茵陈紫金汤对小鼠四氯化碳急性肝损伤的保护作用

[目的]观察茵陈紫金汤对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤保护作用.[方法]以0.12?l4花生油溶液经腹腔注射,制备小鼠急性化学性肝损伤模型,测定给药后模型小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST),肝组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)水平,计算肝脏指数,光镜下观察肝组织病理学变化.[结果]茵陈紫金汤高、中剂量组均能显著降低CCl4所致小鼠急性肝损伤血清ALT、AST活性,提高肝组织匀浆SOD活性,降低MDA及肝脏指数,明显改善肝组织损伤的程度,与模型组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).[结论]茵陈紫金汤对CCl4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤有保护作用,其作用机制可能与抗脂质过氧化有关.     

柴胡疏肝散对四氯化碳所致大鼠急性肝损伤的防治作用

观察柴胡疏肝散对四氯化碳(CCl4)所致大鼠急性肝损伤的防治作用.方法:用CCl4造成大鼠急性实验性肝损伤模型,检测大鼠血清中丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,同时检测肝组织中MDA和GSH的含量.结果:该方能显著降低CCl4所致急性肝损伤大鼠血清中ALT、AST含量,升高其SOD水平,并可显著降低该模型大鼠血清及肝组织中MDA的含量,而升高GSH水平.结论:柴胡疏肝散对此模型大鼠的肝损伤具有显著的防治作用,其机制可能与降低、抑制脂质过氧化反应以及抗自由基损伤有关.     

软坚护肝片对四氯化碳所致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的观察软坚护肝片(RJHGT)对四氯化碳(CCl4)所致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法腹腔注射CCl4制备小鼠急性肝损伤模型,检测血清谷丙转氨酶(AST)、谷草转氨酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC);检测肝组织丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性。结果 RJHGT各组能够减轻肝细胞损伤程度,与模型组比较,RJHGT能降低血清ALT、AST、AKP的活性及肝组织中MDA、GSH的含量(P0.01或0.05);提高T-AOC能力及SOD、GSH-PX的活力(P0.01或0.05)。结论 RJHGT对CCl4所致小鼠急性肝损伤具有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与其抗脂质过氧化作用有关。     

石榴多酚对小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的观察石榴多酚对小鼠肝损伤的防护作用。方法用四氯化碳(CCl4)致小鼠急性肝损伤模型,观察石榴多酚(200、400、600mg/kg)对小鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)活性和肝脏组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果石榴多酚能明显降低急性肝损伤小鼠血清ALT、AST水平;并可使肝脏中MDA含量降低,SOD活性升高。各实验组小鼠的肝体比值均低于肝损伤模型组。结论石榴多酚对肝损伤具有保护作用,其作用可能与抗氧化有关。     

蓝莓预防大鼠肝损伤实验研究

目的探讨蓝莓对四氯化碳（CCl4）所致大鼠急性肝损伤的预防保护作用。方法SD大鼠随机分为蓝莓汁低、高两个剂量预防组、齐墩果酸阳性药对照组、正常对照组及模型组,采用CCl4致大鼠急性肝损伤模型。测定大鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）以及肝组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）及丙二醛（MDA）,光镜下观察肝脏病理变化。结果蓝莓各剂量组及阳性对照组血清ALT及AST均明显低于模型组（P〈0．01）。与模型组比较,齐墩果酸组、蓝莓汁高剂量组肝匀浆GSH、SOD、CAT明显升高,MDA明显降低（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）;蓝莓汁低剂量组肝匀浆GSH升高不明显,肝匀浆SOD、CAT升高,MDA降低（P〈0．05）。结论蓝莓对CCl4所致大鼠急性肝损伤具有良好的预防保护作用,其机制可能与抗脂质过氧化作用有关。     

