新辅助治疗对低位直肠癌患者经腹会阴联合直肠切除术后会阴切口愈合的影响

目的探讨新辅助治疗对于低位直肠癌经腹会阴联合直肠切除术（APR）后会阴切口愈合的影响。方法回顾性分析北京协和医院基本外科2005年1月至2009年1月实施APR术的93例直肠癌患者的临床资料．其中29例行术前新辅助治疗（新辅助治疗组）．64例直接手术（直接手术组）。将会阴伤口愈合情况分为甲、乙、丙级。对比观察两组患者会阴切口愈合情况。结果新辅助治疗组29例术前行局部放疗（50Gv,25次／5周）并同步联合化疗,采用FOLFOX4方案（氟尿嘧啶、奥沙利铂）;APR术后会阴伤口甲级愈合18例（62．1％）,乙级愈合6例（20．7％）,丙级愈合5例（17．2％）：直接手术组会阴伤口甲级愈合41例（64．1％）,乙级愈合15例（23．4％）,丙级愈合8例（12．5％）;两组间伤口感染（丙级愈合）发生率差异无统计学意义（P=0．773）。结论术前新辅助治疗尤其是50Gv的长程放疗不增加APR术后会阴伤口的感染发生率。     

经腹会阴联合直肠切除术后会阴切口处理的随机对照研究

目的 对比研究经腹会阴联合直肠切除术(Miles术)后骶前腔隙的自然引流或持续灌洗对会阴切口愈合的影响.方法 对2004年10月至2009年8月实施Miles术的74例患者进行前瞻性研究,术后3 d将患者随机分为骶前持续灌洗组和骶前自然引流组,观察比较两组患者会阴部切口感染、积液、延迟愈合等情况.将会阴切口愈合情况分为甲级、乙级和丙级愈合三种.结果 共74例患者纳入本研究.随机入组持续灌洗组37例(含术前放疗12例),入组自然引流组37例(含术前放疗10例).持续灌洗组会阴切口出现丙级愈合2例,乙级愈合3例,甲级愈合32例;自然引流组则分别为8例,3例,26例;两组间丙级愈合率差异有统计学意义(5.4%比21.6%,P=0.042).本研究中行术前放疗者22例,3例会阴切口丙级愈合,4例乙级愈合,15例甲级愈合;直接手术患者52例,7例会阴切口丙级愈合,2例乙级愈合,43例甲级愈合,两组间乙级愈合率差异有统计学意义(18.2%比3.9%,P=0.039).结论 持续骶前灌洗明显改善经腹会阴联合直肠切除术后会阴切口的愈合情况,术前50 Gy的长程放疗可明显提高会阴切口乙级愈合的比例.     

腹腔镜腹会阴联合切除术治疗低位直肠癌疗效评价

目的前瞻性评估腹腔镜直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术的临床优劣性。方法将2003年7月至2006年4月收治的低位直肠癌患者随机分为两组，37例行腹腔镜腹会阴联合切除术（腹腔镜组），另37例常规开腹行腹会阴联合切除术（开腹组）；比较两组的手术时间、清除淋巴结数目和腹部出血量、术后排气时间、起床活动时间、住院时间、并发症发生率和复发转移率及卫生经济学情况。结果腹腔镜全组患者均顺利完成手术，无中转开腹者；手术时间两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），但前10例手术时间比开腹组长（P〈0．01）；腹部出血量少于开腹组（P〈0．01）．但前10例较开腹组多（P〈0．01）；术后肛门排气时间两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；起床活动时间腹腔镜组早于开腹组（P〈0．01）；住院时间长短两组无差异，但腹腔镜会阴闭合较开腹组早：腹腔镜组腹部创口相关并发症明显少于开腹组（P〈O．05）；两组的清除淋巴结枚数、局部复发及远处早期复发率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；手术费用腹腔镜组明显高于开腹组，但医疗总费用两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论腹腔镜直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术不仅创口小、术中出血少、与腹部创口相关并发症少、术后恢复快，且其手术时间、医疗总费用和肿瘤根治性与开腹手术无差异。     

肛提肌外腹会阴联合直肠切除术治疗低位直肠癌

传统的腹会阴联合直肠切除术存在环周切缘阳性率高及术中穿孔率较高而影响预后的缺点,肛提肌外腹会阴联合直肠切除术可克服这些缺点．但该术式存在操作复杂、创伤大和并发症多等缺点。通过近几年的临床研究．国内外学者对该术式的适应证、手术方式改良及并发症的防治有了更加深入的认识。本文就经胍提肌外腹会阴联合直肠切除术的特点、手术适应证、研究进展及相关并发症的防治进行讨论。     

