鼻塞气道正压通气对小儿心脏术后急性呼吸衰竭的治疗作用

目的 :评价鼻塞气道正压通气 (CPAP)对小儿心脏术后急性呼吸衰竭的治疗作用。　　方法 :18例心脏术后合并急性呼吸衰竭患儿 ,年龄 9个月～ 6岁 ,观察 CPAP前后血压、心率、呼吸频率及动脉血气的变化。　　结果 :与 CPAP应用前相比 ,CPAP后 1小时及 4小时的呼吸频率由 5 1± 10次 /分分别减慢至 45± 9次 /分及 39± 12次 /分 (P<0 .0 1) ;动脉血氧分压由 71± 14mm Hg(1mm Hg=0 .133k Pa)分别上升至 10 8± 34mm Hg及 110± 35 mm Hg(P均<0 .0 1) ;二氧化碳分压由 5 0± 7mm Hg分别下降至 45± 6 mm Hg及 43± 13mm Hg,循环状况趋于稳定。　　结论 :合理应用鼻塞 CPAP可迅速改善心脏术后急性呼吸衰竭患儿的通气及换气功能 ,减少呼吸功 ,可作为再次气管插管前的补救措施之一。     

鼻塞式持续气道正压通气治疗小儿重症肺炎的临床疗效及安全性分析

目的分析鼻塞式持续气道正压通气治疗小儿重症肺炎的临床疗效及安全性。方法选取2013—2014年在百色市人民医院住院的重症肺炎患儿90例,采用掷硬币法将患儿分为对照组40例和观察组50例。在综合性基础治疗基础上,对照组患儿辅以面罩式给氧治疗,观察组患儿辅以鼻塞式持续气道正压通气治疗。比较两组患儿临床疗效、治疗前和治疗24 h后血气分析指标〔包括动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、血氧饱和度(SaO2)及动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)〕、临床症状及体征消失时间、住院时间,并对两种治疗方式的安全性进行分析。结果观察组患儿临床疗效优于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗前两组患儿PaO2、Sa O2及PaCO2比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗24 h后观察组患儿PaO2和SaO2高于对照组,PaCO2低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组患儿气促、呼吸困难、发绀、心率异常、胸骨凹陷、肺部啰音消失时间及住院时间均短于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组除9例患儿出现轻微充血或偶尔轻微瘙痒外,未出现其他明显不适;对照组中24例患儿面罩脱落,3例患儿造成鼻周脸部受到轻微擦伤,所有患儿因进食等原因被迫取下面罩而中断氧疗,从而影响氧疗效果。结论鼻塞式持续气道正压通气治疗小儿重症肺炎的临床疗效确切,能有效改善患儿血气分析指标和临床症状及体征,缩短住院时间,且安全性较高。     

经鼻塞式持续气道正压通气模式对重症湿肺新生儿肺功能的改善作用

目的探讨经鼻塞式持续气道正压通气模式(NCPAP)对重症湿肺新生儿肺功能的改善作用。方法选取2017年6月至2019年6月本院重症湿肺新生儿100例,依据随机数字表分为鼻塞组和面罩组,每组50例,面罩组给予面罩吸氧治疗,鼻塞组给予NCPAP治疗,比较两组肺功能[1s用力呼气容积(FEV_1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、呼气峰流量(PEF)]、血气[血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)、血氧分压(PaO_2)、氧合指数(OI)]、治疗疗效、并发症。结果鼻塞组和面罩组治疗后FEV_1、FVC、PEF、PaO_2、OI明显高于治疗前,鼻塞组治疗后FEV_1、FVC、PEF、PaO_2、OI明显高于面罩组,鼻塞组和面罩组治疗后PaCO_2明显低于治疗前,鼻塞组治疗后PaCO_2明显低于面罩组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);鼻塞组治疗有效率明显高于面罩组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);鼻塞组并发症发生率明显低于面罩组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 NCPAP可有效改善重症湿肺新生儿肺功能及血气状态,有利于提高疗效,且安全性更好,值得临床推广。     

