Reconstruction du LCA chez le sportif de compétition. Évaluation, à court terme,après reprise du sport

Background

Most studies have observed satisfactory outcome after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The best series report 80 to 90% success, irrespective of the type of operation. The purpose of this work was to investigate resumption of sports activities after ACL reconstruction. We studied the impact of the conditions of sports activity after the operation, gender, type of sport, presence of an extra-articular reinforcement and time since surgery.

Material and method

In order to search for significant differences between the postoperative and follow-up scores, a questionnaire with a subjective IKDC grid was addressed 12 months after their hospitalization to all athletes who had undergone ACL reconstruction at the CERS from 1^st January, 2003 through 31^st October, 2004.

Results

For the period considered, 2248 athletes were hospitalized at the CERS for ACL reconstruction. The response rate was 43% (969 responses at 12 months). There was no significant difference between the hospitalized population and the responders in terms of type of sports activity or type of graft. There was however a significant female predominance among responders (p = 0.01). Mean follow-up was 13.9 ± 2.9 months. Reconstruction methods were: hamstring graft 54%, free patellar graft 43%, MacIntosh fascia lata 2%, MacIntosh quadriceps 1%. The main activity was a pivot sport for 74% of the athletes. Male gender predominated: 77%. There was no difference regarding postoperative training, but competition level was achieved more readily by males (65% versus 54%, p = 0.0038), since more females stated resumption of competition was not an objective. It was also noted that resumption of training occurred earlier for gliding sports than for pivot–contact sports (7.32 ± 2.09 months versus 8.23 ± 2.66 months, p = 0.021). The presence of a lateral reinforcement did not have a significant impact on resumption of sports activities which was more frequent in the hamstring group than the patellar group (16% versus 7%, p < 0.0001) and more frequent in the pivot–contact sports (p = 0.0039). Regarding the role of the surgical technique, resumption of training and competition was better after hamstring plasty compared with patellar tendon plasty for follow-up less than or equal to 12 months (p = 0.0009 and 0.0001 respectively). The subjective IKDC score was also significantly better in the hamstring group for the period considered (p = 0.0006). The differences observed early in the follow-up resolved over time and no significant difference was observed at 18 and 22 months. Regarding the MacIntosh fascia lata plasty, resumption of competition was significantly earlier (7.67 ± 1.87 months) compared with hamstring plasty (9.69 ± 2.58 months) and patellar tendon plasty (9.65 ± 3 months). Resumption of training (90%) and competition (76%) was also better with the MacIntosh fascia lata plasty compared with the two other techniques but the difference was not significant. These differences, in favor of the MacIntosh fascia lata plasty, might have been due to a recruitment bias since the level of the sports activities was significantly higher in the MacIntosh population than in the populations of the other two methods.

Conclusion

This study is of particular interest because of the size of the homogeneous study population resulting from the highly selective recruitment of athletes at the CERS. This study is generally in agreement with prior data in the literature, particularly concerning the rate of resumed training one year after surgery. This study shows that the patellar tendon plasty reaches maturity more slowly than the hamstring plasty although the two techniques yielded comparable results at 18 months for all criteria studied.     

Traitement conservateur de la rupture du ligament croisé antérieur

The aims of non-operative treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries are to promote dynamic stability, improve function and decrease the risk of osteoarthritis. There is controversy in the studies with heterogeneous and non- randomized samples, currently recommending this treatment for isolated ruptures, elderly adults and patients without motivation for physical activity. Patient education, range of motion rehabilitation, hamstring and quadriceps muscle strengthening, proprioception training in closed kinetic-chain and fitness reconditioning are the most important approaches to a functional return.     

