硬脑膜动静脉瘘MRI的诊断价值

目的探讨MRI、磁共振血管成像（MRA）在硬脑膜动静脉瘘的诊断及治疗评估中的作用。资料与方法回顾性分析14例硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床资料及影像表现。所有患者术前均行头颅MRI、MRA及数字减影血管造影（DSA）,其中8例治疗后行MRI及MRA复查,对比分析患者MRI及MRA影像表现。结果MRI、MRA均能明确显示出增粗的供血动脉及扩张的引流静脉;同时显示脑出血（3例）,脑血栓（1例）,脑水肿（2例）,脑组织萎缩（1例）及栓塞物（治疗所置）（2例）等;8例经治疗后复查,MRI示7例扩张血管消失或缩小。结论MRI、MRA在硬脑膜动静脉瘘的诊断和术后评估中起着重要的作用。     

颈静脉球瘤影像学诊断

目的 探讨颈静脉球瘤的影像学表现及其诊断价值。方法 8例颈静脉球瘤均经病理证实，均行MRI平扫，其中，6例行MRI增强扫描，MRA和MRV检查各2例，CT平扫2例，分析其影像学表现。结果 CT显示肿瘤密度均匀，周围骨质呈侵蚀性破坏；MRI肿瘤呈等T1长T2信号，“盐-胡椒”征为颈静脉球瘤特征性表现；MRA显示肿瘤区畸形血管及供血动脉，MRV显示静脉窦受压变细。结论 CT对显示骨性结构改变有明显优势，MRI，MRA和MRV对显示病变特征、诊断和鉴别诊断有明显意义。     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的 探讨CT和MRI对颅内海绵状血管瘤的表现和诊断价值。资料与方法 经手术病理证实的颅内海绵状血管瘤22例,其中脑内型海绵状血管瘤21例,脑外型海绵状血管瘤1例。10例行CT检查,16例行MRI检查,13例行MRA检查。结果 脑内型海绵状血管瘤可位于脑内任何部位,单发病灶多见,周围无或轻度水肿,无明显占位效应。CT平扫为稍高密度影,钙化占72．7％,增强扫描大都无强化;MR T1WI表现为桑葚状混杂高信号．周围有云絮状低信号环,增强后病灶大都无强化;MRA检查未见异常血管。脑外型病灶位于中颅窝、鞍旁,MRI呈类似哑铃形较均匀的稍长T1、长T2信号,增强扫描见明显均匀强化．MRA检查未见异常血管。结论 脑内型海绵状血管瘤的MRI表现较有特异性,结合CT和MRA可明确诊断;脑外型者易误诊,对CT和MRI表现类似的中颅窝脑膜瘤,应考虑到本病的可能。     

无创性脊髓血管成像诊断脊髓血管畸形的临床应用价值

目的 通过与脊髓DSA及手术对比,初步探讨256层MSCT全脊髓血管成像(CTA)及3.0TMR脊髓血管动态增强扫描(CE-MRA)诊断脊髓血管畸形的临床应用价值.方法 17例临床表现及MR平扫疑诊为脊髓血管病的患者,全部行CTA检查,其中10例行MRA检查,15例在CT或MR检查3～5d后行DSA检查,8例患者经手术治疗.将其CTA、MRA、DSA及手术结果进行对比.结果行CTA检查的17例患者中,16例较好地显示了异常血管病变的范围,其中7例诊断为硬脊膜 动静脉瘘,7例为髓周动静脉瘘,2例为脊髓动静脉畸形,与DSA或手术诊断一致,1例无法做出诊断.其中12例准确判定供血动脉,12例准确显示瘘口位置.行MRA检查的10例患者中,7例准确诊断供血动脉及瘘口位置,与DSA或手术结果一致;其余3例DSA检查阴性.结论 256层MSCT全脊髓CTA及3.0T MR CE-MRA能安全、无创、快速、清晰地显示脊髓血管畸形的病变范围、供血动脉及瘘口的位置,缩短DSA诊疗时间,在脊髓血管畸形的诊断、协助制订治疗方案及术后随访方面起到重要作用.     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘的MRI和DSA影像学特点及栓塞治疗

