男女学童攻击行为的路径分析

目的考察男女学童攻击行为的相关因素,并构建学童攻击行为的预测路径。方法以164名学童(男96名,女68名)及其家长为研究对象,进行《攻击行为量表》和《攻击性观念量表》的测量。结果学童的攻击行为与自身的攻击观念、受欺负状况、玩玩具武器状况及父母的攻击观念相关;学童的攻击行为有几条显著的预测路径,且男女学童攻击行为的预测路径不同。结论男女学童的攻击行为与诸多因素有关,且存在不同的预测路径。     

家庭环境对青少年攻击行为的影响:父母冲突观察能力的中介作用

目的:为明确家庭环境对青少年攻击行为的作用机制,本研究构建了一个中介效应模型,重点考察父母冲突观察在二者关系中的中介作用。方法:采用攻击行为量表、家庭环境量表和儿童感知父母冲突量表对807名初高中生进行施测,利用Bootstrap检验父母冲突观察在家庭环境和青少年攻击行为之间的中介作用。结果:(1)相关分析结果表明家庭环境与攻击行为显著负相关(r=-0.241,P0.01),与父母冲突观察能力显著正相关(r=0.431,P0.01);父母冲突观察能力与攻击行为显著负相关(r=-0.262,P0.01);(2)父母冲突观察能力在家庭环境和攻击行为中起部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的比例37%。结论:家庭环境既可以对青少年攻击行为产生直接作用,又可以通过父母冲突观察能力间接作用于攻击行为。     

感知父母不偏爱对儿童攻击性行为的影响：一个链式中介模型

目的：探讨非独生子女家庭中，儿童感知父母不偏爱与攻击性行为之间的关系，以及父母情感温暖和同胞冲突在其中的中介作用。方法：采用父母差别对待量表、同胞关系量表、父母情感温暖量表、儿童攻击性行为量表，对257名3-6年级的非独生子女学生进行调查。结果：（1）儿童感知父母偏爱指数、父母情感温暖、同胞冲突和攻击性行为两两之间存在显著相关；（2）父母情感温暖在父母偏爱指数和攻击性行为之间的中介作用显著；父母情感温暖、同胞冲突在父母偏爱指数和攻击性行为之间的链式中介效应也显著。结论：儿童感知父母不偏爱可以通过父母情感温暖的单一中介效应和父母情感温暖→同胞冲突的链式中介效应间接影响攻击性行为。     

父母严厉管教与青少年外化问题行为的关系：青春发育时相与性别的调节作用

目的:考察父母严厉管教与青少年外化问题行为的关系及青春发育时相与性别在其中的调节作用。方法:采用中文版亲子冲突解决策略量表、青春期发育量表和儿童行为核查量表对632名初中生及其父母进行测查。结果:①母亲心理攻击和体罚可以显著正向预测男生外化问题行为,父亲和母亲心理攻击可以显著正向预测女生外化问题行为;②青春发育时相在父母严厉管教与青少年外化问题行为关系间起调节作用,并且这一调节作用存在性别差异:青春发育时相在母亲心理攻击与男生外化问题行为关系间起缓冲作用,在父亲和母亲体罚与男生外化问题行为关系间起加剧作用,而在父母严厉管教与女生外化问题行为关系间的调节作用不显著。结论:父母严厉管教这一压力性事件与青少年外化问题行为的关系受青少年青春发育调节,这一调节作用模式还因青少年性别和父母严厉管教形式的不同而不同。     

父母教养方式、自尊水平与大学生攻击行为的关系研究

目的：探讨大学生父母教养方式、自尊与攻击行为的关系。方法：采用攻击行为问卷、父母教养方式量表和自尊量表对481名大学生施测。结果：攻击行为存在性别差异；相关分析显示大学生的攻击行为与父母教养方式、自尊水平均存在显著相关；回归分析显示，通过性别、父母教养方式以及自尊可以在一定程度上预测攻击行为的发生。结论：大学生的攻击行为与父母教养方式、自尊水平以及性别具有重要的关系。     