鼻塞式持续气道正压通气治疗小儿重症肺炎的临床价值简

目的 探讨鼻塞式持续气道正压通气（CPAP）治疗小儿重症肺炎的临床价值.方法 52例重症肺炎患儿随机分为对照组（n=25例,鼻导管给氧组）和观察组（n=27例,鼻塞式CPAP治疗组）,比较两组患儿治疗总有效率,机械通气率及治疗前后临床症状、血气分析指标变化情况.结果 观察组治疗总有效率（85.2%）明显高于对照组（72.0%）（P〈0.05）,且机械通气率（7.4%）明显低于对照组（20.0%）（P〈0.05）;观察组患儿症状体征消失时间及住院天数较对照组明显缩短（P〈0.05）;两组患儿治疗前血气分析指标比较无显著差异性（P〉0.05）,治疗后血气分析指标均明显改善,且观察组改善程度明显优于对照组（P〈0.05）.结论 鼻塞式CPAP治疗小儿重症肺炎疗效显著,可改善血气分析指标和降低机械通气率.     

固尔苏联合鼻塞式持续气道正压通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效观察

目的探讨固尔苏联合鼻塞式持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)的临床疗效。方法 72例NRDS患儿按数字表随机分为两组,对照组(n=36例)在综合治疗措施上采用沐舒坦联合NCPAP治疗,观察组(n=36例)在综合治疗措施上采用固尔苏联合NCPAP治疗。观察两组患儿临床疗效,治疗前后临床表现,比较两组患儿治疗后1、12、24h NCPAP参数(Fi O2、PIP、PEEP、Flow)、动脉血气指标(p H、Pa O2、Pa CO2、Pa O2/Fi O2)的变化。结果观察组治疗总有效率(88.9%)明显高于对照组治疗总有效率(72.2%)(P0.05);随着治疗时间延长,两组患儿动脉血气指标和NCPAP参数均得到改善,且观察组动脉血气指标和NCPAP参数(Fi O2、PIP)改善较对照组更为显著(P0.05)。结论固尔苏联合NCPAP治疗NRDS患儿疗效显著,可明显改善动脉血气指标和NCPAP参数,值得临床推广应用。     

新型鼻塞持续气道正压通气技术在新生儿呼吸衰竭治疗中的应用

目的回顾分析新型鼻塞持续气道正压通气（NCPAP）对新生儿呼吸衰竭的治疗效果。方法呼吸衰竭新生儿86例,在综合治疗的同时,治疗组45例,采用新型鼻塞持续气道正压（nasal continous positive airway pressure,NCPAP）通气技术治疗,对照组41例,采用简易水封瓶气道正压通气技术治疗。观察两组患儿在治疗前、治疗后临床及血气监测结果变化,比较动脉血氧分压（PaO2）及二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）等的变化。结果治疗组45例患儿中显效20例,好转18例,无效7例,总有效率为84.4%;对照组41例患儿中显效12例,好转10例,无效19例,总有效率为53.7%。两组总有效率比较有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。两组PaO2、SaO2有明显提高,与治疗前比较有显著性差异（P〈0.01）;PaCO2有所降低,与治疗前比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;pH有所升高,与治疗前比较,无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。治疗组PaCO2、SaO2改善程度明显高于对照组,两组比较有显著性差异。结论新型鼻塞持续气道正压通气是治疗新生儿呼吸衰竭的一种安全、有效的辅助通气方式。     

双相气道正压通气与双水平气道正压通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中呼吸动力学的比较研究

目的 比较自主呼吸状态下，双相气道正压通气（BIPAP）与双水平气道正压通气BiPAP在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者中呼吸动力学方面的差异。方法 将9例达到入选标准气管插管，接受机械通气治疗的COPD患者，按随机顺序给予BIPAP（高压为16cmH2O，低压5cmH2O，高压时间和低压时间均为2秒）和BiPAP（吸气末正压16cmH2O，呼气末正压5cmH2O）两种模式通气，每种通气模式持续30min，于最后10min分别记录通气时的食道压变化值（△Peso）、跨膈压变化值（△Pdi）、食道压压力时间乘积（PTPeso）、跨膈压压力时间乘积（PTPdi）、气道闭合压（P0.1）、分钟通气量（VE）、潮气量（VT）、呼吸频率（RR）以及血气值。结果 与BiPAP通气时相比，BIPAP通气时的△Peso、△Pdi、P0.1、PEEPi、PTPeso、PTPdi均显著增高（P〈0.05），VE和VT明显降低（P〈0.05）。BiPAP通气时的PaO2和BIPAP通气时无显著性差异，但PaCO2后者明显高于前者（P〈0.05），RR两者无显著性差异。结论 在自主呼吸情况下，BiPAP对减少COPD患者呼吸肌的作功、改善通气显著优于BIPAP。     

