应用γ探测仪探测乳腺癌前哨淋巴结的临床价值

目的 探讨应用γ探测仪探测乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活组织检查（SLNB）的临床价值。方法 53例乳腺癌患者，在肿块或活组织检查腔周围的乳腺实质内注射^99Tc^m－硫胶体，应用γ探测仪术中定位切除放射性浓聚的前哨淋巴结（SLN），再行腋窝淋巴结清扫（ALND）。SLN与腋窝淋巴结（ALN）同时行HE和免疫组织化学（IHC）检测，以及用逆转录多聚酶链反应（RT－PCR）检测CK19 mRNA的表达，观察SLN的检出率和用SLN预测ALN转移的准确性，评价SLN阴性的早期乳腺癌患者用SLNB代替ALND的可行性。结果 SLN检出灵敏度为91％（48／53例），共检出SLN91枚，平均1．9枚。SLN预测ALN转移准确性为100％，阳性预测值为0。结论 术中用γ探测仪进行乳腺癌SLNB是可行的，SLN可预测腋窝其余淋巴结的转移情况，并可作为早期乳癌患者用SLNB代替ALND的可靠指标。     

99Tcm-SC显像联合蓝染法探测乳腺癌前哨淋巴结

目的　探讨用核素显像联合染料法探测前哨淋巴结 (SLN)及其在乳腺癌外科治疗中的作用。方法　乳腺癌患者 332例 ,均为女性。用99Tcm 硫胶体 (SC)显像联合蓝染料法 ,与单独使用蓝染料法对比 ,进行SLN检出率比较 ,并判断以SLN病理结果推断腋窝淋巴结 (ALN)累及状况的可行性 ;同时对 2 5例患者进行前哨淋巴结活检术 (SLNB)替代全腋窝淋巴结切除术 (ALND)的前瞻性研究。结果　SLNB成功率为 97.8% (32 5 332例 ) ,准确性为 94 .2 % ,假阴性率为 14 .0 % ,其中单纯蓝染料法分别为 96 .7% ,92 .2 %和 2 1.6 % ,联合法分别为 10 0 % ,97.5 %和 4 .8% ,2种方法比较差异均有显著性 (u =1.97和 1.96 5 ,χ2 =7.91,P <0 .0 5 ,0 .0 5和 0 .0 1)。SLNB替代ALND者未发现明显近期术后并发症。结论　联合应用99Tcm SC显像及染料法检出SLN成功率较单独应用染料法高。SLNB替代ALND可提高患者术后生存质量。     

美兰染色在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结清扫术中的应用

目的探讨使用国产染料美兰示踪和定位乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检对乳腺癌腋淋巴结转移预测的准确性。方法选择我院Ⅰ～Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者112例．在乳晕下及肿瘤周围皮下注射美兰进行示踪和定位前哨淋巴结．行前哨淋巴结活检并腋窝淋巴结清扫。结果112例中成功检出前哨淋巴结109例，检出率97．34％（109／112）。109例检出SLN中，SLN阴性61例，SLN阳性48例．阳性率44．04％。112例ALN阳性49例，阳性率43．75％。SLN与ALN经病理检查完全符合者47例。2例SLN阴性而ALN阳性，1例SLN阳性而ALN阴性。灵敏度97．96％（48／49），准确性97．25％（106／109），假阴性率4．08％（2／49），假阳性率2．04％（1／49）。结论使用国产染料美兰示踪和定位乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检，敏感性和准确性较高能茹准确撕而涮啼窑淋田结持穗的特泰     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检技术的临床应用

目的:探讨前哨淋巴结活检(Sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB)在乳腺癌外科中的应用,并评价其准确性及可行性.方法:对2002-01～2004-01我院收治的161例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌病例,在常规行乳腺癌手术前均进行SLNB,即肿瘤局部皮内联合注射99mTc-DX及美蓝,根据核素示踪及美蓝染色结果寻找SLN并摘除,行冰冻病理检查.将SLNB结果与术后腋窝淋巴结病理结果进行分析.结果:161例中149例发现SLN,检出率为92.5%(149/161);共检出SLN273个,平均1.83个/例.比较SLNB与术后病理结果,SLNB检出灵敏度为96.1%(49/51),准确性98.7%(147/149),假阴性率3.9%(2/51),假阳性率0。结论:SLN可比较准确地反映腋窝淋巴结状况,SLNB是乳腺癌治疗中的实用技术.     

