经胼胝体-穹窿间入路显微手术切除颅咽管瘤

目的探讨经胼胝体-穹窿间入路显微切除颅咽管瘤的临床效果。方法经胼胝体-穹窿间入路切除颅咽管瘤21例。结果在手术显微镜下全切除10例，近全切除8例，大部分切除3例，无死亡病例。结论应用显微外科技术该入路可以切除第三脑室内颅咽管瘤，术野显露清楚，不易造成穹窿、丘脑、大脑内静脉、丘纹静脉的损伤，减少了术后并发症的发生。     

颅咽管瘤显微外科手术62例分析

目的 探讨颅咽管瘤显微外科手术的临床效果. 方法 应用显微外科手术切除颅咽管瘤62例,其中翼点入路19例、额下入路25例、经胼胝体入路11例、经蝶入路7例,根据临床、影像学术后随访结果分析临床效果.结果 手术全切除37例,垂体柄完全保留19例,肿瘤复发1例,死亡1例;手术部分切除25例,垂体柄完全保留24例,肿瘤复发5例,死亡1例. 结论 应用显微外科手术,选择合理的手术入路,可以改善肿瘤全切除率、垂体柄的保留率,减少复发率以及并发症的发生.     

复发性颅咽管瘤的手术治疗

目的　探讨复发性颅咽管瘤的手术治疗方法。方法　回顾性分析 4 0例复发性颅咽管瘤患者的临床资料。其中男 2 4例 ,女 16例 ,平均年龄 35 1岁。主要临床表现 :视力减退 2 5例 ,头痛9例 ,视野缺损 2例 ,闭经 2例 ,性欲减退 1例 ,多饮多尿 1例。平均复发时间 2 9年。 32例为手术后肿瘤残留复发 ,8例为手术肿瘤全切除后复发。肿瘤位于鞍上 19例 ,鞍上 鞍下 9例 ,鞍下 5例 ,第三脑室者 7例。囊性肿瘤 2 1例 ,实性 19例。钙化者 2 7例 ,其中大块样钙化 ( >2cm)者 5例。有脑积水者 12例。手术采用翼点入路 33例 ,额下入路 5例 ,纵裂经胼胝体入路 2例。结果　经翼点入路 33例中 ,2 2例全切除 ,近全切除 9例 ,大部切除 2例。额下入路 5例 ,4例全切除 ,1例近全切除。纵裂胼胝体前部入路 2例中 1例肿瘤全切除 ,1例近全切除。术中垂体柄保留 8例 ,术中断裂 9例 ,术中未见垂体柄 2 3例。术后多饮多尿 17例 ,下丘脑功能低下 12例 ,术后 35d因下丘脑功能低下死亡 1例。随访 3个月～ 3年 ,2 2例患者正常生活和工作 ,11例患者可做轻工作或生活自理 ,6例患者生活需要照顾。结论　虽然复发性颅咽管瘤与周围下丘脑结构有不同程度的粘连 ,但是多数复发性颅咽管瘤患者手术治疗仍可达到良好的效果     

内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路切除颅咽管瘤手术方法及术后护理对策

目的:总结内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路显微手术切除颅咽管瘤方法及术后护理对策.方法:采用眶上锁孔入路,内镜辅助显微技术切除颅咽管瘤11例.其中鞍内-鞍上型2例,鞍上-视定叉周围-脑室外型8例,脑室内-外型1例.结果:术后复查MRI,肿瘤全切除8例,次全切除3例,残余瘤体给予放疗,无手术死亡.随访3个月-2.3年,肿瘤复发1例.颅咽管瘤术前原有症状均有明显不同程度的好转.结论:内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路能清楚显露颅咽管瘤与周围结构的关系,提高了显微手术的精细度与安全性,及时有效的术后护理,提高了疾病的治愈率,防止并发症的发生.     