基于解剖边界划分的三种直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术式

对于肿瘤位置过低、肿瘤明显外侵和骨盆过于狭小的患者，腹会阴联合切除术（APE）依然是主要术式。APE腹部操作已明确应遵循全直肠系膜切除术（ TME ）原则，但会阴操作原则尚未达成共识，其重要原因在于会阴部操作缺乏明确的解剖边界，以至于难以实现标准化。2014年，瑞典外科学家Holm教授基于会阴区筋膜、神经和血管组成的解剖边界，提出了直肠癌APE的术式分类新概念，将APE分为3类，即括约肌间APE、肛提肌外APE和坐骨肛管间APE。此新概念的提出，使APE术式分类更明确，解剖界标更清晰，更利于推广和标准化。本文结合文献和笔者的诊治经验，对这3种术式分别加以介绍和讨论。     

关闭盆底腹膜联合骶前冲洗负压引流用于机器人直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术疗效分析

目的 探讨关闭盆底腹膜联合骶前冲洗负压引流用于机器人直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术（APR）的可行性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析2014年12月至2016年4月南昌大学第一附属医院行机器人APR的59例低位直肠癌病人的临床资料,其中术中关闭盆底腹膜并行骶前冲洗负压引流31例（关闭组）,未关闭盆底腹膜且采用常规重力引流28例（未关闭组）。比较两组病人术中及术后情况。结果 两组均无中转开放手术病例,关闭组病人均成功关闭盆底腹膜。关闭组和未关闭组手术时间分别为（186.6±23.0）min 和（176.9±19.4）min,差异无统计学意义（P=0.088）。在并发症方面,关闭组会阴部切口感染发生率低于未关闭组（6.5% vs. 32.1%,P=0.011）,二者肠梗阻发生率（3.2% vs. 10.7%,P=0.337）和会阴疝发生率（0 vs. 7.1%,P=0.221）差异无统计学意义。两组术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数、环周切缘阳性率及引流管放置时间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。未关闭组出现1例肿瘤复发。结论 机器人直肠癌APR术中关闭盆底腹膜并联合骶前冲洗负压引流可明显降低会阴切口感染发生率。     

低位直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术后会阴切口愈合延迟危险因素分析

目的 探讨低位直肠癌腹会阴联合切除(APR)术后会阴切口愈合延迟的危险因素.方法 2008年7月～2020年6月行APR的低位直肠癌病人172例,根据术后会阴切口愈合情况,将其分为切口愈合延迟组(42例)和切口正常愈合组(130例).对两组性别、年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、糖尿病、美国麻醉医师协会评分、术前血红蛋白、术...     

腹腔镜微创技术施行直肠癌腹会阴联合切除手术的体会

目的:总结腹腔镜微创技术施行腹会阴联合切除术(abdom inal pelvic resection,APR)治疗低位直肠癌的手术体会。方法:2003年1月至2006年12月,我院为17例低位直肠癌患者行腹腔镜微创APR根治术。其中男10例,女7例,45~82岁,平均72岁。腹部手术在腹腔镜下完成,会阴部手术按常规手术进行。结果:17例中14例(82.4%)采用完全腹腔镜术式,3例(17.6%)采用腹腔镜辅助术式。手术中均未行盆底腹膜关闭和结肠造口旁间隙关闭。平均手术时间为(166.2±42.7)m in,全组无手术死亡病例。术后早期并发症有会阴部切口感染2例(11.8%),不全性肠梗阻1例(5.9%)。术后随访2~48个月,平均26个月,最长无瘤生存期48个月,造口旁疝1例(5.9%),远处转移1例(5.9%),无局部复发,无戳口和切口肿瘤种植以及肠梗阻发生。结论:腹腔镜微创技术用于APR手术具有患者创伤小的优势;术中造成的系膜裂孔和盆底腹膜均无缝合关闭的必要,但结肠造口必须严密缝合腹膜防止造口旁疝形成;会阴部手术必须严格无菌操作预防感染。腹腔镜微创技术是APR手术的较好方式。     

经会阴微创腹会阴联合切除术的临床实践

腹会阴联合切除术（APE）仍然是治疗低位直肠癌的标准手术方式。经肛提肌外APE可降低直肠癌环周切缘阳性率和肿瘤穿孔率,但术后并发症发生率较高。随着微创外科技术的不断发展,有研究者提出经会阴微创腹会阴联合切除术（Tpm-APE）。与传统APE比较,Tpm-APE具有潜在技术优势,然而目前缺乏大样本、多中心临床研究证据支持...     

