Graves病介入治疗并发异位脑栓塞的原因及防治

目的探讨Graves病甲状腺动脉栓塞治疗引起脑栓塞的原因及防治方法。方法对2例Graves病甲状腺动脉栓塞术发生异位脑栓塞的原因进行分析,研究有效预防异位脑栓塞的方法。结果异位脑栓塞是Graves病栓塞治疗严重而危险的并发症,有其发生的解剖基础。发生异位脑栓塞的原因主要是操作性的,有注射反流、退管拖带、管腔残留、器械沾染等误栓。制定了一套严格的预防异位脑栓塞的措施,包括自塑形导管的使用、熟悉甲状腺介入的血管解剖、严格区分与栓子有关的器械、抗血管痉挛、避免操作性误栓;早期诊治脑栓塞等。结论明确Graves病介入栓塞并发脑治疗的严重性和解剖基础,严格操作规程,异位脑栓塞是可以预防的。     

邻近非主干动脉重建椎动脉的应用解剖

目的 探讨采用邻近非主干动脉重建椎动脉的解剖学基础。方法 20具（40侧）成人防腐固定尸体标本,观察甲状腺上动脉、甲状腺下动脉、颈横动脉、甲状颈干及椎动脉颅外段的形态学参数,并在2具尸体标本上模拟行吻合血管椎动脉重建术。结果 甲状腺上动脉、甲状腺下动脉及颈横动脉均有2mm以上的外径及合适的可游离长度,具备进行端侧吻合重建椎动脉的解剖学条件。甲状颈干的外径与椎动脉相似,适合端端吻合,但仅有38.5％具有合适的血管干（大于10mm）。模拟手术示这些邻近非主干血管重建椎动脉可行。结论 邻近非主干重建椎动脉具有良好的解剖学基础,适合椎动脉第1、2段疾患的治疗。     

甲状腺动脉栓塞术治疗Graves病的远期疗效随访

目的观察甲状腺动脉栓塞治疗Graves病的远期临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2003年1月—2006年12月21例接受甲状腺动脉栓塞治疗的Graves病患者的资料。对所有患者均行双侧甲状腺上动脉及一侧甲状腺下动脉栓塞术,栓塞剂为300～500μm的聚乙烯醇颗粒。分析术后6个月、1、3、5年的有效率（好转及治愈）、复发率。结果所有患者6个月内有效率达100%,1、3、5年有效率分别为95.24%（20/21）、80.95%（17/21）、66.67%（14/21）,复发率分别为4.76%（1/21）,19.05%（4/21）,33.33%（7/21）。术后1例1年出现甲状腺功能减低。结论甲状腺动脉栓塞治疗Graves病后近中期疗效满意,远期效果有待于进一步提高。     

甲状腺动脉栓塞治疗Graves病对甲状腺自身抗体的影响

目的探讨甲状腺动脉栓塞治疗Graves病对甲状腺自身抗体的影响。方法对临床确诊的41例Graves病进行甲状腺动脉栓塞治疗。术前测定甲状腺自身抗体水平，术后随访3～61个月，依据患者症状、体征、甲状腺功能等观察疗效，并定期检测甲状腺自身抗体的滴度／活性和阳性率。结果Graves病时TRAb、TGAb、TMAb滴度／活性和阳性率高于正常水平，以TRAb更为显著。介入治疗6个月后有效组TRAb活性和阳性率降至正常水平，而复发组则仍保持较高水平。TGAb、TMAb滴度和阳性率于治疗前、后无明显变化。结论栓塞治疗可以间接地纠正Graves病免疫功能的紊乱，降低某些自身抗体的产生。栓塞治疗有效者术后6个月TRAb多降至正常水平，高于正常水平者提示复发可能，TRAb可作为判断手术疗效的指标之一；TGAb和TMAb对于判断手术疗效意义不大。     

吻合单根动脉指尖再植侧支回流流体力学解析

目的研究末节指动脉侧支的解剖学特点,探讨吻合单根动脉指尖再植的侧支回流的流体力学机制。方法对10只新鲜成人尸体手标本进行乳胶灌注,显微解剖观测手指末节指动脉侧支的数量、侧支的外径．结合指动脉铸型标本观测侧支和主干的角度。用简易装置建立模拟吻合单根动脉指尖再植流体力学模型,观察模拟侧支回流现象。结果（1）指动脉末节侧支数为（12．7±3．2）支,侧支外径为（0．32±0．08）mm。约60．3％的末节指动脉侧支与主干的角度在30°～60°,指动脉弓处侧支角接近90°（2）从模拟指尖再植流体力学模型上观察到理想液体的模拟侧支回流现象。结论（1）在指尖再植术中应尽量保留指动脉吻合口近端侧支,尽量缩短指动脉吻合口与侧支的距离。（2）利用伯努利定律（ρgh±1／2ρv^2±P=C）分析指动脉侧支回流现象,这种现象是吻合单根动脉指尖再植成活的主要机制。     