经翼点入路显微手术切除颅内肿瘤

目的介绍20例经翼点入路切除颅内肿瘤的方法、体会。方法回顾性分析了应用翼点入路及显微神经外科技术切除垂体瘤、颅咽管瘤和蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤等20例手术。结果16例肿瘤全切除，3例大部切除，1例部分切除；17例恢复正常的工作、学习，良好率为85％。结论垂体瘤、颅咽管瘤和蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤等经翼点入路，采用显微手术，是提高全切除率的重要手段。     

颅咽管瘤的手术治疗和复发因素分析

目的探讨颅咽管瘤的手术策略和治疗效果以及影响肿瘤复发的因素。方法回顾性分析我经手术治疗的375例颅咽管瘤病人的临床资料,分析和评价不同类型的颅咽管瘤的手术方式、治疗效果和复发情况。结果 375例颅咽管瘤病人中,鞍上型218例,鞍内型43例,三脑室内114例。手术入路选择:经典开颅翼点或额下入路288例,经鼻蝶入路46例,经纵裂胼胝体前入路23例,经皮层脑室入路17例,联合入路1例。经术中观察和术后影像学证实全切272例,次全切103例。术后病人症状改善356例,效果不佳19例,其中死亡5例。结论颅咽管瘤应根据生长方式和特点选择个体化的手术治疗方式。在保护垂体-下丘脑功能基础上的肿瘤的全切仍然是降低复发获得良好预后的关键。     

110例颅咽管瘤手术经验

目的 探讨手术全切除颅咽管瘤的有效方法。方法 110例颅咽管瘤患者,男性62例,女性58例。年龄15．0－67．0岁,平均34．4岁。其中102例患者取翼点入路,5例经额下入 路,3例经纵裂从胼胝体至穹窿间隙和第三脑室前部切除肿瘤。术中根据肿瘤位置,从视交叉前间隙、视神经外侧间隙和颈内动脉外侧间隙切除肿瘤。术中注意保护下丘脑神经结构和防止穿通动脉的 损伤。结果 101例患者达到肿瘤全切除,6例次全切除,3例大部切除。术中垂体柄保留57例,断裂29例,未见垂体柄24例。术后54例患者有多饮多尿,52例3个月内恢复,2例持续1年以上;52例患者有血钠紊乱,均在3个月内恢复;3例术后视力减退加重;3例动眼神经麻痹,其中1例1年以上仍无恢复,2例暂短性肢体瘫;4例死亡。术后随访1个月－5．0年,平均1．1年。101例肿瘤全切除患者,有4例复发。本组患者术后99例能参加日常工作,5例生活自理,2例需要生活照顾。结论 选择合适的手术入路,保护下丘脑结构和功能,是颅咽管瘤全切除并获得良好效果的关键。     

眶上经眉弓锁孔入路显微手术治疗鞍区肿瘤

目的探讨经眉弓锁孔入路显微手术切除鞍区肿瘤的技术. 方法 2001年7月～2004年6月我院采用经眉弓2.0 cm×3.0 cm游离小骨窗锁孔入路,开放鞍区脑池,显露深部结构,切除鞍区肿瘤33例. 结果 26例垂体瘤全切除19例,次全切除7例;4例颅咽管瘤全切除3例,1例次全切除;2例脑膜瘤全切除;1例视交叉胶质瘤大部分切除.术后5例出现一过性尿崩症,1例发生癫痫大发作,无出血、感染等术后并发症.33例随访4～36个月,平均27个月,全切24例肿瘤无复发,7例垂体瘤、1例颅咽管瘤、1例视交叉胶质瘤术后放疗肿瘤未见增大. 结论经眉弓锁孔入路对脑组织无效暴露少,创伤小,术后并发症少,提高了手术安全性.     