Offseason Workout Recommendations for Baseball Players

Purpose of ReviewOffseason training programs are crucial for the baseball athlete. Preparation for the competitive season should be carefully planned to allow long-term athletic success. The two goals of the offseason training program are to optimize performance and reduce injury risk. These goals can only be accomplished with an understanding of the unique physical demands of the sport, and how these demands relate to performance and injury. The purpose of this article is to review the unique demands of baseball training along with current strength and conditioning principles to optimize offseason training for the baseball athlete.Recent FindingsTraditional strength and conditioning programs used in other sports may not maximize the qualities necessary for optimal baseball performance. Traditional strength and conditioning exercises, such as squat and deadlift, primarily train sagittal plane movement while frontal and transverse plane movements are likely equally as important for baseball players. Biomechanical studies have shown that trunk rotation power has the largest influence on throwing velocity in pitchers. Programs should also be designed to reduce injury risk for common injuries. The most common injuries in baseball include hamstring strains, throwing arm injuries, paralumbar muscle strains, hip adductor strains, and oblique muscle strains.SummaryThis review describes the typical periodization phases of the offseason and provides a sample program outlining an offseason program for a professional baseball player from September through February.     

Hamstring muscle strain treated by mobilizing the sacroiliac joint

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two types of treatment of hamstring muscle strains. Twenty patients with hamstring muscle strains were assigned randomly to an Experimental Group (n = 10) or a Control Group (n = 10). Peak torque production of the quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles and hamstring muscle length were measured before and after treatment. The hamstring muscles of the Experimental and Control groups were treated with moist heat followed by passive stretching. The Experimental Group also received manipulation of the sacroiliac joint. The change in hamstring muscle peak torque was significantly greater for the Experimental Group than for the Control Group (p less than .005). No significant differences existed between the two groups in either quadriceps femoris muscle peak torque or hamstring muscle length. The results of this study suggest a relationship between sacroiliac joint dysfunction and hamstring muscle strain.     

Rééducation accélérée après ligamentoplastie par la technique DIDT par un protocole simple et adapté à chacun

With most procedures of rehabilitation following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament that was treated though the technique of ligamentoplasty using gracilis and semi-tendinous, the hamstring can’t resume activity until four to six weeks after the operation. Comparing the engraftment of post-traumatic muscle damage, the described rehabilitation procedure is an accelerated procedure that uses early eccentric strengthening of the hamstring starting on day 8. This is achieved first by manual resistance until day 21 then on a hamstring chair from day 21 to day 45. The aim of such a treatment is not to resume sporting activity more quickly, but to ensure that the conditions for recovery are optimized. The described treatment also presents some limitations and should therefore be applied with caution so as not to jeopardize the ultimate recovery of the ligament.     

Avulsion post-traumatique de la tubérosité ischiatique chez le sportif

The avulsion fractures of the ischium are rare lesions, which are often unnoticed. When they are not diagnosed and, consequently, not dealt with, they are at the origin of persistent pains and could stop the sports activity. We report the case of an avulsion–fracture ischiatic tuberosity in a 16-year-old sportsman patient. The diagnosis selected initially was a tendinitis of hamstring and a medicamentous treatment was given. The symptomatology did not regress and the patient was entrusted to us at the end of six months. The take-in-charge consisted of reduction and the osteosynthesis of the detached fragment with simple postoperative and retake of sports activeness after one year.     

Hamstring injuries of the hip

Hamstring injuries can be classified with regard to the site of involvement. Traumatic disorders at the proximal bone-tendon origin are best defined as avulsion injuries, such as ischial tuberosity fractures and hamstring tendon tears. Musculotendinous lesions include muscle strains and muscle contusions. Most hamstring injuries occur after in-direct trauma from excessive stretching or forceful contraction, leading to avulsion injuries or muscle strains and tears. Insufficient warm-up, lack of flexibility, inadequate muscle strength and endurance, or abnormal contraction and running may predispose to such injuries. In the event of blunt direct trauma, a muscle contusion, intramuscular hematoma, myositis ossificans, or compartment syndrome may develop.     