乳腔镜下应用核素联合染料示踪法对新辅助化疗后乳腺癌患者行前哨淋巴结活检的研究(附41例报告)

目的 在乳腔镜下采用核素联合染料示踪法对新辅助化疗后的乳腺癌患者行前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB),探讨通过前哨淋巴结(SLN)对腋窝淋巴结内癌细胞转移情况进行预测的可行性.方法 选择行新辅助化疗2～4个疗程后的乳腺癌患者41例,术前15～18h在肿块或活检腔周围分4点注射~(99)Tc~m标记的硫胶体0.5～1.0mCi(1Ci=3.7×10~(10)Bq),术中在同样部化皮下注射美蓝4～6ml.使用γ探测仪在存在高放射活性的部位进行体表定位,腋窝注射溶脂剂,吸脂后,乳腔镜下行SLNB,然后行腋窝淋巴结清扫.将检出的淋巴结制成石蜡切片行常规病理检查,将结果显示有癌细胞转移的淋巴结确定为转移阳性;对病理检查显示为转移阴性的SLN进一步采用免疫组化法检测CK19的表达.计算采用SLN进行预测的准确率、敏感性、特异性、假阴性率和假阳性率.结果 41例患者中,39例患者(95.12%)检出SLN,共126枚,每例平均3.07(1～5)枚.病理检查显示,18例患者的SLN转移阳性(均为真阳性),21例SLN转移阴性(其中20例为真阴性,1例为假阴性).SLN对腋窝淋巴结内癌细胞转移情况的预测准确性为97.43%,敏感性为94.74%,特异性100%,假阴性率为5.26%,假阳性率0%.免疫组化法检测显示,1例病理检查显示转移阴性的SLN内CK19表达阳性.所有患者均对SLNB术后的美容效果较为满意.结论 乳腔镜下应用核素联合染料示踪法能提高SLN的检出率,且具有微创、美容的优点.通过SLN内癌细胞转移情况能够较为准确地预测新辅助化疗后乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结内癌细胞的转移情况.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结的探测

目的　评价生物染料、99Tcm 硫胶体及 2种方法联合探测前哨淋巴结 (SLN)的临床效果。方法　 71例早期乳腺癌患者 ,年龄 (5 5 .18± 11.79,34～ 85 )岁 ,采用生物染料 (亚甲蓝、isosulfanblue)、99Tcm 硫胶体及联合探测。以手术切除后淋巴结病理检查作为评价标准。结果　 71例患者中6 0例定位成功。亚甲蓝组探测SLN的检出率、准确性、灵敏度和假阴性率分别为 75 0 % ,83 3% ,70 0 %和 30 0 % ;isosulfanblue组分别为 86 2 % ,96 0 % ,90 0 %和 10 0 % ;99Tcm 硫胶体组 8例中检出SLN 7例 ,真阳性、假阴性和真阴性分别为 1,0和 6例 ;99Tcm 硫胶体 +isosulfanblue组 10例均检出SLN ,真阳性、假阴性及真阴性分别为 3,0和 7例。结论　SLN探测可较准确地反映腋淋巴结的组织学特点 ,染料和99Tcm 硫胶体联合应用可提高SLN检出率、准确性和灵敏度 ,降低假阴性率。     

临床颈淋巴转移阴性口腔鳞癌的前哨淋巴结研究

目的探讨前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB)在口腔鳞癌治疗中的的预测价值。方法口腔鳞癌患者20例,使用亚甲蓝染色法对前哨淋巴结进行染色识别。结果SLNB成功率为70％。SLNB对颈淋巴结微转移的检测准确率为100G。前哨淋巴结(SLN)每例平均2．4枚。14例患者中有6例存在颈部淋巴转移,其中5例仅转移至SLN,1例SLN和非SLN均有转移。结论SLNB能准确预测口腔鳞癌颈淋巴结转移情况,为SLNB阴性的口腔鳞癌患者避免颈淋巴清扫术提供了诊断依据。     