CTA在大咯血介入栓塞治疗中的应用

目的探讨CTA在大咯血介入栓塞治疗中的应用策略及效果。方法对88例大咯血患者于介入栓塞治疗前行CTA检查,寻找可疑出血动脉。对出血动脉逐一进行栓塞治疗。结果88例大咯血患者,CTA检查共发现109支可疑出血动脉;术中共发现120支出血动脉,并成功予以栓塞。术前CTA诊断准确率为90．83％（109／120）。结论介入栓塞治疗大咯血前,CTA检查可为术中寻找出血动脉提供准确的解剖定位。     

甲状腺术中喉返神经损伤的预防

解剖尸体５０具，结果发现：右侧喉返神经位于甲状腺下动脉前方占５０．０％，右侧喉返神经居下脉后方为７６．０％（Ｐ〈０．０５），６４侧喉返神经入喉前分为２－５支；８９．０％喉返神经经甲状腺悬韧带内侧入喉，其入口位于甲状软骨下角前下方者占９１．０％。在此基础上，采取紧贴甲状腺腺体纵行解剖甲８太腺悬韧带的手术方法施行甲状腺手术７０例（８３例），术中显露喉返神经３８侧，未显露４４例，均无喉返神经损伤。作者认     

Graves病介入栓塞治疗的病理研究

目的观察Graves病栓塞后的甲状腺组织动态病理变化。方法15例甲状腺动脉150 mm聚乙烯醇（PVA）微粒及平阳霉素栓塞治疗的Graves病患者,于术前、术后7天、3个月、6个月、1年、3年分别行甲状腺穿刺活检,共行44次穿刺活检,其中动脉栓塞术前15例、栓塞术后7天2例、3个月3例、6个月6例、1年5例次、3年13例次。结果栓塞后7天主要表现为凝固性坏死;栓塞后3-6个月表现为纤维组织增生变性和淋巴细胞浸润,滤泡灶性坏死为主;栓塞后1-3年主要表现为间质纤维组织增生明显和滤泡萎缩,部分散在增生滤泡被纤维间质分隔包裹,难以形成腺小叶结构,滤泡周围血管网减少。结论经甲状腺动脉栓塞治疗Graves病,甲状腺组织的病理变化是在栓塞后近期内主要表现为急性缺血坏死,然后表现为持续的慢性炎性破坏、滤泡萎缩、部分滤泡增生被明显增生的纤维组织分隔包裹的变化过程。提示微循环栓塞能肯定地破坏甲状腺组织,达到治疗Graves病较好的疗效。     

甲状腺手术区喉返神经及其分支的应用解剖研究

目的　为甲状腺手术中对喉返神经的定位和保护提供解剖学基础。　方法　解剖50具（100侧）人颈部尸体标本。在甲状腺手术区对喉返神经及其分支进行定位观测。　结果　（1）喉返神经分支按其分布范围可分为喉支和喉外支,前者在入喉前多分为前支、后支。（2）87.0%的喉返神经分支呈树枝状,称树枝型（多支型）;13.0%喉返神经分支与分支或分支与交感神经链间吻合成袢状,称喉返神经袢。（3）59.8%的喉返神经分支发出部位在甲状腺下极平面以上,距甲状腺下极（10.1±7.2）?mm;8.5%的分支发出部位与甲状腺下极相平齐;31.7%在其平面以下,与之距离为（8.6±5.5）mm。（4）右喉返神经50.0%在甲状腺下动脉之前,22.0%在其之后,14.0%在动脉分支之间穿过,14.0%神经分支与动脉分支相互夹持;左喉返神经56.0%在动脉之后,14.0%在其之前,16.0%在动脉分支之间穿过,14.0%神经分支与动脉分支相互夹持。　结论　在甲状腺手术中,结扎甲状腺下动脉前,应仔细分离、单独结扎该动脉,以免损伤喉返神经和（或）其分支。     

甲状腺术中喉返神经损伤的预防

解剖尸体50具(100侧喉返神经),结果发现:右侧喉返神经位于甲状腺下动脉前方占50.0％,左侧喉返神经居下动脉后方为76.0％(P<0.05);64侧喉返神经入喉前分为2～5支;89.0％喉返神经经甲状腺悬韧带内侧入喉,其入口位于甲状软骨下角前下方者占91.0％。在此基础上,采取紧贴甲状腺腺体纵行解剖甲状腺悬韧带的手术方法施行甲状腺手术70例(83侧),术中显露喉返神经39侧,未显露44侧,均无喉返神经损伤。作者认为预防喉返神经损伤的关键在于掌握其解剖特点,熟练手术技巧,而不在于是否常规显露喉返神经。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.