with pSS (mean age 54.10 ± 10.2 years), fulfilling US–European Consensus Criteria and 109 female controls (mean age 53.4 ± 10.9 years) were included. Student’s t test, Mann–Whitney U test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for statistical analysis. P values >0.05 were accepted as significant. All domains of the SF-36, with the exception of “Vitality”, and all domains of the WHOQOL-BREF with the exception of “Environment”, were significantly lower in pSS patients compared with healthy controls. In pSS patients having anxiety according to HADS, the scores of all domains of WHOQOL-BREF were significantly lower, and in patients having depression according to HADS, three of four domains of WHOQOL-BREF were significantly lower compared with the rest of the group. However, the scores of two domains of the SF-36, namely “Role-Physical” and “Role-Emotional” domains, were significantly higher in pSS patients having depression according to HADS. We confirmed the presence of impaired HR-QOL in pSS. Whereas the presence of anxiety and/or depression generally showed a negative affect on HR-QOL, interestingly, depression seemed to improve the scores of “Role-Physical” and “Role-Emotional” domains of the SF-36. This surprising finding might be related to adaptation to changing health. Social support based upon cultural traditions might also have contributed.     

Psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Spain. A post lockdown reflection

ObjectivesThis multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the psychosocial impact of COVID-19 on patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Spain during lockdown and the first wave of the pandemic.Patients and methodsA self-report questionnaire that integrated the Spanish version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 items (DASS-21) and the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSS) was designed to gather sociodemographic data and information related to the effects of lockdown on the lives of IBD patients. Twelve IBD units invited their patients to answer the anonymous online survey between the 1st July and the 25th August 2020.ResultsOf the 693 survey participants with IBD, 67% were women and the mean age was 43 (SD 12). Sixty-one percent had ulcerative colitis, 36% Crohn's disease and 3% indeterminate colitis. DASS-21 scores indicate that during lockdown the estimated prevalence of depression was 11% [95% CI 8.2–13%], anxiety 20% [95% CI 17 to 23%] and stress 18% [95% CI 8.2–13%]. Multivariate analysis showed that the perceived high risk of COVID-19 infection because of having IBD and maladaptation to government measures to reduce the spread of disease doubled the risk of anxiety and stress during lockdown.ConclusionsIn the short-term, lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic seemed to have an impact on the already affected mental health of our IBD patients in Spain.     

Clinical observation on the benefits of antidepressant intervention in advanced cancer patients

To observe the interventional effect of antidepressants on advanced cancer patients from the perspective of patient benefit and analyze patient characteristics to explore reasonable drug use.Pharmaceutical care was administered to patients with advanced cancer. From June 2018 to June 2020, 152 advanced cancer patients underwent sertraline intervention. The Hospital Anxiety/Depression Scale (HADS) was used to screen for the risk of anxiety and depression, and patients were divided into 4 groups: high, medium, low, and no risk. Concomitant clinical symptoms and antidepressant intervention results were recorded. HADS score change and symptom improvement were used to evaluate the antidepressant intervention effect, and effective intervention time for both indicators was recorded. The guidelines for antidepressant medication for these patients were analyzed, and depression/anxiety assessments and treatment models in this population were discussed.We observed that concomitant refractory clinical symptoms were the main target for the antidepressant intervention. Of those considered high risk on the basis of the HADS score (i.e., ≥15 points), 41.5% had depression, 26.3% had anxiety, and 20.4% had comorbid anxiety and depression. For the 142 patients who completed the study, the improvement rate of mood-related symptoms based on the efficacy index was 78.2%, with a median of 7 days until improvement was observed. The improvement rate based on the HADS score was 57.0%, with a median of 19 days for improvement. Improvement rate and median days until improvement under both indices were statistically significant. Comparisons by risk group showed that improvement in clinical symptoms was significantly greater in the high- and medium-risk groups than in the low-risk group, and HADS score improvement was significantly greater in the high-risk group than in the other 2 groups. Moreover, sertraline improved chemotherapy tolerance, unhealthy emotions, and clinical symptoms such as fear, dyspnea, agrypnia, fatigue, and intractable pain.We observed a positive effect of antidepressant drug intervention on refractory clinical symptoms in patients with advanced cancer that was particularly pronounced in those with a high-to-medium risk of depression and anxiety. However, the effect was not correlated with improved HADS score. Antidepression treatment improves concomitant clinical symptoms and benefits patients.     

Symptoms of Anxiety in Inpatient Alcoholics with and without DSM-III-R Anxiety Diagnoses

Self- and observer-rating scales were administered to alcohol-dependent inpatients during acute withdrawal and regularly for 3 weeks. Following a structured diagnostic interview (SCID) at the end of the 3rd week of hospitalization, subjects were divided into two groups: a dual-diagnosed group (alcohol dependence and anxiety disorder) and an alcohol-only group (no other current Axis I diagnosis). The results demonstrated that the dual-diagnosed subjects experienced higher anxiety levels during and after acute alcohol withdrawal. All rating scales (i.e., Sheehan Patient Rated Anxiety Scale, Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory, Zung Rating Scale for Anxiety, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety) were analyzed to obtain the best combination of sensitivity and specificity. Taken together, the results indicate that it may be possible to identify alcoholics who require additional psychiatric evaluation early in treatment. This would allow a treatment plan which could be used to address both psychiatric and substance abuse problems.