NICU出院早产儿1岁时神经发育预后及干预依从性对其的影响

目的：了解NICU抢救存活早产儿在1岁时的神经发育状况及其影响因素,重点讨论干预依从性对其预后的影响。方法：患儿出院后予以早期干预指导和随访,1岁时进行智能发育测试（CDCC）评估,了解神经发育概况。按照智力发育指数（MDI）和精神运动发育指数（PDI）将患儿分为神经行为发育异常组（MDI或PDI任何一项＜70）、临界组（MDI或PDI任何一项为70~85之间）和正常组（MDI或PDI均＞85）。列举可能对神经行为发育产生影响的社会家庭因素和临床相关因素,利用单因素方差分析和卡方检验的方法进行筛选,对于可能的高危因素进行logistic回归分析,了解各因素相对危险度。根据家长对患儿进行干预的具体情况将其分为依从性良好（每周进行家庭干预≥4 d,每天干预时间合计超过30 min,并在1年内能够随访≥5次）和依从性差二组,进一步分析干预依从性对其神经发育预后的影响。结果：210例患儿CDCC评分正常、临界和异常者分别为123例（58.6％）、61例（29.0％）和26例（12.4％）,共有精神发育落后儿18例（8.6％）和脑瘫儿9例（4.3％）。干预依从性良好者（111例）的MDI及PDI得分,分别为97.15±17.38,94.23±18.55均明显高于干预依从性差者的89.87±18.92,87.20±19.12;干预依从性好组脑瘫的发生率（3/111,2.7％）也低于干预依从性差者（5/99,6.1％）。另外,父母亲文化水平、多胎、颅内出血、呼吸暂停等也是影响早产儿神经发育预后的危险因素。结论：早产儿是神经发育伤残的髙危人群,尤其是NICU抢救成活的危重新生儿。早期干预可以改善高危早产儿的神经发育预后。［中国当代儿科杂志,2007,9（3）：193-197］     

Early prediction of neurological outcome by term neurological examination and cranial ultrasound in very preterm infants

Aim: To assess the value of term neurological examination and cranial ultrasound in the early prediction of neurological outcome at 12 months corrected age in a cohort of very preterm infants.
Methods: A cohort of 102 preterm infants born at <32 weeks gestation or with a birth weight of <1500 g were assessed using the Hammersmith Term Neurological Examination. They underwent cranial ultrasound examinations according to local guidelines. The Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination was performed at 12 months corrected age. Scores for the term examinations were compared with scores derived from healthy infants born at term and with scores from low-risk preterm infants at term equivalent age. Term neurological scores and cranial ultrasound findings were compared in the prediction of 12-month neurological outcome.
Results: Seventy-eight (76.5%) preterm infants had suboptimal total neurological scores at term when compared to healthy infants born at term. However, most went on to have optimal neurological scores at 12 months corrected age. When our cohort was compared with low-risk preterm infants at term equivalent age only 14 (13.7%) scored outside the normal range. Neither system of scoring predicted neurological outcome at 12 months corrected age as reliably as cranial ultrasound (sensitivity 0.83, specificity 0.87).
Conclusion: Neurological examination of preterm babies at term may be unreliable in the prediction of neurological outcome at 12 months corrected age. For early prediction of neurological outcome cranial ultrasound examination was found to be more reliable.     

Improved outcome for infants at the limits of viability

Factors associated with survival and freedom from cerebral parenchymal lesions and severe retinopathy were examined in a cohort of 250 extremely preterm infants of less than 26 weeks gestation admitted to a regional neonatal intensive care unit between 1982 and 1993. There were 99 survivors of whom 73 were free of major early morbidity.     

The effect of socioeconomic status on the language outcome of preterm infants at toddler age

Background

Independently, both prematurity and low socioeconomic status (SES) compromise language outcome but less is known regarding the effects of low SES on outcome of prior preterm infants at toddler age.

Aim

To assess SES effects on the language outcome of prior preterm infants at toddler age.

Study design

Retrospective chart review of infants born at ≤ 32 weeks, matched for gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), chronic lung disease (CLD), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), right and left intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH-R, L), and age at Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (BSID-III) testing.

Subjects

Using insurance status as a proxy for SES, 65 children with private insurance (P-Ins) were matched with 65 children with Medicaid-type insurance (M-Ins).

Outcome measures

Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III Language Composite.