A systematic review of surgical intervention in the treatment of hamstring tendon ruptures: current evidence on the impact on patient outcomes

Hamstring injuries are among the most common muscle injuries. They have been reported in many different sports, such as running, soccer, track and field, rugby, and waterskiing. However, they are also present among the general population. Most hamstring injuries are mild strains, but also moderate and severe injuries occur. Hamstring injuries usually occur in rapid movements involving eccentric demands of the posterior thigh. Sprinting has been found to mainly affect the isolated proximal biceps femoris, whereas stretching-type injuries most often involve an isolated proximal injury of the semimembranosus muscle. The main cause of severe 2- or 3-tendon avulsion is a rapid forceful hip flexion with the ipsilateral knee extended. Most hamstring injuries are treated non-surgically with good results. However, there are also clear indications for surgical treatment, such as severe 2- or 3-tendon avulsions. In athletes, more aggressive recommendations concerning surgical treatment can be found. For a professional athlete, a proximal isolated tendon avulsion with clear retraction should be treated operatively regardless of the injured tendon. Surgical treatment has been found to have good results in severe injuries, especially if the avulsion injury is repaired in acute phase. In chronic hamstring injuries and recurring ruptures, the anatomical apposition of the retracted muscles is more difficult to be achieved. This review article analyses the outcomes of surgical treatment of hamstring ruptures. The present study confirms the previous knowledge that surgical treatment of hamstring tendon injuries causes good results with high satisfaction rates, both in complete and partial avulsions. Early surgical repair leads to better functional results with lower complication rates, especially in complete avulsions.

KEY MESSAGEs

• Surgical treatment of hamstring tendon ruptures leads to high satisfaction and return to sport rates.
• Both complete and partial hamstring tendon ruptures have better results after acute surgical repair, when compared to cases treated surgically later.
• Athletes with hamstring tendon ruptures should be treated more aggressively with operative methods.

     

Muscle fatigue in the gluteus maximus changes muscle synergies during single-leg landing

IntroductionHamstring strain often occurs at the end of a match or during practice in sports activities. The gluteus maximus muscle is an important muscle for hip extension along with the hamstring. Gluteus maximus muscle dysfunction may be involved in the occurrence of hamstring strain. Therefore, we focused on gluteus maximus muscle fatigue and investigated gluteus maximus and hamstring coordination.MethodsHe activities of the right side of the erector spinae, internal oblique, upper, and lower gluteus maximus fibers, gluteus medius, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, and medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle were measured in 21 young healthy men during single-leg landing before and after fatigue intervention. Fatigue intervention of the gluteus maximus muscle was performed using electrical muscle stimulation. Electromyography data were analyzed using non-negative matrix factorization. Additionally, to evaluate gluteus maximus fatigue, an isometric hip extension strength test and frequency analysis were performed before and after the intervention.ResultsThe isometric strength power and median frequency significantly decreased after intervention. Two muscle synergies were extracted and the contribution of semitendinosus of a synergy that was activated just before landing, significantly increased due to the intervention.DiscussionThe results of the isometric hip strength test and frequency analysis, the gluteus maximus fatigued by the intervention. The hip extensor muscles eccentrically contract to absorb the ground reaction force during landing. Therefore, our results may suggest that the eccentric load increases for the hamstring due to gluteus maximus muscle fatigue and may be a risk factor for hamstring strain.     

Apport des plasmas enrichis en plaquettes dans le traitement des lésions musculaires traumatiques – Étude pilote à propos de 50 cas

Introduction

Some muscle injuries remain a difficult challenge for the therapist. They affect constantly the interface muscle–connective tissue. Platelet factors have recently made a grand entrance in the therapeutic strategy in sports medicine. But there is only few studies assessing PRP in muscle injury in humans.

Method

The PRP are produced from 40 mL of citrated venous blood. They are extracted without leukocytes. Patients have benefited from 1 to 3 injections of PRP ultrasound-guided according to clinical and ultrasound importance of their lesion. A period of one week between each injection was chosen. The quantity of injected PRP is defined according to the size of the lesion at ultrasound. The evaluation focuses on the delay in return to competition. The number of recurrence was also evaluated.

Results

Preliminary results found a mean age of 28 years including 67 % of professional athletes and 33 % of amateurs. There is an average time of return to sport competing at the same level of 35.6 days. The healing time is improved for the treatment of first injury, for the treatment of certain locations (quadriceps, hamstring) and if he is initiated between the 2nd and 9th day after injury. It has been observed only one relapse. No side effects were noted during the study.

Conclusion

The PRP decreases the risk of recurrence and healing times in intrinsic muscle injury in amateur and professional athletes.     

