肝硬化合并肝性脑病的诱因及预后探析

目的：探析肝硬化合并肝性脑病的诱因及其与预后的相关性。方法选取收治的50例肝硬化合并肝性脑病患者为研究对象,对其临床诊治资料进行分析,归纳总结肝硬化合并肝性脑病诱因及其与预后的关系。结果50例患者死亡13例（26％）,存活37例（74％）。死亡组中常见诱因排在前三位的为上消化道出血（61.54％）、感染（46.15％）、大量利尿及放腹水（38.46％）。此外,肝功能Child－Pugh分级及肝性脑病分期与肝硬化合并肝性脑病的发展及预后亦有一定的相关性。结论肝硬化合并肝性脑病诱因多,且诱因与预后效果关系密切,为此采取针对性的措施去除诱因是治疗肝性脑病降低病死率的关键所在。     

肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血89例诱因分析

1979年3月～1994年10月，我们收治肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血89例。现分析其诱发因素。1临床资料1．1一般情况89＠中，男64例，女25例；年龄21～68岁，平均44．7岁。其中肝炎后肝硬化78例，乙醇性肝硬化9例，原因不明2例。1．2诊断方法肝硬化的诊断均由临床、肝功能化验、B超、CT或肝活检确定，经胃镜或食管吞钡检查证实有食管静脉曲张。肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血经胃镜证实39例（43．8％），由典型临床症状诊断50例（56．2％）。首次出血sl例，再次出血38例。1．3诱因89例中，药物所致食管静脉曲张破裂出血23例（25．8％），其中国眼…     

重型病毒性肝炎合并与未合并肝性脑病的相关指标对比

目的：探讨重型病毒性肝炎合并肝性脑病与未合并肝性脑病的特点，为治疗提供依据。方法：对比分析1999年1月～2002年10月我院重型病毒性肝炎合并肝性脑病与未合并肝性脑病的发生率、病死率及与自发性细菌性腹膜炎和上消化道出血及肝肾综合征的关系。结果：重型病毒性肝炎241例中，合并肝性脑病68例(28．2％)，与肝性脑病直接相关的死亡38例(55．9％)；同时或先后出现自发性细菌性腹膜炎48例(70．6％)及上消化道出血33例(48.5％)，另外，重型病毒性肝炎合并肝性脑病中，低血清钾、钠分别为18例(26．5％)、24例(35．3％)及血氨升高40例(58．8％)。结论：重型病毒性肝炎合并肝性脑病常与其他并发症共存，病死率较高。预防和治疗肝性脑病需要采取综合措施。     

胞二磷胆碱鞘内注射治疗肝性脑病49例

我院1990年12月～1994年12月应用胞二磷胆碱鞘内注射治疗肝性脑病49例，取得满意效果。报告如下。1临床资料1．1病例选择本组共观察慢性肝病并发肝性脑病98例，男87例，女11例，年龄22～76岁。其中肝硬变失代偿期78例，原发性肝癌14例，柏-查综合征6例。38例血氨浓度增高（＞58．72μmol／L）。按人院次序将病人随机分为两组。治疗组49例，其中肝性脑病一期者2例，二期26例，三期20例，四期1例。发病诱因为高蛋白饮食者6例，上消化道出血20例，感染11例，电解质紊乱4例，放腹水3例，诱因不明5例。对照组49例，其中肝性脑病一期3例，二期25…     

果糖二磷酸钠辅助治疗肝性脑病疗效观察

1997年以来,我们采用果糖二磷酸钠辅助治疗肝性脑病,并与精氨酸进行疗效对比,前者效果较好。1　对象和方法1.1　对象　慢性肝病并发肝性脑病71例,男54例,女17例;年龄23～77岁。其中肝硬化失代偿期57例,原发性肝癌12例,柏-查综合征2例。29例血氨>58.7μmol/L。随机分为:治疗组36例,其中肝性脑病一期1例,二期19例,三期14例,四期2例,发病诱因为高蛋白饮食4例,上消化道出血16例,感染7例,电解质紊乱3例,放腹水2例,原因不明4例;对照组35例,其中肝性脑病一期3例,二期18例,三期13例,四期1例,发病诱因为高蛋白饮食4例,上消化道出血15例,感染8例,电解…     