目的 探讨硬脊膜动静脉瘘的MRI和DSA影像学特点及血管内栓塞治疗方法。方法 12例硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者均行MRI和脊髓血管造影检查,4例行栓塞治疗。分析其MRI和血管造影表现。结果 12例硬脊膜动静脉瘘中,MRI屉示脊髓内弥漫性长T2信号影11例,脊髓斑片状强化2例,脊髓背侧异常血管影6例。脊髓血管造影均能显示其瘘口和引流静脉,并反映其病变范围、供血状况及特征。4例行栓塞治疗患者其临床症状均有改善。结论 脊髓血管造影是诊断硬脊膜动静脉瘘的主要确诊方法。MRI对确定诊断具有重要作用。血管内栓塞是一种有效的治疗方法。     

CT、MRI在视网膜母细胞瘤的诊断价值

目的:探讨视网膜母细胞瘤的CT和MRI表现及其在诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值.方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的27例视网膜母细胞瘤的CT及MRI表现,所有病例均行CT检查,9例行MRI检查.结果:CT显示眼球内软组织肿块21例,其中眼球内单发肿块14例,多发肿块7例;肿块突破眼环进入球外5例,视神经增粗2例;颅内侵犯1例;视网膜脱离1例;伴钙化24例.MRI显示眼球内肿块5例;眼球内外肿块3例,视神经增粗3例;沿视神经侵犯颅内1例;伴视网膜脱离2例;钙化灶4例.结论:CT对视网膜母细胞瘤的定性诊断有重要意义,MRI对视网膜母细胞瘤的分期及显示视网膜脱离较好.     

磁共振血管成像在脑血管病中的诊断价值

目的:探讨三维时间飞跃法MR血管成像(3D TOF MRA)和三维增强MR血管造影(3D CE-MRA)检查技术,评价两种方法对脑血管病的诊断价值。方法:磁共振血管成像检查150例,全部行3D TOF MRA检查;9例进行3D CE-MRA检查,钆对比剂(Gd-DTPA)0.2mmol/kg,注射流率3ml/s,增强前、增强后动脉期及静脉期3次扫描;所有MRA图像进行三维重建,同期12例行DSA检查。常规MRI包括横断面T1WI、T2WI,矢状面T1WI。结果:56例中颅内血管显示正常56例,颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞者46例,颅内动脉瘤22例,颅内动静脉畸形21例,颈内动脉海绵窦瘘3例,烟雾病(moyamoya dis-ease)2例。结论:3D TOF MRA和3D CE-MRA是无创、快速、有效的检查技术,对诊断脑血管病有较高的价值,结合原始图像和常规MRI检查,一次检查即能为临床提供较为全面的信息,可作为脑血管病的筛选和首选诊断方法。     

颈动脉体瘤影像学表现分析

目的 探讨颈动脉体瘤影像学表现及诊断价值.方法 33例颈动脉体瘤均经手术病理证实,均行X线平片及超声检查,其中28例经血管造影、20例行CT、16例行MRI和10例行MRA检查.回顾性分析颈动脉体瘤的各种影像学表现,评价其临床价值.结果 各种检查均可显示肿瘤部位及其形态,颈动脉体瘤的B型超声特点为中等偏低实质回声,＞3 cm的肿瘤可见管道结构,但肿瘤上缘观察欠清,2例行彩色多普勒超声显示瘤内网状血管.CT增强显示为富血管肿瘤,其中1例肿瘤均匀强化,颈内、外动脉密度与瘤体等同难以分辨.MRI的特点为瘤内见流空的血管影像,明确显示颈内、外动脉分离.MRA能良好显示肿瘤与颈总动脉及其分叉的关系.血管造影可明确显示供血动脉.结论 B超、CT和MRI对颈动脉体瘤的诊断各具一定的特征性.     

MR血管成像诊断脊髓动静脉畸形的价值

目的 探讨磁共振血管成像(包括快速3D增强MRA技术和常规MRA)在脊髓动静脉畸形的诊断价值.方法 回顾分析10例脊髓动静脉畸形MRA资料,均由选择性脊髓血管造影确诊,全部病例均使用3D增强MRA技术(CE-MRA),头颈部另外还使用常规MRA(3D-TOF MRA).结果 髓内动静脉畸形3例,AVM血管巢的MRA表现为血管粗细不一,扭曲成团,并显示1条或多条供血动脉及增粗的引流静脉.髓外硬膜内动静脉畸形5例,其中3例为AVM,MRA显示有血管巢、供血动脉及引流静脉;2例为AVF,MRA可以显示供血动脉及引流静脉,并可推断瘘口的位置.硬脊膜动静脉瘘2例,MRA只表现为髓周血管扩张.结论 MRA不仅可以对脊髓动静脉畸形作定性诊断,而且还可以显示病灶的内部结构,已成为无创性诊断脊髓血管畸形的理想方法.     