吲哚菁绿在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检中的应用观察

目的 探讨吲哚菁绿(ICG)单独应用于乳腺癌前哨淋巴结(SLN)活检的临床应用前景.方法 选择2014年7-12月接受手术的72例女性乳腺癌患者,年龄33～67岁,中位年龄50岁,随机分为实验组(n=35)和对照组(n=37),分别以ICG和亚甲蓝作为示踪剂实施SLN活检.手术切除标本送快速冰冻病理检测,证实存在SLN转移者,行腋窝淋巴结清扫,SLN阴性者不行腋窝淋巴结清扫.结果 ICG法检出率为94.3％,成功检出SLN 111个,平均每例检出3.2个SLN,准确率94.3％,灵敏度100％,假阴性率0％;亚甲蓝法检出率为91.9％,成功检出SLN 78个,平均每例检出2.1个SLN,准确率89.2％,灵敏度92.9％,假阴性率为7.7％.两组平均检出个数和假阴性率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),检出率、准确率、灵敏度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 采用ICG法进行SLN活检成功率高,假阴性率低,临床效果优于亚甲蓝法,有望单独应用于乳腺癌SLN活检.     

宫颈癌前哨淋巴结检测的临床探讨

目的:探讨亚甲蓝宫颈注射进行宫颈癌前哨淋巴结检测的可行性和准确性以及前哨淋巴结(SLN)在宫颈癌临床应用中的价值.方法:2006-12～2008-12共13例宫颈癌患者(临床Ⅰb、Ⅱa期),采用亚甲蓝宫颈注射后,接受腹式盆腔淋巴结清扫和广泛子宫切除术,术中将蓝染淋巴结确定为前哨淋巴结.切除的淋巴结行常规病理检查和(或)免疫组织化学染色,计算SLN诊断宫颈癌淋巴结转移状态的准确性、敏感性、阴性预测值和假阴性率.结果:宫颈癌前哨淋巴结检出率为92.31%(12/13),共26枚,占总切除淋巴结的9.85%(26/264),其中1枚癌转移.前哨淋巴结定位于闭孔窝42.31%(11/26),骼外34.62%(9/26),骼内11.54%(3/26),骼总3.85%(1/26),腹股沟深3.85%(1/26).检出SLN敏感度为75.00%,准确度为92.31%,假阴性率为25.00%,阴性预测值为90.00%.结论:亚甲蓝宫颈注射进行宫颈癌前哨淋巴结的检测技术是可行的,且采用亚甲蓝宫颈注射进行宫颈癌前哨淋巴结检测具有较高的前哨淋巴结检出率, SLN可较准确地预测早期宫颈癌患者盆腔淋巴结的病理状态,而且可以改变一部分患者的治疗决策,但还需要大量的临床研究进一步证实.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结CT淋巴管造影的可行性分析

目的 初步评价CT淋巴管造影(LG)显示早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结(SLN)的可行性.方法 选取25例穿刺证实且腋窝触诊为阴性的乳腺癌患者行CT-LG检查.自注射部位指向腋窝方向的引流淋巴管上最先显像的1个或数个淋巴结为SLN,与前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)结果相对照,数目相等者为符合,多于和少于分别为高估和低估.显像质量根据容积重组后有无淋巴管显像分为Ⅰ和Ⅱ级;并以体质量指数(BMI)≥25时为肥胖.对所得结果行Fisher精确检验.结果 (1)25例患者中,5例有局部切除手术史;BMI＜25者20例,≥25者5例.(2)25例患者CT-LG均见SLN显像,其中84.0%(21例)患者图像质量为Ⅰ级,16.0%(4例)为Ⅱ级.肥胖患者CT-LG显像质量较差,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(3)25例患者共显示56枚SLN和45条淋巴管.与SLNB对照,36.0%(9例)患者两种结果符合,而高估和低估者分别为28.0%(7例)和36.0%(9例).造成两种结果不一致的原因主要与肥胖因素和局部切除手术有关,两者差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(4)SLNB证实18例(52枚)阴性SLN,7例(15枚)阳性SLN,对应CT-LG共56枚SLN显像,其中阴性43枚,阳性13枚.形状为圆形在阴性和阳性SLN的比例分别为32.6%(14/43)和76.9%(10/13),二者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).中央区出现充盈缺损在阴性和阳性SLN中的比例分别为9.3%(4/43)和23.1%(3/13),但边缘区表现为不规则充盈缺损只在30.8%(4/13)的阳性SLN中出现.3枚(2例)SLN周围伴有多发小淋巴结,组织学显示有癌细胞浸润.结论 CT-LG可有效显示乳腺癌的SLN,但其准确性易受患者肥胖因素及患侧乳房手术的影响.SLN为圆形,边缘出现虫蚀样充盈缺损,以及伴有多发小淋巴结者均可提示痛细胞浸润.     

