左旋布比卡因、罗哌卡因混合芬太尼用于乳癌术后自控镇痛的比较

目的：比较单用左旋布比卡因，左旋布比卡因和罗哌卡因分别复合芬太尼用于乳癌术后硬膜外自控镇痛的临床效果。方法：选择45例择期行乳癌根治术患者，连续硬膜外麻醉，术后随机分为3组，Ⅰ组：0．125％左旋布比卡因；Ⅱ组：0．125％左旋布比卡因混合芬太尼（2μg／m1）；Ⅲ组：0.125％罗哌卡因混合芬太尼（2μg／ml）。观察患者术后24小时内的镇痛效果及不良反应发生率。结果：Ⅰ组VAS评分，总用药量及PCEA泵按压次数与实际进药次数比值显著高于其他两组（P〈0．05），3组不良反应发生率无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论：0．125％左旋布比卡因复合芬太尼（2μg/ml）用于乳癌术后镇痛，效果满意，无明显不良反应。     

罗哌卡因联合吗啡或芬太尼镇痛效果及对肠蠕动的影响临床分析

目的：探讨罗哌卡因联合不同镇痛药物对手术后肠蠕动恢复情况的影响。方法：对105例普外科择期手术患者,ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级,根据不同的镇痛方案随机等分成3组。吗啡组：0．125％罗哌卡因＋0．005％吗啡＋0．005％氟哌利多：芬太尼组：0．125％罗哌卡因＋0．0005％芬太尼＋0．005％氟哌利多;对照组：为不实施术后自控镇痛患者;镇痛治疗后4、8、12、24、36h进行随访,观察疼痛程度、镇静状态、平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、呼吸频率（RR）、脉搏氧饱和度（Sp02）,并记录肠蠕动恢复时间。结果：吗啡组与芬太尼组均取得较好的镇痛效果,VAS评分显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）;芬太尼组较吗啡组、对照组肠蠕动恢复时间明显缩短（P〈0．05）。结论：罗哌卡因联合吗啡、芬太尼行患者术后自控镇痛均能获得良好的效果,罗哌卡因与芬太尼联用可缩短肠蠕动的恢复时间。     

咪达唑仑复合罗哌卡因硬膜外自控镇痛的效应

目的：评价咪达唑仑复合罗哌卡因术后硬膜外自控镇痛的临床效果。方法：选择下肢骨科手术患者50例。随机分成Ⅰ组25例和Ⅱ组25例。两组患者均行L2、3或L3、4腰硬联合穿刺术并头向量管4cm。术后行硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）。Ⅰ组PCEA配方为咪达唑仑5mg加0．2％罗哌卡因100ml。首剂咪达唑仑2mg加罗哌卡因8mg；Ⅱ组PCEA配方为吗啡5mg加0．2％罗哌卡因100ml，首剂吗啡2mg加罗哌卡因8mg。两组均行持续输注量2ml／h，单次PCA量1ml，锁定时间15分钟。结果：镇痛满意率（VAS≤3）Ⅰ组为92％与Ⅱ组96％相近（P〉0．05）；Ⅰ组尿潴留12％、恶心呕吐4％，均低于Ⅱ组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论：咪达唑仑复合罗哌卡因术后PCEA镇痛效果满意，不良反应少，是较好的镇痛方法。     

罗哌卡因用于乳腺癌根治术后硬膜外自控镇痛对呼吸功能的影响

目的 :比较罗哌卡因与布比卡因用于乳腺癌根治术后硬膜外自控镇痛 (PCEA)对术后呼吸功能的影响。方法 :将40例行乳腺癌根治术的患者随机分为2组 ,术后分别用0 2 %罗哌卡因或0 1875 %布比卡因 +吗啡5mg+氟哌啶2 5mg 进行PCEA72h。结果 :视觉摸拟评分和血气分析结果在两组间无显著性差异 (P>0 05) ,但罗哌卡因组呼吸功能的恢复明显优于布比卡因组(P<0 01或P<0 05)。结论 :罗哌卡因用于乳腺癌根治术后PCEA具有与布比卡因相似的镇痛效果 ,但其对呼吸功能的影响较小。     

罗哌卡因复合氟哌利多行臂丛神经阻滞临床效果观察

目的观察上肢手术患者麻醉应用罗哌卡因配伍氟哌利多行臂丛神经阻滞其麻醉效果及对血压心率的影响。方法105例行臂丛神经阻滞的病人随机分为R1、R2、R33组，每组35例，局麻药分别采用0．5％罗哌卡因、0．375％的罗哌卡因、0．375％的罗哌卡因加入氟哌利多，观察比较各组对术中患者血压心率的影响并进行视觉模拟疼痛评分（VAS）。结果3组患者术中血压心率R1、R2组有不同程度的上升和加快（P〈0．05），R3组相对平稳或略有下降（P〉0．05），镇痛效果R3组优于R1与R2组（P〈0．01）。结论利用罗哌卡因加入氟哌利多行臂丛神经阻滞麻醉镇痛效果好，能够使病人平稳渡过围手术期并能有效控制术中血压、心率。     