选择性贲门周围血管离断术与并发症防治

目的：探讨选择性贲门周围血管离断术并发症的发生率及其防治。方法：选择性贲门周围血管离断术96例。其中肝炎后肝硬化76例,胆汁性肝硬化8例,血吸虫病性肝硬化3例,其他类型肝硬化9例。择期手术64例,急诊手术14例,预防性手术18例。结果：术后并发症总体发生率为23．9％。肝功能Child C级、血胆固醇〈3．0mmol／L、总胆红素〉100mmol／L时术后并发症发生率显著升高（P〈0．05）。手术死亡率4．2％,主要死亡原因为上消化道再出血并发肝性脑病、多器官功能衰竭。术后1年、2年及3年再出血率分别为3．1％、6．O％及5．6％。结论：为减少门静脉高压症断流术并发症,应掌握手术适应证,熟练掌握手术要领及围手术期处理。     

乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿期临床指标与预后关系研究

目的：观察乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿期临床指标与预后的关系。方法：回顾性分析乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿期80例临床资料及6个月、1年和3年累计病死率。结果：住院好转组与住院死亡组TBIL、ALB、INR和Chitd-Pugh评分两组比较，差异非常显著（P〈0．01），ALT、GLB和HBV-DNA水平两组比较，差异不显著（P〉0．05）。本组病例失代偿期肝硬化患者6个月、1年和3年累计病死率分别为12．5％、26．3％及37．5％；并发腹水54例，6个月、1年和3年累计病死率分别为18．5％、35．29／6及48．2％；并发上消化道出血31例，6个月、1年和3年累计病死率分别为6．5％、32．3％及41．9％；并发肝性脑病10例，6个月、1年和3年累计病死率分别为60．O％、90．O％及90．09／5；并发肝肾综合征11例，6个月、1年累计病死率分别为72．7％、100％。结论：乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿期患者临床病死率高、并发症多，积极防治各种并发症是提高患者生存率的关键。     

门体静脉分流后顽固性肝性脑病7例临床分析

肝硬化失代偿期患者,门体静脉分流术可在一定程度上缓解和预防消化道出血的发生。但门体静脉分流术后的并发症较多,顽固性肝性脑病是最主要的并发症之一。现就近年来我科收治的7例门体静脉分流术后发生的顽固性肝性脑病分析如下。1　临床分析11　一般情况　7例均为住院患者。男6例,女1例。年龄42～69岁。均因上消化道出血行门体静脉分流术。手术前肝炎及肝硬化病史12～21年。手术后3～8年,平均41年开始出现顽固性肝性脑病,脑病持续时间11～26月,平均167月。7例患者先后出现肝性脑病461次,最多92次,最少49次,平均659次。均伴有不同程度的肝性…     

肝性脑病的诱因分析与护理对策

肝性脑病是各种肝病的严重并发症之一，是以代谢紊乱为基础，以意识障碍为主要临床表现的综合征，也是各种肝病的致死原因之一，可由多种因素诱发．为提高对肝性脑病的护理水平，对我院1992年1月至1995年5月收治的126例肝硬化失代偿的病人中筛选出合并肝性脑病的52例，就其诱发因素进行了回顾性分析，报告如下。1临床资料本资料采用回顾性调查方法，调查资料来源于1992年至1995年收治的126例肝硬化失代偿期的病例中筛选出了52例。其中，男36例，女16例，年龄最大72岁，最小26岁。昏迷时间6h至4天。反复发作者16例。预后：昏迷时间短具有明显…     