Hamstring strains in professional rugby players result in increased fascial stiffness without muscle quality changes as assessed using shear wave elastography

IntroductionHamstring strain injury is common among sports injuries. A previous history of this injury is considered a strong predictor of recurrent hamstring strain injury. Fascial tissue reportedly becomes stiffer after hamstring strain injury. However, the association between fascial stiffness and previous hamstring strain injury has not been investigated in clinical studies. We aimed to determine whether a previous history of hamstring strain injury affects fascial tissue and muscle tissues using shear wave elastography.MethodIn eleven male professional rugby players, the stiffness as a shear modulus (kPa) of fascial tissue and muscle was measured on the specific injured area measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at resting position by using shear wave elastography. The side-to-side differences between the injured and the uninjured side were analyzed. The length and area of the muscle scar tissue were evaluated by MRI in relation to fascial stiffness.ResultsThe shear elastic modulus of fascia was stiffer in the injured vs. the uninjured side; however, no difference was observed in the muscle. No significant relationship was detected between the length and area of the muscle scar tissue (all P > 0.05).DiscussionRugby players with a previous history of hamstring strain injury exhibited passive stiffness of fascial tissues in the injured leg, regardless of the length or area of the muscle scar tissue. However, the passive stiffness of muscles was same between the injured and the uninjured leg.ConclusionThe results can be beneficial to consider future risk for hamstring strain injuries.     

膝关节骨性关节炎肌力训练疗效的临床研究

目的观察以股四头肌及腘绳肌肌力训练疗法为主的综合康复方法治疗膝关节骨关节炎的疗效。方法将我院60例膝关节骨关节炎者随机分为治疗组和对照组各30例。对照组采用超短波、超声中频治疗,治疗组在以上治疗基础上增加股四头肌及腘绳肌肌力训练疗法。结果两组患者经治疗后,视觉模拟评分法(治疗组2.10±0.95,对照组4.18±1.05)和美国Lysholm外科学全膝关节评分法(治疗组85.50±13.52,对照组73.40±12.80)。总分级间差异有统计学意义(治疗组优良率83.3%,对照组优良率50.0%,P<0.05),治疗组的临床疗效明显优于对比组(P<0.01)。结论以股四头肌及腘绳肌肌力训练为主的康复治疗对膝关节骨关节炎具有显著疗效。     

Can we spread the risk? A demand-share perspective to sustained hamstring health. Practical examples

This short practical paper gives examples of exercises of synergists that assist the biceps femoris long head, the most commonly injured hamstring muscle in repeated sprint field sports (soccer, rugby) with the aim of reducing risk of or recurrence of injury. It is a companion to the theoretical piece of the same name.     

A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Eccentric Strength Training in the Prevention of Hamstring Muscle Strains in Otherwise Healthy Individuals

Background

Hamstring strains are the most common soft-tissue injury observed in recreational and athletic activities, yet no consensus exists regarding appropriate primary and secondary strategies to prevent these strains. Eccentric exercise has been reported to reduce the incidence of ham-string strains but its role has not been clearly defined.

Objective

The objective of this systematic review was to determine the effectiveness of eccentric exercise in preventing hamstring strains.

Data Sources

Online databases, including MED-LINE, PubMed, CINAHL, PEDro, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science were searched for relevant articles. Each database was searched from the earliest date to July 2007.

Study Selection

Selection criteria included diagnosis of hamstring strain, otherwise healthy individuals, and at least one group receiving an eccentric exercise intervention. Seven articles {three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and four cohort studies} met the inclusion criteria.

Data Extraction

Data were extracted using a customized form. Methodological rigor of included studies was assessed using the PEDro scale and Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence.

Data Synthesis

Studies were grouped by eccentric exercise intervention protocol: hamstring lowers, isokinetic strengthening, and other strengthening. A best-evidence synthesis of pooled data was qualitatively summarized.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that eccentric training is effective in primary and secondary prevention of hamstring strains. Study heterogeneity and poor methodological rigor limit the ability to provide clinical recommendations. Further RCTs are needed to support the use of eccentric training protocols in the prevention of hamstring strains.     