不同浓度罗哌卡因复合吗啡用于剖宫产术后镇痛的比较

目的:用不同浓度的罗哌卡因复合吗啡、氟哌利多行剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA),探讨比较适宜的罗哌卡因的浓度。方法:产科80例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级在腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞下行剖宫产的足月初产妇。随机分为4组:每组均在缝皮前经导管往硬膜外腔注吗啡2mg,氟哌利多1mg(用生理盐水稀释至5ml)。术毕后,Ⅰ组为对照组,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别连接0.075%、0.1%、0.125%罗哌卡因的PCA泵。观察各组2、4、8、16、24、48小时的镇痛评分,双下肢的肌力,PCA按压总数,并记录各组恶心、呕吐等不良反应的发生率及产妇术后恢复情况。结果:各组术后血压、心率、呼吸、血氧饱和度无显著差异,随着罗哌卡因浓度增加,PCA按压总次数减少(P<0.05),VAS评分逐渐降低(P<0.05),但0.1%与0.125%罗哌卡因组差异无显著性。改良Bromage评分Ⅲ、Ⅳ组间差异显著(P<0.05)。恶心、呕吐发生率差异不明显。结论:各组均有一定镇痛效果,0.1%复合吗啡适合用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛。     

曲马多 芬太尼 吗啡复合罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛比较

目的观察曲马多、芬太尼或吗啡复合罗哌卡因用于术后硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）的效应和不良反应。方法240例择期腰硬联合麻醉下行剖宫产手术患者,随机分为曲马多组（罗哌卡因＋曲马多）,芬太尼组（罗哌卡因＋芬太尼）和吗啡组（罗哌卡因＋吗啡）,记录三组患者镇痛药用量、术后血压（MAP）,不同时点VAS视觉模拟评分,BCS（舒适度评分）的情况。结果与芬太尼、吗啡组相比,曲马多组术后4、8、12和24h VAS评分下降（P〈0．05）,而芬太尼组和吗啡组间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。BCS评分三组间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。曲马多组瘙痒、恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制的发生率低于芬太尼和吗啡组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论罗哌卡因复合曲马多用于PCEA效果良好。     

舒芬太尼或芬太尼混合罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛的效果比较

目的比较舒芬太尼或芬太尼混合罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛（ PCEA ）效果。方法择期硬膜外麻醉下行子宫下段剖宫产术的患者90例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为3组（ n ＝30）,3组患者术前于L2～3间隙行硬膜外穿刺,头侧置管3 cm。术后硬膜外镇痛药物成分：S组：舒芬太尼50μg＋罗哌卡因150 mg＋0 Q．9％氯化钠溶液共100 ml;F组：芬太尼0．5 mg＋罗哌卡因150 mg＋0．9％氯化钠溶液共100 ml ;C组：罗哌卡因150 mg＋0．9％氯化钠溶液共100 ml。手术结束前15 min给予格拉司琼3 mg静脉注射,硬膜外导管连接一次性电子止痛泵开始镇痛,背景输注速率均为2 ml/h,PCA剂量2 ml,锁定时间15 min,镇痛时间为50 h。记录术后4 h、8 h、16 h、24 h、36 h（T1～T5）时静息时的VAS评分、Ramsay镇静评分、PCA总按压次数和不良反应。结果与S组比较, T1、T2、T3时 F组和C组VAS评分高（ P ＜0．01）, T3时F组VAS评分低于C组（ P ＜0．01）,有统计学意义,其余时点各组间VAS评分无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）。与S组比较,PCA总的按压次数S组低于F组和C组（ P ＜0．01）。与S组比较,F组和C组下肢麻木不良反应均增高（ P ＜0．01）,其余不良反应3组间无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）。术后各时点Ramsay镇静评分3组间无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）。结论0．5μg/ml舒芬太尼混合0．15％罗哌卡因可安全有效地用于剖宫产术后PCEA,镇痛效果优于5μg/ml的芬太尼混合0．15％罗哌卡因及单纯0．15％罗哌卡因,且不良反应少。     

左旋布比卡因与罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛效果比较

目的 比较0.25％左旋布比卡因与0.25％罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）的镇痛效果.方法 选择择期行剖腹产手术并要求PCEA术后镇痛的产妇80例,美国麻醉医师协会分级（ASA）Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,随机分为两组,各40例,进行双盲对照观察.选L2～3间隙行硬膜外穿刺,术毕留置硬膜外导管行术后PCEA.距最后1次硬膜外给药30 min开启镇痛泵,观察视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评分、PCA按压次数、Bromage运动阻滞评分、不良反应及24 h生命体征变化,观察点为术后0,3,6,18,24 h.结果 两组患者镇痛效果均满意,左旋布比卡因运动阻滞效果稍强.结论 0.25％左旋布比卡因与0.25％罗哌卡因硬膜外PCEA的镇痛效果均较满意,特别是低浓度的罗哌卡因在术后镇痛方面有更广阔的应用前景.     

0．2％罗哌卡因复合芬太尼镇痛液持续硬膜外给药临床观察

目的观察0．2％罗哌卡因复合芬太尼2、3、4ml／h用于硬膜外术后镇痛（PCEA）对运动神经阻滞后恢复和镇痛效果。方法选择250例择期脊柱手术病例,均采用硬膜外麻醉。以0．2％罗哌卡因复合芬太尼镇痛液（0．2％罗哌卡因150ml＋芬太尼0．3mg）持续硬膜外给药。按给药速度分为3组,A组：2ml／h;B组：3ml／h;C组：4ml／h。全部病例无按压PCEA泵,采用视觉模拟评分对疼痛进行评分。结果术后48h不同阶段VAS评分,B组、C组低于A组（P〈0．05）;B组和C组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论0．2％罗哌卡因复合芬太尼（含罗哌卡因6mg/h,芬太尼6μg/h）背景剂量3ml／h是国人PCEA镇痛最佳选择。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.