持续气道正压通气在新生儿科的临床应用

持续气道正压通气(CPAP)能使肺泡在呼气末保持一定压力,增加功能残气量,防止肺泡萎陷,从而改善通气和换气功能.CPAP主要用于出现呼吸困难、两肺充气不良的新生儿,适应证主要有早期或轻中度新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、早产儿呼吸暂停、新生儿湿肺、机械通气撤离后过度肺水肿等.CPAP为鼻塞法,避免气管插管、减少机械通气,是一种简便、适宜的新生儿呼吸支持技术.     

持续气道正压通气治疗肥胖低通气综合征

目的探讨持续气道正压通气治疗肥胖低通气综合征（ＯＨＳ）的疗效。方法用ＣＰＡＰ（经鼻持续气道正压通气）及ＢｉＰＡＰ（双水平气道正压通气）呼吸机分别对２１例及１４例肥胖低通气综合征患者治疗２个月,比较治疗前后的呼吸紊乱指数（ＡＨＩ）、低通气指数（ＨＩ）、体块指数（ＢＭＩ）、４％的血氧饱和度降低次数（ＯＤＩ４）以及最低血氧饱和度（ｍｉｎＳａＯ２）,并将ＢＭＩ与ＡＨＩ、ＨＩ及ｍｉｎＳａＯ２作相关性分析。结果肥胖低通气患者治疗后ＡＨＩ、ＨＩ、ＢＭＩ、ＯＤＩ４、ｍｉｎＳａＯ２均有明显改善（Ｐ＜００５）;而ＢＭＩ与ＨＩ、及ｍｉｎＳａＯ２的相关性检验无显著性（相关系数分别为ｒ＝０．０３４６８和ｒ＝０．０５５８１,Ｐ＞００５）,提示单纯降低ＢＭＩ并不能有效地改善ＨＩ及ｍｉｎＳａＯ２。结论持续气道正压通气是治疗ＯＨＳ一种无创、有效的措施,且能在短期内明显改善临床症状,提高生活质量。     

鼻塞持续气道正压通气治疗早产儿呼吸暂停临床分析及护理

目的探讨鼻塞持续气道正压通气（NCPAP）治疗早产儿呼吸暂停（AOP）的疗效及护理措施。方法82例呼吸暂停的早产儿随机分为两组,治疗组42例用NCPAP,对照组40例用氨茶碱加纳络酮,两组均采用相应合适的护理措施,观察比较两组疗效。结果治疗组显效率、总有效率分别为61．9％、92．8％,对照组为32．5％、67．5％,治疗组显效率、总有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论持续气道正压通气可有效治疗AOP,采用持续气道正压通气治疗AOP,正确调节氧气浓度及压力,严密观察病情,及时发现和防止并发症的发生,精心的护理,在诊治过程中起着重要的作用。     

Courses on mechanical ventilation in pediatrics: first experience in Spain

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the initial experience in mechanical ventilation courses held by the Respiratory Group of the Spanish Paediatric Intensive Care Society. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2002 to 2006, 15 courses on paediatric mechanical ventilation were held in eight hospitals in Spain, attended by a total of 367 physicians (53.4 % trainees and 46.6 % staff physicians from Paediatrics, Neonatology or Emergency). An initial theoretical written test of 40 questions was completed by participants, followed by short theory classes and practical workshops based on clinical situations, with ventilators and ventilation simulators, with five to seven students per workshop. At the end of the course participants completed a theoretical written test, in which it was considered necessary to answer correctly at least 70% of the questions, a practical evaluation (with assessment grades from 1 to 5) and a written survey about the quality of the course (with assessment grades from 0 to 10). RESULTS: In the initial test, only 20% of students answered 70% of questions correctly, whilst in the final test 93% hit this target, (p < 0.001). In the practical evaluation, 96% of students demonstrated sufficient acquisition of practical skills (grades equal to or greater than 3). In the participant survey, the course methodology was rated at 8.7 +/- 0.5, organisation 8.7 +/- 0.4, teaching staff 9.2 +/- 0.2, theoretical classes 8.7 +/- 0.4 and practical sessions 8.8 +/- 0.3. CONCLUSIONS: Mechanical ventilation courses are a useful educational method for health professionals in theoretical and practical mechanical ventilation.     