CT与MR检查在脑血管畸形诊断中的临床价值

目的 探讨CT、MRI检查在脑血管畸形诊断中的价值.方法 回顾性分析25例经临床或病理诊断的脑血管畸形CT和MRI资料,比较CT和常规MRI序列(T1 WI、T2 WI、FLAIR)、MRA及MRI磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)的影像表现、检出率,判断其诊断价值.结果 25例病例中动静脉畸形16例、海绵状血管瘤7例和静脉畸形2例.16例动静脉畸形中3例CT平扫未见异常,13例CT平扫表现为边界不清的混杂密度影和迂曲扩张的血管影.而常规MRI和MRA上均可见扩张迂曲的异常血管团影.在SWI上均可见斑点状、迂曲的条状低信号影.7例海绵状血管瘤4例为单发,3例为多发,共检出病灶73个.CT平扫检出5例19个病灶.常规MRI检出51个病灶,“桑椹”状高低混杂信号及“铁环征”较具有特征性.在SWI像上检出病灶73个,其中69个为低信号,4个为以低信号为主的混杂信号.2例静脉畸形均为单发,CT平扫、常规MRI检查均无特异性表现,SWI表现为放射状异常信号影聚集,呈“水母头”征.结论 CT检查对合并急性出血、钙化的病灶敏感,但对无出血、无钙化及微出血的小病灶检出率低,定性困难.MRI常规序列结合SWI序列扫描能提供更多、更准确的信息,为诊断脑血管畸形的最佳检查方法.     

Phase-contrast MR angiography of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae

MRI and phase-contrast MR angiography (PC MRA) were obtained in 13 patients with angiographically confirmed intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF). Three- and two-dimensional PC MRA was obtained with low (6–20 cm/s) and high (> 40 cm/s) velocity encoding along the three main body axes. MRI showed focal or diffuse signal abnormalities in the brain parenchyma in six patients, dilated cortical veins in seven, venous pouches in four with type IV DAVF and enlargement of the superior ophthalmic vein in three patients with DAVF of the cavernous sinus. However, it showed none of the fistula sites and did not allow reliable identification of feeding arteries. 3D PC MRA enabled identification of the fistula and enlarged feeding arteries in six cases each. Stenosis or occlusion of the dural sinuses was detected in six of eight cases on 3D PC MRA with low velocity encoding. In six patients with type II DAVF phase reconstruction of 2D PC MRA demonstrated flow reversal in the dural sinuses or superior ophthalmic vein. Received: 14 May 1998 Accepted: 15 December 1998     

脑血管畸形的MRI诊断：与CT,脑血管造影对比分析

报道了６４例脑动静脉畸型和８例脑海绵状血管瘤的ＭＲＩ表现，并对ＭＲＩ、ＣＴ及脑血管造影在脑血管畸形诊断中的应用价值进行了对比分析。６４例脑动静脉畸形的ＭＲＩ均见到典型征象──流空信号簇。２９例见到粗大的供应动脉或／和引流静脉，１４例见到扩大的静脉窦。结果表明，ＭＲＩ对于脑动静脉畸形及其并发症的诊断优于ＣＴ，并可弥补脑血管造影的不足。ＭＲＩ与ＣＴ的联合应用对脑海绵状血管瘤的定性诊断很有意义。     

外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的综合影像评价

目的 评价各种影像学检查手段在诊断外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘中的作用。资料与方法 回顾性分析15例颈动脉海绵窦瘘患者的各种影像学表现，其中CT、超声检查15例，脑血管造影12例，MRI检查3例。结果 颈内动脉海绵窦瘘CT表现为：眼球突出，眼上静脉扩张和海绵窦增大(15／15)，眶内软组织肿胀(9／15)和眼外肌肥厚(10／15)。MRI表现与CT大致相同，MRA可立体显示扩张的眼上静脉和瘘口(2／3)。脑血管造影于动脉期可见患侧海绵窦扩大显影并眼上静脉逆向充盈显影(12／12)，并可见瘘口显示(11／12)，压迫患侧颈总动脉，健侧颈内动脉造影可见患侧颈内动脉和海绵窦显影(9／12)。经颅多普勒超声检查可显示眼上静脉和海绵窦区的异常血流信号(15／15)，并能准确评价颈内动脉各段血流动力学改变。结论 各种影像学检查手段都有其优势和局限性，各种手段综合应用才能满足临床需要。     