腹骶联合直肠癌切除术的临床应用

目的探讨腹骶联合切除术治疗低位进展期直肠癌的可行性和安全性。方法前瞻性人组2010年6月至2012年1月间兰州军区兰州总医院收治的可行局部根治性切除但又难以保留肛门的97例低位进展期直肠癌患者,按人院顺序交替分为腹会阴组（49例,行腹会阴联合切除术）和腹骶组（48例,行腹骶联合切除术）。比较两组患者的术中及术后情况。结果两组患者手术顺利,无围手术期死亡。与腹会阴组相比,腹骶组手术时间（包括第2次调整体位的时间）明显延长[（188±45）min比（143±48）min,P=0．000],非计划性前列腺或阴道损伤发生率降低[0比14．3％（7／49）,P=0．032],会阴部切口感染率降低[2．1％（1／48）比18．4％（9／49）,P=0．040]。结论腹骶联合切除术应用于中低位直肠癌患者安全、可行。     

Long-term comorbidity of diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for perineal wound complications after an abdominoperineal resection

Background  This report is an attempt to clarify the effect of diabetes mellitus on perineal wound complications including infectious entities and delayed wound healing after abdominoperineal resection and also tried to show the risk factors for perineal wound complications. Material and methods  The data of 80 patients who underwent an abdominoperineal resection were reviewed from April 1996 to March 2006. Results  The rate of perineal wound complications is higher in diabetics (67%) than in nondiabetics (18%, p = 0.005). In a multivariate analysis, diabetes mellitus and operation time (≥420 min) were the risk factors for perineal wound complications (p = 0.040, p = 0.027, respectively). Infectious perineal wound complication was associated with diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001) but not with the operation time (p = 0.097). Furthermore, a longer comorbid duration of diabetes (≥10 years) was a significant predictor for perineal wound complications (p = 0.008). Conclusion  This study demonstrated diabetes mellitus to be independently associated with perineal wound complications, and when the patients have diabetes mellitus, especially with a longer comorbid duration and longer operation time, the clinical path should be changed to reduce perineal wound complications.     

Risk factors for impaired healing of the perineal wound after abdominoperineal resection of rectum for carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: Nonhealing perineal wound is an unpleasant complication of surgical excision of the rectum and anus. The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk factors for impaired perineal wound healing after abdominoperineal resection (APR) of rectum for adenocarcinoma, particularly with the increasing use of neo-adjuvant chemoradiation. METHOD: The study included 38 consecutive patients (29 men, nine women; median age 66 years, range: 43-86), who underwent surgical excision of rectum and anus for adenocarcinoma from 1999 to 2004. Thirty-seven patients underwent APR of rectum and one patient, who developed carcinoma in the background of chronic ulcerative colitis, had panproctocolectomy. Associations between the failure of the perineal wound to heal and a number of patient, tumour and treatment-related variables were evaluated by Pearson chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. A P-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Multivariate statistical technique of principal component analysis was also used to identify risk factors and their relative contribution to impaired healing. RESULTS: Impaired healing of the perineal wound was observed in 10 (26%) of 38 patients. In four of them (11%) the wound remained nonhealed in 1 year after surgery. Preoperative radiotherapy, delayed primary closure of the wound and alcohol consumption in excess of 28 units/week was statistically significantly associated with impaired wound healing. Principal component analysis identified the following seven factors that cumulatively contributed to 96% of impaired healing: (i) distant metastases, (ii) preoperative radiotherapy, (iii) T-stage of the tumour, (iv) smoking, (v) perioperative blood transfusion, (vi) preoperative chemotherapy and (vii) development of side effects of preoperative chemoradiation. CONCLUSION: Patients who undergo APR of rectum are prone to impaired healing of the perineal wound if radiotherapy is used to treat malignancy prior to surgery and wound closure is delayed. In addition, the wound may not heal in patients with distant metastases, excessive alcohol consumption, present and past smokers and those who suffer adverse effects of preoperative chemoradiation and require blood transfusion.     

Miles术后会阴部切口感染的危险因素分析及预防对策

目的探讨Miles术后会阴部切口感染的危险因素,并为术后会阴部切口感染提供有价值的预防措施。方法收集2013年1月至2015年12月在扬州大学附属泰兴医院就诊且行Miles手术的61例直肠癌病人临床资料,根据是否术前用洗必泰清洗会阴部、术中麻醉消毒后即刻封闭肛门这一干预措施分为观察组和对照组,分析比较两组术后会阴部切口感染发生率及其他相关临床指标是否有差异;根据术后是否发生切口感染把研究对象分为感染组及非感染组,分析术后会阴部切口感染的危险因素。结果两组总体会阴部切口感染率为19.7%(12/61),观察组的会阴部切口感染发生率与对照组相比(6.5%比33.3%)降低(P0.05),并且术后抗生素使用时间及住院时间均减少(P0.05)。单因素分析显示,Miles术后会阴部切口感染组与未感染组在干预措施、合并糖尿病、输血、浸润深度、肿瘤分期方面比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);多因素分析显示未使用干预措施、合并糖尿病、输血、肿瘤分期(Ⅳ期)是Miles术后会阴部切口感染的危险因素;干预措施是预防术后会阴部切口感染的保护性措施。结论未使用干预措施、合并糖尿病、输血、肿瘤分期是Miles术后会阴部切口感染的危险因素,而术前洗必泰清洗会阴部、术中麻醉消毒后即刻封闭肛门能降低术后切口感染发生率,是术后会阴部切口感染的有效预防措施。     