父母冲突与大学生人际冲突解决策略的关系：亲子三角关系的中介作用及其性别差异

目的：在家庭系统理论视角下探讨父母冲突与大学生人际冲突解决策略的关系及其内部机制。方法：采用父母冲突子女觉知量表、亲子三角关系量表和冲突解决策略问卷对1444名大学生进行集体施测,用SPSS 22.0和AMOS 24.0进行数据分析。结果：（1）亲子三角关系的三种亚型（固定/非固定跨代联盟和攻击性迂回）在父母冲突与子女冲突解决策略之间具有中介效应。（2）父母冲突→非固定跨代联盟/攻击性迂回→顺从策略,父母冲突→非固定跨代联盟→妥协策略的中介机制存在性别差异。与女生相比,男生非固定跨代联盟在父母冲突和顺从策略间的中介效应不显著;在妥协策略上,父母冲突既可以直接显著负向预测妥协策略,也可以通过非固定跨代联盟起作用,女生组则表现为完全中介模型。结论：本研究揭示了父母冲突对大学生冲突解决策略的复杂影响,父母冲突通过影响亲子三角关系的不同亚型,进而影响到子女在社会生活中的冲突应对。为高校开展家庭教育和危机干预工作,培养学生冲突解决能力提供了有效切入点。     

父母婚姻冲突与大学生攻击行为的关系：情绪不安全感的中介作用与AVPR1B基因多态性的调节作用

目的:探讨情绪不安全感在父母婚姻冲突与大学生攻击行为关联中的中介作用,以及AVPR1B基因多态性的调节作用。方法:采用父母婚姻冲突量表,攻击量表以及情绪不安全感量表,对广州市某工科院校188名在校大学生进行问卷调查。结果:父母婚姻冲突与大学生情绪不安全感、攻击行为(r=0.40,0.37;P0.01)显著正向相关,情绪不安全感在父母婚姻冲突与大学生攻击性间起中介作用(β=0.34,P0.001),AVPR1B基因多态性在此中介路径中具有显著的调节作用(β=0.23,0.30;P0.01)。对调节作用的进一步分析表明,父母婚姻冲突-情绪不安全感-大学生攻击性的间接路径在AA纯合基因型个体中的效应更强(β=0.44,P0.001)。结论:父母婚姻冲突通过情绪不安全感间接影响大学生攻击行为,同时大学生的AVPR1B基因多态性对父母冲突的影响具有调节作用。     

幼儿攻击性行为游戏矫正的倒返设计研究

目的：探讨幼儿集体游戏用于矫正幼儿攻击性行为的效果。方法：采用倒返实验，对三名被试进行了游戏矫正。结果：三名被试在实验的基线阶段有明显的攻击性行为，游戏介入后攻击性行为明显减少，游戏取消后攻击性行为再度增加，游戏再次介入后，攻击性行为再次明显减少；方差检验的结果表明，被试在基线阶段的攻击性行为与游戏矫正后的攻击性行为差异极显著。结论：运用自然的幼儿集体游戏可以矫正幼儿的攻击性行为。     

父母婚姻冲突与儿童同伴关系不良的关系:有调节的中介效应

目的:考察儿童攻击行为在父母婚姻冲突与儿童同伴关系不良之间的中介作用,以及儿童知觉敏感性对上述中介效应的调节。方法:以488名四、六和八年级学生为被试,采用儿童知觉的婚姻冲突量表(CPIC)、青少年早期气质量表(EATQ)、修订版班级戏剧量表(RCP)以及同伴提名对父母婚姻冲突、知觉敏感性、攻击行为、同伴关系不良进行测评。结果:(1)父母婚姻冲突能够正向预测儿童的同伴关系不良;(2)儿童攻击行为在父母婚姻冲突与儿童同伴关系不良之间起中介作用;(3)父母婚姻冲突经由攻击行为影响同伴关系不良的中介作用受儿童知觉敏感性的调节,上述中介效应只体现在高知觉敏感性儿童中。结论:攻击行为很有可能是父母婚姻冲突影响儿童同伴关系不良的重要中间环节,而上述中介效应会受儿童气质特征的调节。     

父母严厉管教与初中生外化问题行为的关系

目的:考察父亲和母亲的严厉管教与初中生外化问题行为的关系.方法:采用Straus编制的亲子冲突解决策略量表和Achenbach儿童行为量表的儿童自我报告版测查1070名初中生.结果:①初中男生遭受的父亲严厉管教的频繁性高于女生.初中男生遭受母亲体罚的频繁性高于女生.初二学生遭受母亲心理攻击的频繁性显著高于初一学生.②父亲和母亲的心理攻击、体罚和身体虐待均与初中生外化问题行为存在显著正相关.③父亲和母亲的心理攻击、母亲的体罚和身体虐待可以显著预测初中生的外化问题行为,但父亲的体罚和身体虐待不能显著预测初中生的外化问题行为.结论:父母实施严厉管教行为的频繁性受到初中生性别和年龄的影响,并且父母亲的严厉管教对初中生外化问题行为具有一定的预测作用.     