原发性蛛网膜下腔出血放射影像诊断的价值分析

目的探讨目前常用的原发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)诊断方法的价值，为不同时期、不同病因的SAH提供临床最适宜的诊断顺序和手段。方法对122例确诊的SAH患者不同时期的临床、实验室、CT、MRA、DSA等结果进行回顾性分析，评价其阳性结果的敏感性并分析阴性结果的原因。结果突发的头痛、呕吐、脑膜刺激征、眼底改变为SAH的最早期的临床表现；起病72h内腰穿的阳性率为100％，CT阳性率92％(112／122)，MRI、MRA病因诊断阳性率为45．55％(70/90)。数字减影全脑血管造影病因诊断阳性率为70．83％(51/72)(其中动脉瘤29例，动静脉畸形30例，硬脑膜动静脉痿5例，血管炎2例，横窦血栓1例)；脊髓MRI发现脊髓血管畸形2例。结论特征的临床表现及腰穿为急性期确诊SAH的首选；CT阴性不能排除SAH；DSA在病因诊断优于MRA；脊髓血管造影可发现头CT、MRA、DSA均阴性的病变。     

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: evaluation with combined 3D time-of-flight MR angiography and MR digital subtraction angiography

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic utility of 3D time-of-flight (TOF) MR angiography and MR digital subtraction angiography in patients with angiographically proven moderate- to high-flow intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two neuroradiologists, unaware of patients' histories and angiographic findings, retrospectively reviewed 17 MR angiograms with 3D TOF MR angiography and MR digital subtraction angiography in 15 patients with dural arteriovenous fistula and also reviewed 35 MR angiograms in control patients without findings of dural arteriovenous fistula on angiography. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. RESULTS: In patients with dural arteriovenous fistula, source images of 3D TOF MR angiography showed two abnormal findings: multiple high-intensity curvilinear or nodular structures adjacent to the sinus wall and high-intensity areas in the venous sinus. Findings of multiple high-intensity structures adjacent to the sinus wall were observed in all cases of dural arteriovenous fistula. Findings of high-intensity areas in the venous sinus were observed in 13 of 17 cases of dural arteriovenous fistula. Findings of multiple high-intensity structures adjacent to the sinus wall were not observed in any control subjects. Findings of high-intensity areas within the venous sinus were observed in five of 35 control subjects. Findings of MR digital subtraction angiography showed early filling of the venous sinus, suggestive of dural arteriovenous fistula, in 13 of 15 patients with dural arteriovenous fistula. Sensitivity and specificity of multiple high-intensity structures adjacent to the sinus wall, high-intensity areas in the venous sinus, and early filling of the venous sinus were 100% and 100%, 76% and 86%, and 87% and 100%, respectively. Although 3D TOF MR angiography failed to show the findings of retrograde cortical venous drainage and venous sinus occlusion, MR digital subtraction angiography clearly showed both findings in all five subjects. CONCLUSION: A protocol including both 3D TOF MR angiography (source images) and MR digital subtraction angiography allowed the diagnosis of moderate- to high-flow dural arteriovenous fistula. In addition, cortical venous drainage was reliably noted in a small subset of patients.     

Deep cerebral venous thrombosis: imaging in eight cases

Deep cerebral venous thrombosis (DCVT) is a rare, potentially fatal disease. We carried out a retrospective analysis of eight patients presenting with DCVT, using CT and MRI data. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA), MR angiography (MRA) (2D phase-contrast), and angiography were performed in four, four and two patients, respectively. Direct (venous abnormalities) and indirect (parenchymatous involvement) signs of thrombosis were assessed. Follow-up MRI and MRA were performed on two patients. CT was initially normal in two patients, demonstrated a “cord sign” in deep veins in five and deep venous infarcts in three. When performed within a week of admission (seven patients), MRI showed thrombosis as into intense or high signal in deep veins on sagittal T1-weighted spin-echo images in all patients, and on axial T2-weighted spin-echo images in two. Deep venous infarcts were found in five patients. Direct or indirect signs of sagittal or lateral sinus thrombosis were present on CT in two patients and on MRI in five. CT angiography, MRA and DSA were concordant with MRI findings. CT venography showed persistent flow in thrombosed veins. MRI follow-up demonstrated progressive deep venous recanalisation. Received: 5 December 1996 Accepted: 30 July 1998     