FDG PET positive lymph nodes are highly predictive of metastasis in breast cancer

AIM: To determine whether or not fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) imaging when positive could obviate the necessity for sentinel lymph node biopsy and for complete axillary node dissection in patients with breast cancer. METHODS: A total of 80 female patients with a histological diagnosis of breast cancer and clinically negative axillary nodes underwent an FDG PET and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or total axillary dissection for staging of axilla. Both SLNB and axillary dissection were performed in 72 patients, while eight patients had total axillary dissection without SLN biopsy. RESULTS: Of the 80 patients, 36 had lymph node metastasis on histopathology. SLNB was positive for metastasis in 35 (97%) of 36 patients (29 macrometastasis and seven micrometastasis). In the patient with false negative SLNB, the lymph node was completely replaced by the tumour. The FDG PET was true positive in 16 of 36 patients (sensitivity, 44%). There were two false positive studies with FDG PET, resulting in a specificity of 95%. The positive predictive value and accuracy of FDG PET for the detection of axillary lymph node metastasis were 89% and 72%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that higher grade of tumour, increased size and number of axillary lymph nodes were significantly associated with positive FDG PET results for axillary staging. CONCLUSION: FDG PET cannot replace histological staging using SLNB in patients with breast cancer. However, FDG PET has a high specificity and positive predictive value for staging of the axilla in these patients. The patients with higher grade of tumour, larger size and higher number of axillary lymph nodes may be considered for FDG PET scan for axillary staging.     

淋巴显像及术中γ探测定位活检乳腺癌前哨淋巴结

目的：探讨淋巴显像及术中γ探测定位活组织检查乳腺癌前硝淋巴结的临床价值。方法：术前在乳腺肿瘤表面正中皮内注射37－74MBq ^99Tcm-大分子右旋糖酐（Dx)，用淋巴显像和术中γ探测定位乳腺癌 前硝淋巴结，术中切除前 淋巴结，而后行腑窝淋巴结清扫术，两标本连同切除的乳腺肿物同时送病理检查，分析和前哨淋巴结转移与腋窝淋巴结的关系。结果：31例均行淋巴显像和术中γ探测定位乳腺癌前哨淋巴结患者中，检出率为100％，有3例前哨淋巴结病理检查呈假阴性，假阴性率为25％，结论：术中γ探测是乳腺癌前哨淋巴结定位最可靠的手段。以乳腺 癌前哨淋巴结活组织检查取代常规腑窝淋巴结清扫术尚需进一步研究。     

99Tcm-硫胶体及其联合染色法对早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结探测的比较

目的 评价单用99Tcm-硫胶体和99Tcm-硫胶体与亚甲蓝联合应用探测早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结(SLN)的效能.方法 76例早期乳腺癌患者分为单用99Tcm-硫胶体组(25例)和99Tcm-硫胶体与亚甲蓝联合组(51例),分别在术前进行乳腺癌SLN探测,以腋窝淋巴结病理检查结果作为评价标准.结果 76例患者中成功探测到S...     

乳癌哨兵淋巴结检测临床应用

目的：探讨乳癌哨兵淋巴结活检预测腋窝淋巴结转移状态的可靠性.方法：本组为2000年11月至2004年2月我院收治的140例乳癌患者.术中应用国产亚甲蓝注射液4～6 ml肿瘤上、外、下半圆形皮下连续注射,134例行乳癌改良根治术或患侧乳腺区段切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫术.术后解剖蓝染淋巴管,沿着色淋巴管找到蓝染的哨兵淋巴结.哨兵淋巴结及腋窝淋巴结常规行石蜡病理切片检查.5例行乳腺区段切除加哨兵淋巴结活检,1例行全乳切除加哨兵淋巴结活检（冰冻、石蜡病理检查SLN转移阴性）,未行全腋窝淋巴结清扫.结果：140例患者中136例检出哨兵淋巴结,检出率97.14%,灵敏度 88.71%,准确率94.31%,阴性预测值89.71%,假阴性率11.29%,仅哨兵淋巴结阳性7例.结论：应用亚甲蓝注射液淋巴结着色方法行乳癌哨兵淋巴结活检可以准确地预测腋窝淋巴结转移状态.     