Results

M-Ins vs. P-Ins were similar in GA, BW, and age at BSID-III testing (mean 22.6 months adjusted), as well as other matched characteristics (all p ≥ 0.16). BSID-III Language Composite scores were lower in M-Ins than P-Ins (87.9 ± 11.3 vs. 101.9 ± 13.6) with a clinically significant effect size of 0.93 (p < 0.001). Overall, 45% of M-Ins exhibited mild to moderate language delay compared to 8% of P-Ins. Receptive and Expressive subscale scores also were lower in M-Ins than in P-Ins (both p < 0.001).

Conclusions

In this preterm cohort, by toddler age, M-Ins was associated with lower scores on measures of overall language as well as receptive and expressive language skills. Our findings, showing such an early influence of SES on language outcome in a cohort matched for biomedical risk, suggest that very early language interventions may be especially important for low SES preterm toddlers.     

The effect of a bifidobacter supplemented bovine milk on intestinal permeability of preterm infants

BACKGROUND: Preterm infants have increased intestinal permeability which can render them susceptible to infections from enterobacteriae. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective was to investigate whether probiotic administration to preterm infants decreases intestinal permeability. Secondary outcomes studied were: somatic growth, tolerance, rates of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. METHODS: In a prospective randomized case-control study 41 stable preterm infants of 27 to 36 weeks gestation and 34 matched comparison infants consecutively admitted to the neonatal unit were studied. The study group received a preterm formula supplemented with Bifidobacter lactis (2 x 10(7) cfu/g of dry milk) while the control group received the same formula but without supplementation. Intestinal permeability was measured within two days of birth and then seven and thirty days later using the sugar absorption test. Additionally anthropometric parameters were recorded throughout the study as well as acceptance and tolerance of the formula. RESULTS: All infants tolerated the study formula well. Median counts of stool bifidobacteria and lactulose/mannitol ratios at baseline were comparable. After 7 days of supplementation median bifidobacteria counts were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (p=0.0356) and they remained higher to the end of the study (p at day 30=0.075). The L/M ratio in the study group was significantly lower at day 30 of the study as compared to the control group (p=0.003). Head growth was significantly higher in the study group (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The administration of a bifidobacter supplemented infant formula decreases intestinal permeability of preterm infants and leads to increased head growth.     

The effect of a fructo-oligosaccharide supplemented formula on gut flora of preterm infants

AIM: The intestinal flora of breast-fed infants is generally dominated by bifidobacteria which have beneficial properties. Their presence is due to various components of breast milk, including prebiotic substances. This prospective double-blind study compared the numbers of bifidobacteria in the stool flora of bottle-fed preterm infants randomized to receive for 14 days either a formula with prebiotic fructo-oligosaccharides at a concentration of 0.4 g/dL or the same formula with maltodextrin as a placebo. METHODS: Within 0-14 days after birth, 56 healthy bottle-fed infants were enrolled to receive either the prebiotic or placebo. Faecal samples were taken at inclusion day and at study day 7. The number of bifidobacteria in the stools, stool characteristics and somatic growth were recorded during the study. RESULTS: In the group fed fructo-oligosaccharides, both the numbers of bifidobacteria in the stools and the proportion of infants colonized with them were significantly higher as compared to the placebo group (p=0.032 and p=0.030 respectively). There was also a higher number of bacteroids in the fructo-oligosaccharide group as compared to the placebo (p=0.029). At the same time, reduction was noted in the numbers of Escherichia coli and enterococci. (p=0.029, and p=0.025, respectively). Supplementation had also significant influence on stool frequency per day (p=0.0080). CONCLUSION: An infant formula containing a small quantity of prebiotic oligosaccharides is well accepted and leads to rapid growth of bifidobacteria in the gut of bottle-fed preterm infants while decreasing the numbers of pathogenic microorganisms.     