幽门螺杆菌对慢性肝病高氨血症的影响

高血氨是发生肝性脑病的原因之一。近年来研究发现 ,幽门螺杆菌 (ＨＰ)感染和肝性脑病的发生有关。为探讨慢性肝病时ＨＰ对血氨的影响及临床意义 ,我们对ＨＰ阳性的慢性肝病 71例进行了血氨浓度测定 ,并对ＨＰ阳性者行根除治疗。1　对象和方法1 1　对象　男 4 9例 ,女 2 2例 ;年龄 2 7～ 6 5岁 ,平均 5 8 4岁。诊断符合 2 0 0 0年 9月西安第十次全国病毒性肝炎及肝炎学术会议制定的病毒性肝炎防治方案诊断标准[1] 。肝炎、肝硬化 4 2例 ,慢性重症肝炎 4例 ,慢性中度肝炎 14例 ,慢性重度肝炎 11例。其中Ⅱ度以上肝性脑病 33例 ,反复发生Ⅱ度…     

慢性肝病患者发生肝性脑病的危险因素

 目的 探讨慢性肝病患者发生肝性脑病(hepatic encephalopathy, HE)的危险因素。方法 以2014—2019年医院收治的64例HE患者为研究对象。以HE患者首次明确诊断为肝炎或肝硬化的时间为研究起点,首次发作HE作为研究终点,通过单因素和多因素分析,探讨引发HE可能的独立危险因素。结果 单因素和多因素分析表明,年龄(OR:1.066,P<0.0001)、肝硬化(7.979,P<0.0001)、乙肝病毒(HBV)感染及治疗(5.838,P<0.0001)、脾脏肿大(2.722,P=0.003)、食管胃底静脉曲张(EGV, 1.986,P=0.024)和ALT水平高低(2.940,P<0.0001)是影响HE 发病的独立危险因素。肝病患者HE 1年、3年、5年、10年的发病率分别是14.06%、34.38%、42.19%和85.94%。结论 年龄、肝硬化、HBV感染及治疗、脾大、EGV和血清ALT水平是潜在预判肝病患者HE发作的临床指标。     

Budd-Chiari综合征合并下腔静脉长节段血栓及上消化道出血的介入治疗

目的探讨Budd-Chiari综合征(BCS)合并下腔静脉长节段血栓及上消化道出血的介入治疗方法,评价下腔静脉多支架顺序置入固定血栓+下腔静脉成形术+肝静脉成形术的治疗价值。资料与方法搜集2009年1月至2011年3月6例BCS合并下腔静脉长节段血栓及上消化道出血患者。上消化道出血控制稳定1周后,均以如下介入方法治疗:下腔静脉多支架顺序置入固定血栓+下腔静脉成形术+必要时肝静脉成形术。术后予以抗凝并随访。结果 6例患者以下腔静脉多支架顺序置入压迫血栓+下腔静脉成形术+必要时肝静脉成形术治疗,均获成功。近中期临床疗效明显。主要并发症为无症状性肺栓塞,共2例。无手术致死病例。结论下腔静脉多支架顺序置入固定血栓+下腔静脉成形术+肝静脉成形术,对治疗BCS合并下腔静脉长节段血栓及上消化道出血是安全、有效的,可以作为BCS伴下腔静脉长节段血栓及上消化道出血的治疗选择。     

TIPSS治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的术后并发症及护理

目的:探讨经颈静脉肝内门体支架分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt,Tipss)治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的并发症及护理。方法:对我院50例肝硬化Child-Push分级B、C级患者分别给予Tipss术,术中、术后严密观察病情变化、手术进程及各种并发症的发生情况,并针对不同情况,给予细致的护理观察,总结观察结果。结果:50例患者术后平均门静脉压力下降20cm H2O,术后肝硬化门脉高压患者的腹水或上消化道出血两大并发症得到不同程度的缓解;术后1月内,除1例1周后支架即闭塞,1例术后即并发严重肝性脑病外,未见其他并发症的发生,远期并发症主要以反复的肝性脑病及支架闭塞为主,其他肝静脉闭塞、肝性神经病变较少见;术后1月复查肝功,平均Child积分变化不大。结论:Tipss是治疗肝硬化合并门脉高压症有效方法,术后门脉压力缓解明显,但术后支架狭窄与肝性脑病高发,通过加强护理可降低其发生率,但肝性脑病仍处在较高的水平,是Tipss开展的又一难题。     

1H-MR spectroscopy, magnetization transfer, and diffusion-weighted imaging in alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients with cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy

PURPOSE: Mild swelling of astrocytes is proposed as a key event in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Proton MR spectroscopy ((1)H-MR spectroscopy), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and magnetization transfer imaging were performed in patients with alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis and correlated with different clinical stages of hepatic encephalopathy to assess alterations in cerebral water metabolism in different subgroups of patients with cirrhosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five patients (26 alcoholics, 19 nonalcoholics [due to hepatitis C (n = 9), hemochromatosis (n = 2), primary chronic cholangitis (n = 2), hepatitis B (n = 1), Wilson disease (n = 1), cryptogenic cirrhosis (n = 4)]) and 18 controls underwent (1)H-MR spectroscopy, magnetization transfer imaging, and DWI of the basal ganglia and normally appearing occipital white matter (NAWM). N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), myo-inositol (mIns), and glutamine/glutamate (Glx) relative to creatine (Cr), the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC), and the magnetization transfer ratios (MTR) were correlated to the neuropsychologic status, which was assessed by computerized psychometry and mental state grading, according to the West Haven criteria. RESULTS: Compared with controls, nonalcoholic subjects exhibited a gradual increase of Glx/Cr in the basal ganglia and NAWM; a decrease in mIns/Cr; a significant decrease of MTR in the thalamus, the putamen, the pallidum, and NAWM; and an increase in the ADC of the NAWM with increasing hepatic encephalopathy severity. In alcoholics, mIns/Cr of the basal ganglia and the NAWM, Cho/Cr of the basal ganglia, and MTR of all assessed regions were decreased. Glx/Cr of the basal ganglia and of the NAWM was increased, compared with that of controls; but no correlation to the clinical hepatic encephalopathy grading was found. ADC did not change significantly between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Apart from a typical pattern of (1)H-MR spectroscopy alterations in hepatic encephalopathy, a gradual decrease in MTR and an increase of ADC was found correlating to clinical grading of hepatic encephalopathy in nonalcoholic patients with cirrhosis. In alcoholic patients with hepatic encephalopathy, there was no such correlation. Abnormalities detected by MR imaging may hint at different pathways of brain damage in alcohol-induced liver disease.     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术中覆膜支架与非覆膜支架效果的比较

目的 对比覆膜与非覆膜支架在TIPS中应用的临床疗效.方法 回顾性研究30例临床诊断为肝硬化接受TIPS治疗(按照术后是否有覆膜支架分为覆膜支架组20例、非覆膜支架组10例)的患者的临床资料.本组患者手术前后测量门静脉压力,术后彩色超声观察分流道通畅情况.采用四格表资料的Fisher确切概率法进行两组间病死率、再出血率及肝性脑病发生率等临床指标对比.结果 30例患者手术均成功,门静脉压力在覆膜组由术前(3.78±0.50)kPa降至术后(2.21±0.44)kPa,非覆膜组由术前(3.67±0.48)kPa降至术后(2.13±0.35)kPa.术后随访资料完整的26例(覆膜支架组17例,非覆膜支架组9例),随访时间为7 d～62个月(中位随访时间23个月).随访期内死亡13例,覆膜支架组8例、非覆膜支架组5例,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),均死于上消化道出血及肝功能衰竭.覆膜组再出血5例、非覆膜组3例,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).发生肝性脑病在覆膜支架组4例、非覆膜支架组2例,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后6个月和1年分流道通畅率在覆膜支架组均为100.0%,非覆膜支架组分别为77.8%(7/9)和55.6%(5/9),两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 覆膜支架组1年分流道通畅率优于非覆膜支架,但两组病死率、再出血率及肝性脑病发生率差异无统计学意义.     