适应膝关节肌力变化：是重建前交叉韧带后康复治疗的基本原则

背景：前交叉韧带重建后早期如何干预以减少肌力下降和切取腘绳肌腱后对屈膝肌电-机械延迟的影响是一个值得研究的方向。目的：采用文献分析法重点对前交叉韧带重建后膝关节肌力的变化及康复的进展进行了综述分析。方法：以＂Anterior Cruciate Ligament;hamstring;Muscle Strength＂和＂前交叉韧带;肌力;腘绳肌;电-机械延迟＂为中英文检索词,计算机检索2000年1月至2014年1月PubMed数据库及万方医学网相关文献。选择与前交叉韧带重建后肌力的改变、评价方法及重建后肌力康复相关的文献。最终纳入34篇文献进行探讨。结果与结论：研究表明：切取腘绳肌腱会导致术后的屈膝肌力和胫骨内旋肌力的降低,从而影响膝关节的稳定性和功能活动水平。综合临床和等速肌力测试的结果,可以对前交叉韧带重建后的疗效进行综合评定,H/Q比率（屈/伸比）的改变能够用于指导前交叉韧带损伤后的康复。前交叉韧带重建后移植物塑形过程比其他动物实验研究更长,肌腱松弛度是影响电机械延迟的重要因素之一。在基本康复训练原则的基础上根据个体功能水平及时做出相应的调整,充分体现个性化训练。国内外研究均表明前交叉韧带重建肌力康复始于重建手术之前,以尽早开始肌肉收缩的再训练从而最大程度地防止肌肉萎缩。存在的问题主要集中在康复手段的更细化和科学化以及早期康复训练的＂度＂的把握上。     

Effects of Sex and Age on Quadriceps and Hamstring Strength and Flexibility in High School Basketball Athletes

BackgroundEccentric hamstring strength and hamstring/quadriceps strength ratios have been identified as modifiable risk factors of hamstring strains. Additionally, those strength and flexibility characteristics are commonly used as clinical tests to monitor progress of athletes with acute or chronic hamstring strains. Although hamstring strains are common among basketball athletes, normative values of knee strength and flexibility characteristics are scarce. Normative values for these athletes would be important in prevention and management of hamstring strains.PurposeTo establish quadriceps and hamstring isokinetic strength and flexibility values among high school basketball athletes and examine the effects of sex and age.Study DesignCross-sectional researchMethodsIsokinetic knee muscular strength (concentric quadriceps [QuadC], concentric hamstring [HamC], eccentric hamstring [HamE], and strength ratios ([HamC/QuadC and HamE/Quad]), flexibility of hip flexors and quadriceps during a Modified Thomas test, and flexibility of hip extensors and hamstring during passive straight leg raise (SLR) and passive knee extension (PKE) tests were measured. Effects of sex and age were analyzed using t-tests and analysis of variance, respectively with Bonferroni corrected post hoc tests (p≤0.01).ResultsA total of 172 high school basketball athletes (64 males/108 females; mean age (range): 15.7 (14-18) years old) participated in the study. Male athletes were significantly stronger than female athletes (QuadC: p<0.001; HamC: p<0.001) while no differences were observed in strength ratio (HamC/QuadC: p=0.759-0.816; HamE/QuadC: p=0.022-0.061). Among male athletes, a significant effect of age on quadriceps and hamstring strength was observed: older male athletes were stronger than younger male athletes. Contrarily, there were no effects of age on strength among female athletes. There were significant sex differences in quadriceps flexibility, SLR, and PKE (female athletes were more flexible; p=0.001-0.005) while no sex differences were found in hip flexor flexibility (p=0.105-0.164). There were no effects of age for any flexibility variables within male and female athletes (p=0.151-0.984).ConclusionThe current results provide normative values for hamstring strength and flexibility in high school basketball athletes. These normative values may further assist sports medicine specialists to develop screening tests, interventions, and return-to-sport criteria in this population.Level of Evidence3B     

Motor imagery during action observation increases eccentric hamstring force: an acute non-physical intervention

Purpose: Rehabilitation professionals typically use motor imagery (MI) or action observation (AO) to increase physical strength for injury prevention and recovery. Here we compared hamstring force gains for MI during AO (AO?+?MI) against two pure MI training groups.