The gradual emergence of sex differences in aggression: alternative hypotheses

Nearly a century of observational studies and more recent longitudinal surveys reveal that, in infancy, girls and boys use force at similar rates. Over the next few years boys become significantly more aggressive. Alternative hypotheses accounting for the widening gender gap are evaluated. These include hypotheses about normative patterns of male escalation and female desistance; boys' preference for active play that promotes aggression; girls' tendency to hide aggression; girls' use of alternative forms of aggression; boys' increased risk for the cognitive and emotional problems that are linked to aggression; boys' sensitivity to situational triggers of aggression; and boys' vulnerability to adverse rearing environments. The evidence bearing on each hypothesis is mixed. In general, the overall difference between the sexes appears to be produced by a minority of boys who deploy aggression at high rates. Three general principles govern the emergence of sex differences in aggression: female precocity, male vulnerability, and the salience of sex as a social category that shapes children's lives.     

Responsivity to offspring's expression of emotion among childhood-onset depressed mothers.

This study examined responsivity of mothers with childhood-onset depression (COD) in relation to children's overt expression of positive and negative emotion. It was hypothesized that COD and control mothers would differ in contingent responsivity to their children's expression of both positivity and different types of negative emotionality. Using observations and maternal reports of their own emotional reactions, COD mothers were found to be less responsive to children's expression of distress. A Gender x Group interaction was also found with respect to observed maternal responsiveness to child positivity, such that COD mothers were more responsive to girls' than boys' expression of positivity. The results are discussed in reference to transactional models of early child psychopathology.     

Gene-environment interaction between peer victimization and child aggression

Although peer victimization places children at serious risk for aggressive behavior, not all victimized children are aggressive. The diathesis-stress hypothesis of disease proposes that an environmental stressor such as peer victimization should to lead to maladjustment mostly in those individuals with preexisting genetic vulnerabilities. Accordingly, this study examined whether the link between peer victimization and child aggression is moderated by children's genetic risk for such behavior. Using a sample of 506 6-year-old twins, peer victimization was assessed through peer nominations and aggressive behavior was assessed through peer and teacher reports. Children's genetic risk for aggression was estimated as a function of their co-twin's aggression and the pair's zygosity. Genetic modeling showed that peer victimization is an environmentally driven variable that is unrelated to children's genetic disposition. Results also provided support for the notion of a gene-environment interaction between peer victimization and child's genetic risk for aggressive behavior, albeit only in girls. For boys, peer victimization was related to aggression regardless of the child's genetic risk for such behavior. Different socialization experiences in girls' compared to boys' peer groups may explain the different pattern of results for girls and boys.     

Parents' aggressive influences and children's aggressive problem solutions with peers.

This study examined children's aggressive and assertive solutions to hypothetical peer scenarios in relation to parents' responses to similar hypothetical social scenarios and parents' actual marital aggression. The study included 118 children ages 9 to 10 years old and their mothers and fathers. Children's aggressive solutions correlated with same-sex parents' actual marital aggression. For children with mothers who exhibited low actual marital aggression, mothers' aggressive solutions to hypothetical situations corresponded with children's tendencies to propose aggressive but not assertive solutions. In a 3-way interaction, fathers' aggressive solutions to peer scenarios and marital aggression, combined, exacerbated girls' aggressive problem solving but had the opposite effect for boys. We address the complexity, particularly with respect to parent and child gender combinations, in understanding parents' aggressive influences on children's peer relationships.     

The relation between gender role orientation and fear and anxiety in nonclinic-referred children.

This study examined the relation between gender role orientation and fear and anxiety in a sample of nonclinic-referred children (N = 209) ages 10 to 13 years. Children and their parents completed questionnaires assessing children's gender role orientation, toy and activity preferences, and fear and anxiety. Results generally indicated that femininity and a preference for girls' toys and activities were positively associated with fear and anxiety, whereas masculinity and a preference for boys' toys and activities were negatively related to these emotions. Furthermore, gender role orientation accounted for more of the variance in fear and anxiety scores than the child's sex.     