Successful use of nasal-CPAP for obstructive sleep apnea in Hunter syndrome with diffuse airway involvement

A patient with Hunter syndrome and diffuse airway obstruction had daytime hypersomnolence, snoring, and alveolar hypoventilation. Polysomnography showed severe obstructive sleep apnea. In the past, all reported cases of sleep apnea in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses had been treated with tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy or tracheostomy. This patient, in whom tracheostomy would have been very difficult due to the diffuse nature of his airway involvement, was successfully treated with high pressure nasal CPAP and supplemental oxygen.     

Orthostatic hypotension in pediatrics

Transient orthostatic hypotension is a common experience of many healthy adolescents and is the expected outcome of relatively dilated-dependent vascular tone. These children may experience brief symptoms of orthostatic intolerance when standing up rapidly, but they have no chronic symptoms or diseases. However, persistent orthostatic hypotension and chronic symptoms of orthostatic intolerance indicate postural tachycardia syndrome.     

Antiphospholipid syndrome in pediatrics

APS is recognized increasingly as a leading cause of vascular thrombosis in the pediatric population. With the obvious exception of pregnancy morbidity, most of the clinical features that may occur in adults with APS have been described also in children. Because the coincident prothrombotic factors that are common in adults have little or no impact in children, pediatric patients with APS constitute a suitable sample to investigate the relationship of aPL with the associated clinical manifestations, such as thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, chorea, and livedo reticularis, and the specificities of aPL that are more linked to thrombosis. On the other hand, because of the high frequency of infectious processes in early life, children may have a greater prevalence of nonpathogenic and transient aPL. For these reasons, the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to APS in childhood may be different from that for adults. Because of the rarity of aPL-related thrombosis in children, the natural history and optimal management can be defined only through large, multicenter, controlled studies. A internet-based registry for pediatric patients with APS (Ped-APS Register) has been recently established as part of the activities of the Euro-aPL Forum and the Lupus Working Group of the Pediatric Rheumatology European Society. This registry is aimed to obtain information on APS in childhood, particularly regarding association of aPL with clinical manifestations, specificity of aPL, impact of treatment and long-term outcome (http://www.med.ub.es/MIMMUN/FORUM/PEDIATRIC.HTM).     

Antimicrobial agents in pediatrics

For proper use of antimicrobial agents in infants and children, special precautions should be taken. These include knowledge of the pharmacokinetic properties of these agents, especially in neonates, and of host factors related to gestational and chronological ages of the patient. Failure to recognize such factors can result in either lack of therapeutic response of drug-related adverse effects. In this article, special aspects of the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics and the clinical pharmacology and indications for use of the beta-lactam antibiotics in infants and children are presented.     

Functional foods in pediatrics

The philosophy that food can be health promoting beyond its nutritional value is gaining acceptance. Known disease preventive aspects of nutrition have led to a new science, the 'functional food science'. Functional foods, first introduced in Japan, have no universally accepted definition but can be described as foods or food ingredients that may provide health benefits and prevent diseases. Currently, there is a growing interest in these products. However, not all regulatory issues have been settled yet. Five categories of foods can be classified as functional foods: dietary fibers, vitamins and minerals, bioactive substances, fatty acids and pro-, pre- and symbiotics. The latter are currently the main focus of research. Functional foods can be applied in pediatrics: during pregnancy, nutrition is 'functional' since it has prenatal influences on the intra-uterine development of the baby, after birth, 'functional' human milk supports adequate growth of infants and pro- and prebiotics can modulate the flora composition and as such confer certain health advantages. Functional foods have also been studied in pediatric diseases. The severity of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, intestinal allergy and lactose intolerance may be reduced by using functional foods. Functional foods have proven to be valuable contributors to the improvement of health and the prevention of diseases in pediatric populations.     

Antibacterial agents in pediatrics

From low birth weight infants to adolescents, physiologic and developmental differences underlie the marked differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibacterial agents. Certain diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, also can alter these parameters. This article describes the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics that are unique to children and that characterize the clinical application of selected antibacterial agents to infectious diseases in children.