经眶-额-颞入路显微手术切除颅咽管瘤

目的 总结经眶-额-颞入路显微手术切除颅咽管瘤的经验,探索肿瘤全切除的手术技巧。方法 采用经眶-额-颞入路显微手术切除颅咽管瘤18例。肿瘤位于鞍上7例、鞍上-第三脑室6例、鞍上-鞍内4例、第三脑室1例。12例肿瘤有钙化、13例囊性变、5例完全实质性。术中根据肿瘤的生长方向,分别从不同的间隙切除肿瘤。结果 肿瘤全切除14例,次全切除2例,部分切除2例。术后17例患者获随访,随访时间8～41个月。肿瘤全切除的14例未见肿瘤复发;次全切除和部分切除的3例于术后1个月内行辅助放疗,在随访期间肿瘤未见明显增大。Karnofsky预后评分(KPS)80～90分12例,60～70分5例,50分1例,无一例死亡。结论 经眶-额-颞入路能清楚地显露鞍区颅咽管瘤及其周围结构,减少对脑组织的牵拉和无效脑暴露。显微手术技巧是安全切除肿瘤、避免穿通动脉损伤和保护下丘脑功能的重要保障,也是手术成败的关键。     

眉弓锁孔入路切除鞍区肿瘤25例

目的探讨鞍区及鞍周肿瘤经眉弓锁孔入路显微手术方法及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析25例经眉弓锁孔显微手术切除的鞍区及鞍周肿瘤的f临床资料和手术方法，其中颅咽管瘤7例，垂体巨大腺瘤11例，鞍结节脑膜瘤4例．微膈脑膜瘤1例，蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤1例，鞍区及Ⅲ室巨大胶质瘤1例。部分病例术中采用神经内镜辅助观察。结果术后复查MRI显示，颅咽管瘤5例全切除，2例次全切除；垂体巨大腺瘤全切除10例，次全切除1例；脑膜瘤全切除5例。次全切除1例；巨大胶质瘤1例镜下全切除。无手术死亡、颅内出血、感染等并发症，术后尿崩6例，3日至1月后恢复正常，视力下降2例，并发脑血管痉挛而行去骨瓣减压术1例。近期随访疗效良好。结论眉弓锁孔入路适用于鞍区及鞍周肿瘤的手术切除，具有手术路径短、创伤性小、切除率满意、疗效佳等特点。内镜术中辅助观察可提高肿瘤全切率，减少神经血管结构的损伤。     

额下-终板入路切除实质性颅咽管瘤10例报告

目的探讨经额下-终板入路切除实质性颅咽管瘤的显微手术技巧及特点。方法 2007年3月～2010年3月,对10例实质性颅咽管瘤(伴钙化)由额下-终板入路进行手术切除。瘤体全部位于鞍上,其中向三脑室突入7例,向三脑室及鞍后脚间池突入2例,向鞍内生长1例。最长径2.0～5.4 cm,平均3.3 cm。术中充分开放颅底各池,轻轻牵开额下脑组织暴露终板,切开后显露瘤体。结果全切除7例,次全切除3例。术后6例一过性尿崩,7例甲状腺激素低下,半年内均完全缓解。10例术后随访2个月～2年,平均14个月,其中6例>12个月,未见肿瘤复发或增大。结论经额下-终板入路切除鞍上实质性颅咽管瘤具有操作空间大、安全性高、视角佳等优点。术中充分打开脑底各池、解除牵拉额叶所致的各种张力及保护重要组织结构是手术成功及减少术后并发症的关键。     

Craniopharyngiomas of the third ventricle: trans-lamina terminalis approach

OBJECTIVE: Craniopharyngiomas usually grow on the cisternal surface of the hypothalamic region; these tumors can also grow from the infundibulum or tuber cinereum on the floor of the third ventricle, developing exclusively into the third ventricle. The aim of the present work was to establish the usefulness of the pterional trans-lamina terminalis approach for the removal of these tumors. METHODS: Eight patients who were surgically treated for craniopharyngiomas located exclusively within the third ventricle were considered. The initial symptoms were acute hydrocephalus in two cases, psychological disturbances in two, amenorrhea in two, headaches in one, and hypopituitarism in one. The diagnoses were established, in all cases except one, with magnetic resonance imaging. In all cases, the tumor completely filled the third ventricle. RESULTS: Total removal of the lesion was achieved in seven cases. One patient underwent partial removal. In the immediate postoperative period, no major complications were observed. Five patients required replacement hormonal therapy. All patients returned to a normal life. Many months after surgery, two patients exhibited psychological disturbances and died, the first because of voluntary withdrawal of replacement therapy (12 mo after surgery) and the second because of a severe imbalance in body fluids and electrolytes, with a subsequent hyperosmolar coma (27 mo after surgery). Only one patient who underwent initial total removal experienced a small recurrence of the lesion (30 mo after surgery); after 3 years, the lesion exhibited unchanged size. CONCLUSION: In our experience, the trans-lamina terminalis approach is a valid choice for the removal of purely intraventricular craniopharyngiomas. These tumors can be removed without significant sequelae related to the surgical approach. The proximity to the hypothalamus requires accurate neuroendocrine and electrolyte control in the postoperative period, in some cases even years after surgery.     