Materials and methods: Over a 3-week intervention physically fit adults imagined Nordic hamstring exercises in both legs and synchronized this with a demonstration of the same action (AO?+?MI), or they purely imagined this action (pure MI), or imagined upper-limb actions (pure MI-control). Eccentric hamstring strength gains were assessed using ANOVAs, and magnitude-based inference (MBI) analyses determined the likelihood of clinical/practical benefits for the interventions.

Results: Hamstring strength only increased significantly following AO?+?MI training. This effect was lateralized to the right leg, potentially reflecting a left-hemispheric dominance in motor simulation. MBIs: The right leg within-group treatment effect size for AO?+?MI was moderate and likely beneficial (d?=?0.36), and only small and possibly beneficial for pure MI (0.23). Relative to pure MI-control, effects were possibly beneficial and moderate for AO?+?MI (0.72), although small for pure MI (0.39).

Conclusions: Since hamstring strength predicts injury prevalence, our findings point to the advantage of combined AO?+?MI interventions, over and above pure MI, for injury prevention and rehabilitation.

• Implications for rehabilitation

• While hamstring strains are the most common injury across the many sports involving sprinting and jumping, Nordic hamstring exercises are among the most effective methods for building eccentric hamstring strength, for injury prevention and rehabilitation.

• In the acute injury phase it is crucial not to overload damaged soft tissues, and so non-physical rehabilitation techniques are well suited to this phase.

• Rehabilitation professionals typically use either motor imagery or action observation techniques to safely improve physical strength, but our study shows that motor imagery during observation of Nordic hamstring exercises offers a safe, affordable and more effective way to facilitate eccentric hamstring strength gains, compared with pure motor imagery.

• Despite using bilateral imagery and observation training conditions in the present study, strength gains were restricted to the right leg, potentially due to a left hemispheric dominance in motor simulation.

     

The management of hamstring injury--Part 1: Issues in diagnosis

Hamstring injuries are the most prevalent muscle injury in sports involving rapid acceleration and maximum speed running. Injury typically occurs in an acute manner through an eccentric mechanism at the terminal stages of the swing phase of gait. Biceps femoris is most commonly injured. Re-injury rates are high and management is a challenge given the complex multi-factorial aetiology. The high rates of hamstring injury and re-injury may result from a lack of high-quality research into the aetiological factors underlying injury. Re-injury may also result from inaccuracy in diagnosis that results from the potential multi-factorial causes of these conditions. Inaccuracy in diagnosis could lead to multiple potential diagnoses that may result in the implementation of variable management protocols. Whilst potentially useful, such variability may also lead to the implementation of sub-optimal management strategies. Previous hamstring injury is the most recognized risk factor for injury, which indicates that future research should be directed at preventative measures. Much anecdotal and indirect evidence exists to suggest that several non-local factors contribute to injury, which may be addressed through the application of manual therapy. However, this connection has been neglected in previous research and literature. This paper will explore and speculate on this potential connection and offer some new contributive factors for hamstring injury management. This first paper of a two part series on hamstring injury will explore diagnostic issues relevant to hamstring injury and the second will investigate various established and speculative management approaches.     

Hernie musculaire postérieure de la cuisse réparée par plaque non résorbable. À propos d’un cas et revue de la littérature

Muscle hernias in the hamstring (semitendinosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris) area of the thigh are rarely described in the literature. We report a case of an athletic patient, an avid cyclist, who presented a daily discomfort in the posterior region of the left thigh with irradiation to the knee and it became intensive in one year. A soft reducible non-painful superficial mass could be palpated. Ultrasonography reveals the herniation of fatty tissue through the superior superficial fascia of the thigh at the base of the posterior cutaneous nerve. Since primary repair of the fascial dehiscence was not possible, the surgery was performed by implanting a non-degradable surgical mesh, routinely used to treat inguinal hernias. The results after 24 months of follow-up are highly satisfactory: the patient has been able to return to all his daily and sports activities without discomfort or recurrence of the hernia.