Staging the Axilla with selective sentinel node biopsy in patients with previous excision of non-palpable and palpable breast cancer

PURPOSE: To present our experience in the therapeutic approach of the sentinel node biopsy (SNB) in patients with previous excision of the breast cancer, divided in non-palpable and palpable lesions, in comparison with time treatment and stagement of breast cancer. METHODS: In the period 2001-2006, 138 patients with prior diagnostic excisional biopsy (96 non-palpable and 42 palpable breast cancer) and 328 without previous surgery (32 non-palpable; 296 palpable cancer) were treated. The combined technique ((99m)Tc-colloidal rhenium and isosulfan blue dye) was the approach for sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection. Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was completed only when the SLN was positive for metastasis or not located. RESULTS: Detection rate, if there was prior surgery, was 95% for non-palpable and 98% for palpable cancer, and 99% for one-time treatment group. Metastasis rate in the SLN was 15% in non-palpable cancer (14/91), significantly smaller than in palpable breast cancer (39% if prior surgery and 37% in one-time surgery). According to tumoral size, ALND metastasis rate was similar for T1 and T2 tumors (43-44%). In the follow-up of the groups with prior diagnostic biopsy or surgery of the breast cancer we have not found any false negative in the axilla. CONCLUSION: The detection of the SLN is also feasible in patients with previous surgery of breast cancer. Because SLN metastasis rates are significantly smaller in non-palpable lesions, the effort in screening programs for early detection of breast cancer and also in improving histopathological confirmation of malignancy with ultrasound or stereotactic guided core biopsies must continue.     

Retrospective analysis of sentinel node localization in multifocal, multicentric, palpable, or nonpalpable breast cancer.

Multicentric or multifocal breast cancer is considered as one of the limitations for sentinel lymph node (SLN) localization. We did a retrospective analysis to evaluate the success rate, sensitivity, accuracy, and negative predictive values of SLN localization in multicentric or multifocal breast lesions. METHODS: Fifty-nine patients with multifocal or multicentric breast lesions proven by either fine-needle aspiration (19/59), core biopsy (39/59), or lumpectomy (8/59) underwent SLN localization. Of these patients, 46 had SLN localization by both radiocolloid and blue dye, and 13 had SLN localization by radiocolloid alone. Approximately 10 MBq (99m)Tc-labeled unfiltered sulfur colloid in 0.3-0.4 mL were injected intradermally over the 1 or 2 breast tumor locations 2-4 h before surgery. During surgery, vital blue dye was injected intraparenchymally in 4-6 places around the tumor. All lymph nodes with counts of >10 times that of the background counts, whether or not blue dye positive, and all blue dye-positive lymph nodes, whether or not radiocolloid positive, were excised and labeled accordingly. All lymph nodes underwent frozen sectioning and were examined by hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistologic (cytokeratin) staining. RESULTS: Of the 59 patients, 48 had axillary lymph node dissection irrespective of the results of pathologic examination of the SLN. The success rate, sensitivity, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 93%, 100%, 100%, and 100% using the radiocolloid probe, 87%, 100%, 100%, and 100% using blue dye, and 93.5%, 100%, 100%, and 100% using combined methods, respectively. Concordance between blue dye and radiocolloid was 91% (the incidence of the number of sentinel nodes detected was 37.5%, 30.3%, 10.7%, and 21.4% for 1, 2, 3, and 4 or more lymph nodes, respectively). Metastatic lymph node involvement was found in 39.5% of patients. CONCLUSION: The sentinel node localization approach showed a high negative predictive value in breast cancer patients with multifocal or multicentric lesions, contrary to the common belief of significant false-negative results in these patients.     