Removal of intraventricular craniopharyngiomas through the lamina terminalis

Summary Radical, but subtotal, removal of four craniopharyngiomas, three of which were primarily within the third ventricle, has been carried out by an approach beneath the frontal lobe and through the lamina terminalis. A good result was obtained in two cases, and in two other cases the patients were left with considerable disability from hypothalamic damage. The technique, and the indications for radical surgery on these lesions are discussed.     

Surgical treatment of anterior third ventricle tumours

Summary A review is given on the operative management of anterior third ventricle tumours, with special emphasis on the selection of the approach, the postoperative results and complications. The review is based on our own experiences with 337 cases and 340 operations, among them 198 craniopharyngiomas, 80 gliomas, 23 colloid cysts, 11 ependymomas, and 25 others.The tumours can be approached through the lamina terminals or transcallosally or using a combination of both of these approaches.The approach through the lamina terminalis is useful only in rather small tumours, because it does not allow a sufficient revision of the upper and posterior third ventricle compartments.For larger tumours the transcallosal approach is preferable. We have abandoned the approach through the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, because it does not allow an equally good vision of both sides of the third ventricle.In some of the craniopharyngioma cases it was necessary to combine the transcallosal and subfrontal approaches in order to achieve total or subtotal tumour resection.In craniopharyngiomas total or subtotal tumour removal was possible in 66% of the children and 59% of the adult patients, with a mortality higher in adults (30%) than in children (18.5%).The main causes of complications in craniopharyngiomas were acute disturbances of hypothalamic circulation and function, with water-electrolyte imbalance and other signs of diencephalic insufficiency. In glioma cases an additional important cause of complications has been haemorrhage into the remaining tumour parts.Colloid cysts could be exstirpated without mortality, using the transcallosal approach.Preconditions for improvement of results are: stricter selection of patients, proper choice of approach, excellent microsurgical technique and optimal intensive care. Also earlier diagnosis of the tumours would contribute much to better results.Presented of the EANS Wintermeeting on High Risk Neurosurgery, Budapest, February 20–23, 1991.     

Intraventricular craniopharyngioma: report of two cases and review of the literature.

Two unusual cases of purely intraventricular craniopharyngioma are presented. Both patients complained of headache as a sign of increasing intracranial pressure, but neither other neurological deficits nor hormonal disorders were present. Magnetic resonance images showed a mass lesion located within the third ventricle. Surgery confirmed that these two tumors were completely confined within the third ventricle, and histologically they proved to be squamous papillary craniopharyngiomas. Review of the literature demonstrates that craniopharyngiomas at this location have many common features and would appear to form a distinct entity.     

Surgical outcomes in 31 patients with craniopharyngiomas extending outside the suprasellar cistern: an evaluation of the frontobasal interhemispheric approach