MRI and MR angiography of vertebral artery dissection

A review of 4,500 angiograms yielded 11 patients with dissection of the vertebral arteries who had MRI and (in 4 patients) MR angiography (MRA) in the acute phase of stroke. One patient with incidental discovery at arteriography of asymptomatic vertebral artery dissection and two patients with acute strokes with MRI and MRA findings consistent with vertebral artery dissection were included. Dissection occurred after neck trauma or chiropractic manipulation in 4 patients and was spontaneous in 10. Dissection involved the extracranial vertebral artery in 9 patients, the extra-intracranial junction in 1, and the intracranial artery in 4. MRI demonstrated infarcts in the brain stem, cerebellum, thalamus or temporo-occipital regions in 7 patients with extra- or extra-intracranial dissections and a solitary lateral medullary infarct in 4 patients (3 with intracranial and 1 with extra-intracranial dissection). In 2 patients no brain abnormality related to vertebral artery dissection was found and in one MRI did not show subarachnoid haemorrhage revealed by CT. Intramural dissecting haematoma appeared as crescentic or rounded high signal on T1-weighted images in 10 patients examined 3–20 days after the onset of symptoms. The abnormal vessel stood out in the low signal cerebrospinal fluid in intracranial dissections, whereas it was more difficult to detect in extracranial dissections because of the intermediate-to-high signal of the normal perivascular structures and slow flow proximal and distal to the dissection. In two patients examined within 36 h of the onset, mural thickening was of intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal on spin-density and T2-weighted images. MRA showed abrupt stenosis in 2 patients and disappearance of flow signal at and distal to the dissection in 5. Follow-up arteriography, MRI or MRA showed findings consistent with occlusion of the dissected vessel in 6 of 8 patients. Received: 27 February 1996 Accepted: 4 June 1996     

磁共振脑血管造影与数字减影血管造影的比较

通过对５５例脑血管磁共振血管造影（ＭＲＡ）和动脉数字减影血管造影（ＩＡ－ＤＳＡ）的对比分析，探讨了ＭＲＡ在颅内血管病变诊断中的可靠性。结果表明，ＭＲＡ可以对４８例患者做出正确诊断，结合常规ＭＲＩ和ＭＲＡ原始切层图像，其敏感性为９０．９％。对动脉瘤的敏感性为８７．５％，动静脉畸形为７８．６％。３例血管狭窄闭塞性病变和１例脑膜瘤患者的血管改变也与ＤＳＡ完全符合。可以认为，作为一种常规筛选工具，ＭＲＡ用于脑血管病变的检查和诊断，具有安全、可靠和方便的优点。     

脑血管畸形的MRI及MRA诊断

目的：研究脑动静脉畸形与海绵状血管瘤的ＭＲＩ及ＭＲＡ特征，评价不同的成像方法对脑血管畸形的诊断价值。材料与方法：对２１例脑动静脉畸形及６例海绵状血管瘤分别作了常规ＭＲ成像及ＭＲ血管成像，ＭＲＩ采用ＳＥＴ１和Ｔｕｒｂｏ ＳＥ Ｔ２加权序列，ＭＲＡ采用２Ｄ－ＦＬＡＳＨ及３Ｄ－ＦＩＳＰ序列，６例海绵状血管瘤ＭＲＡ仅使用２Ｄ－ＦＬＡＳＨ序列。所有成像以环形激化头线圈在１．０Ｔ ＭＲ仪上完成。结果：Ｔ１及Ｔ     

64层螺旋CT血管成像诊断脊髓血管畸形的价值

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT 血管成像(CTA)对脊髓血管畸形的诊断价值.方法 经临床和MR检查拟诊为脊髓血管畸形的15例患者进行了CTA.所有患者均在1周内进行了DSA检查.其中4例行于术治疗.将CTA图像与DSA和手术所见进行对照,从判定畸形的类型、显示病变累及的范围、供血动脉、引流静脉和可能存在的瘘口等方面,对CTA图像进行评价.结果 15例脊髓血管畸形经DSA和手术确诊,分别为6例髓内动静脉畸彤、2例髓周动静脉瘘、3例硬脊膜动静脉瘘和4例Cobb综合征.CTA对15例患者的分类和对病变累及范围的判断与DSA结果一致.CTA清晰显示了病变的主要供血动脉和引流静脉.5例动静脉瘘中4例CTA判断的瘘口位置与DSA所见一敛,另1例为复杂血管畸形,瘘口难以辨别.CTA还清晰显示了4例Cobb综合征位于椎旁和皮下的畸形血管团.结论 64层螺旋CTA可以判定脊髓血管畸形的类型,快速、无创地显示其主要病变特征,可作为该病的筛查手段.