中学生情绪智力、家庭环境与攻击性的关系

目的:考察青少年的情绪智力、攻击性发展状况,检验中学生情绪智力、家庭环境与攻击性之间的关系。方法:随机选取河南省两所中学初一、初二年级学生共411人,采用情绪智力量表、家庭环境量表及Buss-Perry攻击量表进行施测。结果:(1)在年级维度上,初二年级学生的情绪智力显著高于初一年级学生的情绪智力(t=-2.96,P0.01)。在家庭环境中,初二年级与初一年级学生相比,他们所处的家庭环境发生了一定程度的变化(t=3.98,P0.001),一二年级学生在攻击性得分上差异不显著(P0.05);(2)在性别维度上,男女生情绪智力整体差异不显著(P0.05),家庭环境整体差异也不显著(P0.05),而在攻击性水平上,男生的攻击性水平要显著高于女生(t=3.49,P0.01);(3)家庭环境、情绪智力与个体攻击性之间两两相关且相关显著(r=-0.27~0.26,P0.05);(4)情绪智力在家庭环境与个体攻击性之间发挥中介作用(ab=0.13,ab/c=16.67%)。结论:家庭环境、情绪智力对中学生攻击性有显著影响,情绪智力在家庭环境与个体攻击性之间起中介作用。     

高中生人际归因、社交焦虑及其关系的研究

目的:探讨高中生人际归因风格、社交焦虑状况,以及二者的关系。方法:采用分层随机取样抽取高中生329人,用多维度—多归因量表(MMCS)的人际关系分量表,交往焦虑量表(IAS)对各班进行团体施测。结果:高中生在MMCS的人际关系分量表中,失败归因分高于成功归因分;外在归因分高于内在归因分。女生的成功归因分、内在归因分高于男生。高二的失败归因分低于高一、高三。高三的外在归因分高于高一、高二。择优生的内、外在归因分,成功、失败归因分均高于普通生。人际交往失败的归因对社交焦虑有显著影响。结论:高中生人际归因总体上倾向于外在归因,失败归因比成功归因更为外控。归因风格与性别、年级、班级等有关。归因风格对社交焦虑有重要影响。     

大学生家庭亲密度与适应性对人性观的影响研究

目的研究家庭亲密度和适应性对大学生人性观的影响。方法使用费立鹏等人修订的家庭亲密度与适应性量表（FACES-CV）和Wrights-man修订的人性的哲学修订量表,对哈市3所高校171名大学生进行了调查研究。结果1女生的实际家庭适应性和理想家庭亲密度显著高于男生,单亲家庭大学生的实际家庭亲密度与适应性显著低于非单亲家庭的大学生 2家庭亲密度与适应性和人性观两个维度都显著相关 3家庭亲密度对值得信任因子有正向预测作用,家庭适应性对愤世嫉俗因子有负向预测作用。结论家庭成员的亲密程度及家庭对环境的适应性对大学生的人性观形成有预测意义。     

The contribution of parents and siblings to antisocial and depressive behavior in adolescents: a double jeopardy coercion model

A dual coercion model of family processes associated with the development of antisocial and depressive behavior during adolescence was assessed, using an at-risk sample of families and children. Consistent with the model, involvement in family coercion during childhood and adolescence increased both boys' and girls' risk for antisocial behavior in adolescence and girls' risk for depressive behavior. Coercive family processes served as a link between older and younger siblings' antisocial behavior. Childhood exposure to maternal depression predicted boys' and girls' depressive behavior 10 years later, but this association was not mediated by coercion. The data suggest that family risk factors and processes for antisocial development are similar for boys and girls but pathways to depression may be gender specific.     

中学生心理健康状况与其家庭心理气氛的关系

目的探讨中学生心理健康状况与其家庭心理气氛的关系。方法使用自测健康评定量表和家庭环境量表中文版（FES-CV）调查403名中学生的有关情况。结果不同心理健康状况被试在家庭心理气氛的“亲密度、情感表达、独立性、成功性、知识性、道德宗教观、组织性”方面差异显著（t=1．82～6．20，P〈0.05～0．001），心理健康状况良好组被试在上述各方面的平均分数均显著高于身心健康状况较差组；被试家庭环境因素（亲密度、情感表达、成功性、知识性、娱乐性、道德观和组织性）与其“社会健康”相关显著。结论家庭心理气氛是中学生心理健康的重要影响因素，并且与中学生的社会适应状况有密切的关系。