Predicting developmental outcomes in very preterm infants: validity of a neonatal neurobehavioral assessment

Aim: This study explored inter‐rater reliability, discriminative, construct and predictive validity of the Neurobehavioral Assessment of the Preterm Infant (NAPI) in a gestational‐age‐based cohort. Methods: The NAPI was conducted at 35 weeks post‐menstrual age for 170 infants born <32 weeks. Cognitive and motor development was assessed at 2 years using the Mental Development Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) of Bayley Scales of Infant Development‐II for 159 infants. Results: Only NAPI motor and irritability scores were significantly different between very (29–3 w) and extremely preterm (<28 w) infants. Results regarding construct validity were variable: there were weak correlations between NAPI motor scores and gestational age (r = ?0.23; p = 0.003), days in NICU (r = ?0.24; p = 0.001); NAPI alertness scores and days in NICU (r = ?0.16; p = 0.037); and NAPI irritability scores and gestational age (r = 0.21; p = 0.006). There were no significant associations with other markers of adverse outcome. Only NAPI irritability scores were correlated with MDI scores (r = ?0.16; p = 0.040) but accounted for little additional variance after adjustment for neonatal factors (ΔR² = 0.035; p = 0.012). Conclusion: We found little evidence of the utility of the NAPI as a measure of short‐term neurobehavioural function or for predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes in very preterm infants. It may have greater predictive power when used serially to detect delayed neurobehavioural maturation.     

早产儿临床流行病学研究现状

早产是当今新生儿学及围生医学研究的核心问题,近年来,早产儿发生率呈上升趋势.虽然随着现代医疗技术水平的提高,早产儿存活率亦有所提高,但众多并发症使其预后状况不佳.早产儿临床流行病学研究对临床医生提高早产儿诊疗水平有指导性意义,该文就早产发生原因、主要并发症及预防等方面的临床流行病学研究进展进行综述.     

The effect of olfactory stimulation on energy expenditure in growing preterm infants

Aim: To test the hypothesis that olfactory stimulation in growing healthy preterm infants leads to an increase in resting energy expenditure (REE). Design: A prospective, randomized clinical trial with crossover was conducted in 20 healthy, appropriate weights for gestational age, gavage‐fed preterm infants. Infants were studied while asleep and cared for in a skin servo‐controlled convective incubator. Using a pipette, 15 drops of saturated solution of vanillin (Aldrich, Fallavier, France) were dripped to a cloth diaper that was placed on the opposite side of the incubator. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry (DeltaTrac II, Helsinki, Finland) exactly 1 h after feeding. Each infant was studied twice by randomization: after a period of 20 min of vanillin odour or after 20 min without vanillin odour. Results: We found no statistically significant difference in REE of preterm infants when exposed to vanillin odour (74.5 ± 10.1 kcal/kg/day) in comparison with their REE when not exposed to vanillin odour (79.0 ± 11.3 kcal/kg/day). Conclusions: Vanillin odour does not significantly influence REE in metabolically and thermally stable preterm infants.     

咖啡因对早产儿支气管肺发育不良的预防作用

随着危重早产儿及极早早产儿的抢救成功率不断增高,新生儿支气管肺发育不良（BPD）的发生率呈逐年增加的趋势。该病病死率高、遗留后遗症可能性大,严重影响存活早产儿的生存质量,并给患儿家庭带来严重负担,因此BPD的治疗至关重要。国内外学者对BPD治疗措施的意见尚不统一,但在近年来的研究中已证实咖啡因的早期使用具有预防BPD的作用。笔者查阅国内外对咖啡因预防BPD的最新研究,就咖啡因减少肺部炎症、改善肺损伤的形态学异常、减少氧化应激损伤、改善肺功能等方面,对咖啡因预防BPD的机制进行综述。     

A controlled trial of skin-to-skin contact in extremely preterm infants

BACKGROUND: Extremely preterm birth, even in the absence of significant neurological impairment, is associated with altered pain responses and impaired memory and behaviour. Preterm birth increases the risk of maternal depression and may impede the development of the mother-infant relationship, factors that in turn are also associated with impaired infant outcome. Mother-infant skin-to-skin contact has been recommended as a simple means of ameliorating these effects. METHODS: We conducted a pragmatic, prospective, controlled, intention-to-treat trial in two neonatal intensive care units. Infants born below 32 weeks gestation were recruited within the first week after birth and assigned to a control group receiving standard care, or an intervention group in which mothers were encouraged to provide a session of skin-to-skin contact once daily for 4 weeks. We assessed infant behaviour at time of discharge from hospital, responses to immunisation at 4 and 12 months of age, and memory, behaviour and development at 1 year corrected (postmenstrual) age. Indices of maternal depression, stress, anxiety, lactation performance and infant interaction were assessed at time of infant discharge, 4 months and 1 year. RESULTS: No significant difference was identified in any infant or maternal measure at any time point. CONCLUSIONS: Mother-infant skin-to-skin contact after extremely preterm birth results in neither benefit nor adverse consequences. Although there is no reason to dissuade mothers who wish to provide STS contact, we are unable to recommend resource allocation for the implementation of STS programmes for extremely preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit setting.     