小鼠肝库普弗细胞铁蓄积对急性肝损伤的影响

目的探究肝库普弗细胞铁蓄积对CCl_4致小鼠急性肝损伤的影响。方法雄性FPN-/-cre小鼠(肝库普弗细胞铁蓄积小鼠)和FPN-/-小鼠(正常小鼠)各16只,分别随机分为两组,每组8只,两对照组腹腔注射橄榄油,两实验组腹腔注射CCl_4。计算小鼠肝脏指数;测定血清中ALT、AST水平和肝组织MDA、SOD、GSH含量;肝组织HE染色进行病理学观察。结果两对照组肝脏指数、ALT、AST、MDA、SOD、GSH差异无统计学意义(P0.05),FPN-/-cre实验组肝脏指数、ALT、AST、MDA高于FPN-/-实验组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。FPN-/-cre实验组SOD、GSH水平低于FPN-/-实验组,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两对照组肝细胞结构完整,排列有序;FPN-/-实验组肝细胞结构破裂、排列紊乱;FPN-/-cre实验组肝细胞结构破裂、溶解、排列杂乱、包浆松散。结论肝库普弗细胞铁蓄积会加重CCl_4所致的急性肝损伤,可能与铁的过氧化作用有关。     

叔丁基羟基茴香醚对小鼠醋氨酚中毒性肝损伤的保护作用

目的:采用小鼠醋氨酚中毒性肝损伤模型探讨2(3)-叔丁基-4-羟基茴香醚(BHA)对肝脏的保护作用.方法:通过腹腔注射醋氨酚制备小鼠肝损伤模型,测定小鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)活性和肝匀浆液中的丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量.结果:0.2%及0.5%的BHA都能显著对抗醋氨酚所致小鼠肝损伤的血清ALT活性升高,肝组织MDA含量升高、SOD活性降低及还原型GSH耗竭.结论:BHA对醋氨酚所致肝损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与加强自由基的清除和抗脂质过氧化有关.     

叶黄素对化学诱导急性肝损伤小鼠的预防研究

目的 研究叶黄素对四氯化碳(CCl4)所致急性化学性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用.方法 雄性昆明种小鼠60只,随机分为正常对照组、急性化学性肝损伤模型组(模型组)、联苯双酯阳性对照组(阳性对照组)(联苯双酯15 mg/kg)以及叶黄素低、中、高剂量组(10、15、20 mg/kg)共6组,每组10只.测定并比较各组小鼠肝脏系数,血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性与丙二醛(MDA)含量;测定肝组织中SOD、GSH-Px活性、MDA含量以及组织病理系数.结果 叶黄素各剂量组均能升高急性化学性肝损伤小鼠血清与肝组织SOD、GSH-Px活性(P＜0.01),降低血清ALT、AST活性(P＜0.01)和血清与肝组织MDA含量(P＜0.01),并能不同程度地改善肝脏病理组织损伤.结论 叶黄素对CCl4所致急性化学性肝损伤具有预防性保护作用.     

复方黄根对四氯化碳所致大鼠慢性肝损伤的保护作用

[目的]研究复方黄根对大鼠慢性肝损伤的保护作用及可能机制.[方法]制备大鼠四氯化碳(CCl4)慢性肝损伤模型,观察复方黄根对肝损伤大鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)活性,总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白(Alb)和羟脯氨酸(Hyp)水平的变化以及肝组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)水平的影响,放免法检测透明质酸(HA)、Ⅲ型前胶原肽(PⅢP)水平,免疫组化法测肝组织转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)的表达,并观察肝组织病理学改变.[结果]复方黄根可显著降低CCl4所致大鼠慢性肝损伤血清中ALT、AST、HA、PⅢP、Hyp水平,升高血清中Alb、TP水平;升高肝组织中SOD、GSH-Px的活性,并可降低MDA的水平;免疫组化结果表明复方黄根能抑制TGF-β1表达;病理观察结果能减轻慢性肝损伤的肝脏损伤程度.[结论]复方黄根有明显的保肝和抗肝纤维化作用,其作用机制可能与抗脂质过氧化和抑制肝组织TGF-β1的表达有关.     

白术莪术提取物对小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的 研究白术莪术提取物对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的影响.方法 给予小鼠白术莪术提取物灌胃,连续7d,腹腔注射CCl4-花生油溶液造模急性肝损伤,16 h后测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)含量、肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及其肝脏、脾脏指数.结果 白术莪术提取物能显著降低急性肝损伤小鼠血清中ALT、AST含量及提高肝组织中SOD活性,减小肝脏指数(P＜0.01).结论 白术莪术提取物对CCl4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤具有很好的保护作用.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.