FDG-PET for axillary lymph node staging in primary breast cancer

Management of the axilla in patients with operable breast cancer is still one of the most controversial areas in clinical oncology. The best procedure to examine the lymph nodes is still standard axillary lymph node dissection; nevertheless, the morbidity associated with this procedure is well known. Based on these considerations, it is important for progress in the treatment of operable breast cancer that strategies are found that permit a less invasive method of axillary sampling which does not impair the patient's quality of life. The technique of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has recently been proposed for this purpose, with very important results. SLN has now become routine practice in the surgical management of breast cancer, and in many institutions patients with a negative SLN biopsy are spared axillary dissection, while those with a positive SLN biopsy are submitted to axillary node dissection. The good accuracy of SLN biopsy represents a significant advance in the management of primary breast cancer; however, false negative axillary results can occur in a variable percentage of patients, and the contribution of the SLN procedure to the detection of metastases in the internal mammary and supraclavicular lymph nodes is not clear. Among the recently developed imaging modalities, positron emission tomography (PET) with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) has in particular been applied to the study of lymph node metastases in cancer patients. Several clinical studies have been carried out to evaluate the accuracy of PET in the axillary staging of operable primary breast cancer. These studies have sometimes provided conflicting results, either supporting the possibility of using FDG-PET to select patients who need axillary dissection or questioning whether FDG-PET can accurately assess the axillary status in primary breast cancer. All the limitations and the advantages of FDG-PET are discussed in this paper, by examining the performance of scanner technology and the possible causes of the false negative results. In the experience of the authors, comparing FDG-PET with SLN biopsy in the same series of patients, the results seem to indicate that the lower sensitivity of PET is restricted to micrometastases. Of course, this limitation of PET has to be analysed in relation to the importance of such small axillary metastases for the outcome of patients with breast cancer. The added value offered by PET in breast cancer staging in comparison with intraoperative detection of the sentinel node lies in the fact that FDG-PET is a non-invasive procedure that allows, within a single examination, the biological characterisation of breast cancer and viewing of the entire body.     

467例乳腺癌患者^99Tc^m-利妥昔单抗前哨淋巴结显像结果分析

目的探讨应用前哨淋巴结（SLN）显像剂^99Tc^m-利妥昔单克隆抗体（简称利妥昔单抗,美罗华）进行乳腺癌SLN活组织检查（SLNB）的可行性与可靠性,以及不同因素对SLN显像及SLNB的影响。方法467例乳腺癌患者在超声引导下于乳腺肿块周围及肿块表面皮下注射^99Tc^m-利妥昔单抗后行SLN显像。术中凭显像结果行腋窝区SLNB,将切取的SLN行常规HE染色及免疫组织化学检查。结果SLN显像成功率99．14％（463／467）,共显示SLN837枚,人均1．79枚（837／467）,分布于腋窝区、内乳区、乳腺组织内及锁骨下区。腋窝区SLNB成功率99．57％（465／467）,手术共探测到SLN1182枚,人均2．53枚。病理检查发现腋窝SLN有转移者131例,转移SLN194枚。其中1例单纯由免疫组织化学法发现微小转移灶。患者年龄、显像时间、病理类型、临床分期、显像前是否行乳腺肿块手术切取活组织检查对SLN显影率、SLNB成功率及SLN转移率均无影响。不同病理类型及临床分期的患者其SLN转移率的差异有统计学意义（χ^2=14．134,29．184,P均〈0．05）。结论应用^99Tc^m-利妥昔单抗行乳腺癌SLN显像及SLNB成功率较高,具有较好的临床应用前景。     

Preoperative ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology for axillary staging in breast carcinoma

Axillary lymph node (ALN) status is considered to be the single most important prognostic indicator in patients with breast cancer. It can be assessed by various radiological, pathological and surgical techniques, the most accurate being histological examination of lymph nodes after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). This prospective study was conducted to assess the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of preoperative ultrasound (US) and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (USG-FNAC) of ALN in patients with breast cancer. Thirty patients with FNAC-proven breast cancer, planned for definitive surgery with axillary clearance, were included in this study. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the axillae of these patients was conducted for alterations in size, shape, contour and cortical morphology of lymph nodes that could reflect presence of underlying metastases. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology of the ALN was done in 24 of these patients. These findings were evaluated, with the ALN status determined by histological examination after ALND. Out of the 30 patients, eight had T(1), 16 had T(2), five had T(3), and one had T(4) lesions. Ultrasound evaluation of the ALN had a sensitivity of 86.3%, a specificity of 41.6%, a positive predictive value of 79%, a negative predictive value of 50% and a diagnostic accuracy of 73.3%. Sensitivity of USG-FNAC was 78.95%, specificity was 100%, positive predictive value was 100%, negative predictive value was 55.56% and diagnostic accuracy was 83.33%. Our study concludes that preoperative USG-FNAC of ALN is a simple, minimally invasive, easily available and reliable technique for the initial determination of ALN status in patients with breast cancer. Those who are USG-FNAC positive can be directed towards ALND straight away, and only those who are USG-FNAC negative should be considered for sentinel lymph node biopsy. This will save considerable operating time, especially where facilities for sentinel lymph node biopsy (costly dye, gamma camera, nuclear medicine facilities) are restricted or not available.