Apgar score predicts short-term outcome in infants born at 25 gestational weeks

AIM: To identify early predictors of outcome in infants born at 25 gestational weeks. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from a regional perinatal database (time-period 1995-2001, total n = 108 000 births) were used. Apgar scores were available in 92 preterm infants, born at 25 + 0 to 25 + 6 gestational weeks, and analyzed in relation to short-term outcome (180-day survival with, or without, severe brain damage defined as intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3-4 or cystic periventricular leukomalacia). Based on multiple logistic regression analyses we constructed graphs of the estimated chance of survival. RESULTS: Apgar scores at 1, 5 and 10 min correlated with survival without severe brain damage (p = 0.02, 0.006 and 0.006, respectively). Survival without severe brain damage was higher in singleton than in multiple births (p = 0.03); there was no association with infant gender or mode of delivery. The strongest model for prediction of survival without severe brain damage was based on 5-min Apgar score and the Clinical Risk Index for Babies (CRIB), (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Apgar score predicts short-term outcome in extremely preterm infants at 25 gestational weeks. The precision for prediction of outcome increases when Apgar score is combined with CRIB.     

Long-term outcome in preterm children with human cytomegalovirus infection transmitted via breast milk

Aim: To investigate neurodevelopmental outcome and hearing in preterm children with breast milk transmitted human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Methods: Forty‐one preterm children (born before 32 weeks of gestation or birth weight <1500 g; 20 HCMV positive, 21 HCMV negative) from an original cohort of 44 children were examined at school age. Assessments included neurological examination, assessment of motor [Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M‐ABC)] and cognitive function [Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K‐ABC)], audiological tests and anthropometric measures. Results: In both groups, irrespective of the presence or absence of a history of HCMV infection, performance in assessments of cognitive and motor function was within the normal range. However, significant differences between the HCMV‐positive and the HCMV‐negative group were found in both motor and cognitive function, with poorer performance in the HCMV‐positive group. There were no significant differences in anthropometric parameters, and all 20 HCMV‐positive children had normal hearing function. Conclusions: In this study, cognitive and motor function in preterm children with early postnatally acquired HCMV infection transmitted via breast milk was within the normal range. However, the findings suggest that their outcome is poorer than outcome in preterm children without HCMV infection. These findings need to be replicated in larger scale studies.     

人乳与早产儿配方乳喂养对早产儿生长的Meta分析

目的对单纯人乳、强化人乳和早产儿配方乳喂养早产儿的生长进行评价。方法检索PubMed、ScienceDirect、EBSCOHost 、EMBASE 、OVID 、Cochrane图书 馆、维普中文科技期刊数据库和中国期刊全文数据库，并手工检索会议记录和专 题论文集等，收集关于单纯人乳、强化人乳与早产儿配方乳喂养早产儿的RCT研究 ，进行文献筛选和质量评价，采用RevMan 5.0.18软件进行Meta分析，计量资料采 用加权均数差（WMD）及其95％CI表示。无法进行合并分析的资料进行描述性分析 。结果共纳入7篇文献，文献质量评价5篇为B级，2篇为C级。Meta分析结果显示：① 对近期生长的影响：单纯人乳喂养组新生儿期体重增加速度（WMD＝-6.03，95％ CI：-9.58～-2.47，P=0.000 9）、身长增长速度（WMD＝-1.96，95％CI：-2.77 ～-1.16，P<0.000 01）及头围增长速度（WMD＝-2.04，95%CI：-3.71～-0.37， P=0.02）均显著慢于早产儿配方乳喂养组;强化人乳喂养组新生儿期体重、身长和 头围的增长速度与早产儿配方乳喂养组差异均无统计学意义。②对远期生长的影 响：单纯人乳喂养组与早产儿配方乳喂养组随访至9和18个月，以及7.5~8岁时的 体重、身长（高）和头围的差异均无统计学意义。结论现有证据提示，强化人乳喂养可促进早产儿生后近期内生长，单纯人乳和强 化人乳对早产儿远期生长的影响仍需进一步研究。     