OBJECT: Craniopharyngiomas frequently grow from remnants of the Rathke pouch, which is located on the cisternal surface of the hypothalamic region. These lesions can also extend elsewhere in the infundibulohypophyseal axis. The aim of this study was to establish the usefulness of the frontobasal approach made through a relatively small craniotomy window for the removal of tumors protruding from the sellar-suprasellar region into the third and basal cistern. METHODS: Thirty-one patients who were surgically treated for craniopharyngiomas extending outside the sellar-suprasellar region were evaluated. The diagnoses were established in all cases by using magnetic resonance and computerized tomography imaging. The initial symptoms and signs were increased intracranial pressure in eight, vision impairment or visual field defect in 16, hypopituitarism in 17, and psychological disturbances in three cases. All patients underwent surgery via the frontobasal interhemispheric approach, and the average follow-up period was 30 months. Total removal of the lesion was achieved in 22 cases, six patients underwent subtotal resection, and three underwent partial removal due to tumor recurrence after previous surgeries performed with or without adjunctive radiotherapy. Major complications, including impairment of the cranial nerves, were not observed in the immediate postoperative period. One patient exhibited transient memory disturbance due to infarction of the perforating vessels; after 3 months this symptom was ameliorated. None of the patients died during long-term follow up; however, four of the 22 who underwent total removal and six of the nine patients who underwent subtotal or partial removal suffered recurrence. Of the 10 patients with recurrence, six experienced a small recurrence of the lesion (average 3 months postsurgery); after gamma knife surgery (GKS), the size of two of the lesions was unchanged and in four reoperation was performed due to tumor enlargement during the follow-up period. Ultimately, a total of eight patients (four with recurrence and four who had been treated with GKS) underwent reoperation, with gross-total removal via the same approach or combined with the orbitozygomatic approach in patients with very short optic nerves. In no patient was deterioration of visual acuity and visual field observed after surgery. Although all patients except four children and one adult were receiving some form of hormone replacement therapy, their endocrine status was stably controllable. CONCLUSIONS: In the authors' experience, the frontobasal interhemispheric approach, even made through a small craniotomy window, is a valid choice for the removal of craniopharyngiomas extending outside the sellar-suprasellar region. Via this approach, tumors can be removed without significant sequelae related to the surgical method, due to ease of preservation of the pituitary stalk, hypothalamic structures, and perforating vessels. This approach offers a safe and minimally invasive means of treating craniopharyngiomas.     

Morphometry of the anterior third ventricle region as a guide for the subfrontal (translaminaterminalis) approach

The anterior third ventricle region acquires clinical significance in benign and malignant tumors and cyst formations, of which craniopharyngiomas and gliomas are the most common. The subfrontal approach is one of the most preferred approaches for removing these tumors. In this study, the microsurgical anatomy of 81 Turkish, adult cadaveric hemispheres was examined to provide morphometric data of the region. These measurements from the anterior third ventricle region serve as a guide for neurosurgeons during surgical approach for removing anterior third ventricle tumors.     

Neuroendoscopic management of posterior third ventricle and pineal region tumors: technique, limitation, and possible complication avoidance

The endoscopic approach has gained an increased popularity in recent years for the biopsy and, in selected cases, the removal of tumors of the posterior third ventricle and pineal region. The authors report their experience on a series of 20 patients discussing also the technical limitations and complication avoidance. This is a prospective study of 20 patients with posterior third ventricle and pineal region tumors surgically managed by endoscopic biopsy and/or excision and simultaneous third ventriculostomy. The removal of the lesion could be achieved in 12 cases whereas in 8, only a biopsy could be performed. A histological diagnosis could be obtained in all cases. No delayed third ventricular stoma failures were recorded in any patient at the latest follow-up (mean follow-up, 39 months). Severe postoperative complications were recorded in 2 out of 12 cases of tumor removal attempt and in zero out of eight cases of biopsy. A delayed (3 weeks) postoperative mortality occurred in a patient harboring a GBM that developed an intratumoral hematoma 48 h postoperatively, one patient was in a vegetative state. Transient postoperative complications included: nausea and vomiting (five cases) and diplopia (two cases). One patient developed a bilateral ophthalmoplegia that recovered within 6 months due to residual tumor hemorrhage. Higher rate of complications was found in the case of vascularized and/or larger lesions. Endoscopic management of posterior third ventricle lesions may represent an effective option. However, though biopsies remain often a safe procedure, tumor excision should be limited to highly selected cases (cystic, poorly vascularized, and/or smaller than 2.5-cm lesions).