腹会阴直肠切除术会阴伤口一期缝合的评估

对115例腹会阴直肠切除术会阴伤口的两种不同处理方法进行分析比较。在年龄、性别、病理分期及恶性程度无明显差异的情况下，会阴伤口一期缝合组的平均愈合时间为16.90±4．35天,伤口敞开组为37.04±15.44天，差异有显著性意义（P＜0．002）。术后局部复发率均为4．35％（P＞0.05）。认为对癌肿远端需切除2～3cm正常肠管而同时切除肛直肠环、不得不作Miles手术者，会阴部清除范围无需太大，会阴伤口可分层完全缝合；对位于肛管内或侵及肛直肠环的癌肿，须彻底清除坐骨直肠窝脂肪结缔组织。     

低前切除术与腹会阴联合切除术治疗中低位直肠癌疗效分析

目的探讨低前切除术(LAR)与腹会阴联合切除术(APR)治疗中低位直肠癌的远期疗效,保肛手术治疗中低位直肠癌的原则。方法回顾性分析1994年7月～2000年12月收治293例中低位直肠癌的手术方式和随访资料。结果中低位直肠癌的手术方式中,LAR组与APR组患者在性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、Dukes分期、组织学类型、分化程度、手术时间、术后并发症、局部复发率、生存率上比较均无显著性差异。LAR组肿瘤下缘到齿状线平均距离为（5.29±2.61）cm,APR组为（2.67±1.81）cm（P＜0.01）。结论在根治性切除的前提下,LAR组生存率并不比APR组低。低前切除术治疗中低位直肠癌疗效满意。     

Ileal strangulation by a secondary perineal hernia after laparoscopic abdominoperineal rectal resection: A case report

IntroducitonWe report a recent case of strangulated bowel obstruction due to an incarcerated secondary perineal hernia that developed after laparoscopic rectal resection.Presentation of caseA 75-year-old man undergoing treatment for alcoholic cirrhosis underwent laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection of the rectum (APR) for lower rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Lung metastases were diagnosed 2 months postoperatively. Ten days after chemotherapy initiation, the patient was hospitalized on an emergency basis due to hepatic encephalopathy. Ten days thereafter, we observed perineal skin protrusion. Moreover, the skin disintegrated spontaneously, resulting in ascetic fluid outflow. Pain and fever developed, with inflammatory reactions. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed strangulated small bowel obstruction due to perineal hernia. We performed an emergency surgery, during which we found small intestine wall incarcerated in the pelvic dead space, with thickening and edema; no necrosis or perforation was observed. We performed internal fixation by introducing an ileus tube into the ileocecum and fixing its balloon at the cecal terminus.DiscussionSecondary perineal hernia is rare and can develop after APR. Its prevalence is likely to increase in future because of the increasing ubiquity of laparoscopic APR, in which no repair of peritoneal stretching to the pelvic floor is performed. However, only two case of secondary perineal hernia causing strangulated bowel obstruction has been reported in the literature. The follow-up evaluation of our procedures and future accumulation of cases will be important in raising awareness of this clinical entity.ConclusionWe suggest that the pelvic floor and the peritoneum should be repaired.     

低位直肠癌腹腔镜腹会阴切除术经腹膜外隧道径路造口的疗效观察

目的：评价腹腔镜低位直肠癌腹膜内与腹膜外两种结肠造口方式的临床疗效。方法：回顾分析2009年1月至2012年1月为68例患者行腹腔镜直肠癌腹会阴切除术（abdominoperinealreseetion,APR）的临床资料,其中55例经腹膜外隧道径路行结肠造口（观察组）,13例经腹膜内行结肠造12（对照组）,对比分析两种造12：7方式的安全性、相关并发症及造12功能的恢复情况。结果：术后患者均获随访,随访3～50个月,中位随访期24个月。观察组术后发生造口相关并发症5例（9．09％）,术后6个月造12功能临床优良率为63．6％;对照组术后发生造口相关并发症4例（30．8％）,术后6个月造口功能临床优良率为30．8％。观察组结肠造口功能明显优于对照组。两组均无中转开腹及手术死亡病例。结论：腹腔镜APR经腹膜外隧道径路行结肠造口操作简单,可有效减少造口相关并发症的发生,提高患者生活质量,是理想术式。