36例先天性肝纤维化的临床病理特点

先天性肝纤维化是一组少见的常染色体隐性遗传性疾病，临床以门脉高压和肝功能正常为特点．多合并常染色体隐性遗传性多囊肾和（或）肝内、外胆管发育异常。临床表现差异明显，可表现为门脉高压及其并发症、复发性胆管炎．或终生尤症状，尸检偶然发现。本研究综合分析36例先天性肝纤维化病例的临床病理特点，并综述该病的研究进展。     

肝脏

先天性肝纤维化是1961年由Kerr命名的常染色体缺陷性遗传性疾病，临床上少见。文献报道病例多为儿童和青少年。有关先天性肝纤维化影像诊断的大样本病例报道更不多见。为此，作者对18例成年先天性肝纤维化患者的CT表现进行了回顾性分析。     

同胞兄妹先天性肝纤维化临床及影像学特点分析

先天性肝纤维化（CHF）是临床罕见的常染色体隐性遗传性疾病，近年来，我院收治2例同胞兄妹CHF患者。现报告如下。     

先天性肝纤维化1例

先天性肝纤维化(congenital hepatic fibrosis,CHF)是较为罕见的常染色体隐性遗传病,儿童多见,病程后期一般会导致门静脉高压,临床上常与一般门脉性肝硬化鉴别不清,常需要组织病理学明确诊断。现将第四军医大学第一附属医院消化科收治的1例CHF患者报道如下。     

肝内胆管异常与肝纤维化

肝纤维化可见于多种胆道疾病,通常由贮脂细胞激活引起。静止型贮脂细胞缺乏特异性,α肌动蛋白标记阴性或弱阳性,其可被枯否细胞、炎症细胞和血小板等产生的细胞因子所激活,其中转化生长因子β起了重要作用。活化贮脂细胞增殖活跃,并可产生胶原、昆布氨酸和纤维结合素等细胞外基质蛋(合成作用),以及基质金属蛋白酶等(分解作用)。当细胞外基质蛋白合成与分解失衡,就会导致肝纤维化。此外,汇管区的纤维母细胞、肌纤维母细胞也与纤维化相关,本文着重讨论伴肝内胆管异常的肝纤维化疾病。 一、先天性疾病 (一)常染色体隐性肝肾囊性纤维变性 本病为常染色体隐性遗传性疾病,临床表现为肝硬化、胆管畸形及肝肾囊性纤维变性。按其发病时间临床可分为围产期、新生儿期、婴幼儿和儿童型4型,婴幼儿型也称为先天性肝纤维化症。 本病肝纤维化成因不明,一般认为与胎儿期汇管区纤维母细胞、肌纤维母细胞产生间质性细胞外基质相关。尽管胎儿肝脏已有贮脂细胞存在,但本病与贮脂细胞的关系尚不清楚。 (二)先天性肝囊性纤维变性 为常染色体隐性的遗传     

先天性肝纤维化24例临床分析并文献复习

目的分析先天性肝纤维化的临床特征。方法对24例先天性肝纤维化患者临床症状、体征、实验室化验检查及病理学特点进行回顾性分析。结果 24例患者均有门脉高压表现,8例曾有消化道出血。化验肝功能正常或轻度异常。影像学检查提示7例存在肝肾囊肿。22例病理结果均提示先天性肝纤维化,其中9例合并先天性肝内胆管扩张（Caroli’s）病。结论对于病因不明门脉高压,尤其门脉高压与肝功损害程度不一致的患者应尽量行肝组织活检病理检查以协助诊断。先天性肝纤维化与肝肾囊肿、Caroli’s病常常伴发。     

先天性肝纤维化1例

先天性肝纤维化（congenital liver fibrosis,CLF）是一种少见的常染色体隐性遗传病,临床上易被误诊为一般门脉性肝硬化[1]。现将我科收治1例报告如下。     

18例成年先天性肝纤维化患者的CT表现

先天性肝纤维化是 1961 年由 Kerr命名的常染色体缺陷性遗传性疾病,临床上少见。文献报道病例多为儿童和青少年。有关先天性肝纤维化影像诊断的大样本病例报道更不多见。为此,作者对18例成年先天性肝纤维化患者的CT表现进行了回顾性分析。方法:男性 8 例,女性 10 例,年龄 22 ~ 72 岁(平均 39岁)。患者来源及确定:18 例是从两个单位(1994 年 1 月到2002年4月)的病例中严格挑选出来的,要求临床、CT检查资料完整,病理诊断符合标准。18例患者活检方式:18 号穿刺针经皮肝穿获得13例,肝移植后获得4例,外科手术活检1例。病理诊断标准:肝汇管区门…     

Caroli病7例报告

Ｃａｒｏｌｉ病７例报告宋震亚，唐训球，钱可大Ｃａｒｏｌｉ病（先天性肝内胆管囊状扩张）是一少见的先天性胆道疾病，临床上常表现为反复黄疸、腹痛、胆道感染及上消化道大出血等，易误诊和漏诊。我院自１９７５年至１９９２年共发现７例，现报道如下。临床资料７例中男...     

遗传性铜代谢异常的致病机制及临床诊断

铜是人体重要的微量元素,铜缺乏或过载均会导致一系列的机体功能障碍。主要聚焦肝豆状核变性及其相关铜代谢异常的疾病。肝豆状核变性临床表型多样,而胆汁淤积性肝病、遗传性铜蓝蛋白缺乏症及先天性糖基化异常等疾病又常给肝豆状核变性的临床诊断带来混淆和困惑。结合目前研究的最新进展及肝豆状核变性诊疗方面的经验,从肝病角度探讨遗传性铜代谢异常的致病机制及临床诊断。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.