Long-term results of balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration for the treatment of gastric varices and hepatic encephalopathy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term results of balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO) for the treatment of gastric varices (GV) and hepatic encephalopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 43 patients who had undergone B-RTO were evaluated, 32 with GV, two with hepatic encephalopathy, and nine with both. All but one had been consecutively followed up with gastrointestinal endoscopy for more than 1 year (3-60 months; mean, 30.44 months). Collateral veins of gastric varices were graded using balloon-occluded retrograde left adrenal venography. The relation of both worsening of esophageal varices (EV) and improved Child-Pugh score after B-RTO to the grades of collateral vein development was analyzed. The relapse-free survival and the prognostic factors for survival after B-RTO were also assessed. RESULTS: GV disappeared or decreased markedly in size, and hepatic encephalopathy was completely cured in all patients. Improvement in Child-Pugh score was observed in 21 patient (50.0%) 6 months after B-RTO, but in only 11 patients (25.6%) 1 year after B-RTO. Worsening of EV was seen in eight patients and was related to a worsened grade of collateral veins. Cumulative relapse-free survival rate was 90.8% at 1 year and 87.4% at 3 years after B-RTO. The most significant prognostic factor was Child-Pugh classification (relative risk: 4.16) CONCLUSION: B-RTO is a safe and effective treatment for patients with GV and hepatic encephalopathy. The most important prognostic factors are the extent of Child-Pugh classification.     

施他宁联合奥美拉唑治疗肝硬化并上消化道大出血的疗效观察

目的探讨施他宁(生长抑素)联合奥美拉唑治疗肝硬化合并上消化道大出血的疗效。方法将确诊的83例患者随机分为三组。治疗组采用施他宁联合奥美拉唑的治疗方案,对照1组采用奥曲肽联合奥美拉唑的方案,对照2组采用垂体后叶素联合奥美拉唑的方案,观察时间为72 h。结果治疗组、对照1组、对照2组的止血有效率分别为93.3%、68.0%、57.1%,治疗组的止血有效率明显高于两个对照组(P<0.05);治疗组、对照1组、对照2组的有效止血时间分别为(29.71±6.35)h,(38.24±7.04)h,(40.88±9.98)h,治疗组的有效止血时间明显短于两个对照组(P<0.01)。结论施他宁联合奥美拉唑治疗肝硬化合并上消化道大出血疗效满意。     

Acute hepatic encephalopathy with diffuse cortical lesions

Acute hepatic encephalopathy is a poorly defined syndrome of heterogeneous aetiology. We report a 49-year-old woman with alcoholic cirrhosis and hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia who developed acute hepatic coma induced by severe gastrointestinal bleeding. Laboratory analysis revealed excessively elevated blood ammonia. MRI showed lesions compatible with chronic hepatic encephalopathy and widespread cortical signal change sparing the perirolandic and occipital cortex. The cortical lesions resembled those of hypoxic brain damage and were interpreted as acute toxic cortical laminar necrosis. Received: 8 May 2000 Accepted: 10 August 2000     

Neural mechanism of cognitive control impairment in patients with hepatic cirrhosis: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study

BACKGROUND: Many studies have claimed the existence of attention alterations in cirrhotic patients without overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE). No functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in this respect has been published. PURPOSE: To investigate the neural basis of cognitive control deficiency in cirrhotic patients using fMRI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 14 patients with hepatic cirrhosis and 14 healthy volunteers were included in the study. A modified Stroop task with Chinese characters was used as the target stimulus, and block-design fMRI was used to acquire resource data, including four stimulus blocks and five control blocks, each presented alternatively. Image analysis was performed using statistical parametric mapping 99. After fMRI examinations were complete, behavior tests of Stroop interference were performed for all subjects. Overall reaction time and error numbers were recorded. RESULTS: Both healthy volunteers and patients with hepatic cirrhosis had Stroop interference effects. Patients with hepatic cirrhosis had more errors and longer reaction time in performing an incongruous color-naming task than healthy volunteers (P<0.001); there was no significant difference in performing an incongruous word-reading task (P = 0.066). Compared with controls, patients with hepatic cirrhosis had greater activation of the bilateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex when performing the incongruous word-reading task. With increased conflict, activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), bilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), parietal lobe, and temporal fusiform gyrus (TFG) was decreased when patients with hepatic cirrhosis performed the incongruous color-naming task. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that patients with hepatic cirrhostic have cognitive control deficiency. The abnormal brain network of the ACC-PFC-parietal lobe-TFG is the neural basis of cognitive control impairment in cirrhotic patients.