Short-term outcome predictors in infants born at 23–24 gestational weeks

Aim: Outcome is uncertain in infants born at 23–24 gestational weeks. The aim of the present study was to identify possible early predictors of outcome in these infants.
Materials and Methods: Data from the Swedish medical birth register (MBR) for live-born infants with gestational ages (GAs) 23 and 24 weeks, born during the time-period 2000–2002, were analysed in relation to short-term outcomes, that is survival and survival without severe brain damage (intraventricular haemorrhage [IVH] grades 3 and 4 and/or periventricular leukomalacia [PVL]).
Results: In 57 infants born at 23 gestational weeks, survival was associated with birthweight (BW) (p = 0.018) and 5-min Apgar score (p = 0.020) on univariate analyses. In 99 infants born at 24 weeks of gestation, survival without severe brain damage correlated with BW (p = 0.039), birth type (singleton/multiple) (p = 0.017) and Apgar score at 1, 5 and 10 min (p = 0.028, 0.014 and 0.030, respectively). The best model for predicting survival without severe brain damage in infants born at 24 gestational weeks was based on 5-min Apgar score and birth type. The small number of live-born infants at 23 weeks of gestation did not allow for multiple logistic regression analyses.
Conclusion: The 5-min Apgar score is associated with short-term outcome in live-born infants at 23–24 gestational weeks. The association is stronger for infants born at 24 weeks of gestation.     

The effect of postnatal age on the early tactile manual abilities of preterm infants

Background

Although preterm infants possess early tactile manual abilities, the influence of the postnatal experience has not yet been systematically examined.

Aims

To investigate whether early tactile manual habituation, discrimination and recognition (following interference) of shape in preterm infants are modified by postnatal age.

Study design

Prospective study.

Subjects

Forty preterm infants were assessed from the post-conceptional age (PCA) of 34 weeks. Two groups were made up according to postnatal age (PNA): low PNA (PNA ≤ 10 days of life) and high PNA (PNA ≥ 12 days of life).

Outcome measures

An object (prism or cylinder) was presented repeatedly in the left hand, and holding times of the object were recorded during each trial.

Results

Holding time was shorter for all preterm infants following successive presentation of the same object irrespective of postnatal age range. In the discrimination phase, the mean holding time for the novel object was longer than holding times in the last two habituation trials, in both PNA groups. Finally, the mean holding time of the familiar object presented in the recognition phase was shorter than the holding time of the novel object presented previously, but only in the low PNA group.

Conclusions

Tactile manual habituation and discrimination of shape information is present in preterm infants at a post-conceptional age of 34 weeks, independently of postnatal age. However, tactile manual recognition of familiar shapes following interference is affected by length of postnatal experience. The significance of this last result is discussed in detail.     

早产儿静脉营养的研究进展

随着辅助生殖技术和新生儿重症监护技术的提高,住院早产儿尤其是极低和超低出生体重儿的比例和数量逐年增加.但由于早产儿本身的特点,其消化功能不成熟和所需营养需求高之间的突出矛盾,使早产儿营养障碍成为影响早产儿生存质量的重要因素.静脉营养即肠外营养(parenteral nutrition,PN)的应用,使极低出生体重儿和超低出生体重儿在无法耐受肠内喂养情况下获得暂时的营养支持,对提高早产儿存活率、改善预后发挥重要的作用.该文对近年来关于早产儿静脉营养应用的研究进展进行综述.     

胎膜早破对孕母感染及早产儿结局的影响

目的探讨胎膜早破(PROM)对孕母感染及早产儿结局的影响。方法以441例早产儿及其母亲(387例)为研究对象,根据孕母是否胎膜早破分为对照组(无PROM,104例),PROM时间72 h组(90例)及≥72 h组(193例)。比较各组母、婴的临床特点及并发症差异。结果破膜时间≥72 h组孕母的年龄、脐血管炎发生率以及抗生素应用高于对照组和破膜时间72 h组(P0.05);中-重度绒毛膜羊膜炎的发生率高于对照组(P0.05),但与72 h组的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。破膜时间≥72 h组早产儿肺炎、颅内出血的发生率高于对照组和破膜时间72 h组(P0.01);先天性感染的发生率、住院天数高于对照组(P0.05),但与72 h组的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素回归分析显示,破膜时间≥72 h是早产儿发生肺炎(P0.05)及颅内出血(P0.05)的独立危险因素。结论破膜时间≥72 h使孕母胎盘炎症发生风险增加,而且与早产儿肺炎、颅内出血发生相关。