Incidence of schizophrenia in a nationwide cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

CONTEXT: Patients with schizophrenia have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, very few studies have dealt with the association of type 1 diabetes and schizophrenia. Preliminary evidence points to a possible inverse association. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of schizophrenia in a nationwide cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes born in 1950 through 1959 in Finland. DESIGN: A cohort study of individuals born in 1950 through 1959 with a follow-up of 1969 through 1991. SETTING: Finland. PATIENTS: All individuals born in 1950 through 1959 with type 1 diabetes were identified through nationwide registers. The incidence of schizophrenia until 1992 among the total 1950-1959 cohort and in individuals with type 1 diabetes was calculated using information from 3 health care registers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence of schizophrenia. RESULTS: The incidence of schizophrenia was 0.21 per 10 000 person-years in the group with type 1 diabetes and 0.56 per 10 000 person-years in the group without type 1 diabetes (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The incidence of schizophrenia is decreased in patients with type 1 diabetes.     

Peripheral neuropathy in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Incidence and relationship to other nervous system dysfunction.

A cohort of 94 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus was evaluated clinically and electrophysiologically for the presence of peripheral neuropathy, and the results were compared with evaluations of central nervous system function. Thirty-two (34%) had some degree of peripheral neuropathy; 18 (19%) (six [12%] of the 49 asymptomatic patients, five [45%] of the 11 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS], and seven [21%] of the 34 patients with AIDS-related complex) had neuropathy on clinical examination; and 21 (23%) (eight [16%] asymptomatic, four [36%] AIDS, and nine [26%] AIDS-related complex) had neuropathy on electrophysiologic evaluation. There was a significant correlation between the presence of neuropathy and evidence of central nervous system dysfunction.     

CpG寡脱氧核苷酸对外周血单个核细胞功能的影响：1型糖尿病患者与健康者对照

背景：有研究表明CpG寡脱氧核苷酸可增强外周血单个核细胞的功能,但对1型糖尿病患者的影响至今少有报道。 目的：观察CpG寡脱氧核苷酸对1型糖尿患者患者与健康志愿者外周血单个核细胞γ干扰素、白细胞介素12,10表达的影响。 方法：将1型糖尿病患者与健康志愿者的外周血单个核细胞根据刺激物不同分为空白对照组、CpG寡脱氧核苷酸组。用RT-PCR法检测外周血单个核细胞γ干扰素、白细胞介素12 mRNA和白细胞介素10 mRNA的表达。 结果与结论：1型糖尿患者γ干扰素和白细胞介素12 mRNA的表达明显低于健康志愿者(P < 0.01)。1型糖尿患者与健康志愿者外周血单个核细胞经CpG寡脱氧核苷酸组刺激后,γ干扰素和白细胞介素12 mRNA的表达增高(P < 0.01),白细胞介素10 mRNA的表达无差异(P > 0.05)。结果提示,CpG寡脱氧核苷酸可促进1型糖尿患者外周血单个核细胞表达γ干扰素和白细胞介素12。     

Increased adherence of T cells to human endothelial cells in patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy.

We investigated the adherence of T cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells in seven patients with human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy. The adherence of T cells to endothelial cells increased significantly in all the patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy when compared with the adherence in the seronegative controls (1.3- to 2.8-fold) and compared with the adherence in the anti-HTLV-I-seropositive non-HTLV-I-associated myelopathy carriers (1.4- to 2.8-fold). Prior treatment of the endothelial cell monolayer with recombinant interferon gamma (50 IU/mL) enhanced the T cell-endothelial cell adhesion in both the controls and patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. However, values after prior treatment in the patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy were significantly higher than those in seronegative controls and carriers. The results suggest that the significantly increased T cell-endothelial cell adherence may be related to the initial stages of lymphocyte migration from the blood to the central nervous system in patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy.     

Association of vitronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels with the risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results from the D.E.S.I.R. prospective cohort

It was the objective of this study to investigate the relation between vitronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 plasma levels with nine-year incidences of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Baseline plasma concentrations of vitronectin and PAI-1 were measured in 627 healthy participants from the prospective D.E.S.I.R. cohort who subsequently developed MetS (n = 487) and T2DM (n = 182) over a nine-year follow-up (42 presented both) and who were matched with two healthy control subjects each by use of a nested case-control design. Parameters composing the MetS explained about 20% of plasma vitronectin levels. An increase of one standard deviation of vitronectin was associated with increased risks of both the MetS (odds ratio [OR] = 1.21 [1.07 - 1.37], p = 0.003) and T2DM (OR = 1.24 [1.01 - 1.53], p = 0.045). Corresponding ORs for PAI-1 levels were 1.46 [1.27 - 1.68] (p<10(-4)) and 1.40 [1.14 - 1.72] (p = 0.0012). However, the effects of vitronectin and PAI-1 levels on outcomes were not independent. The vitronectin-MetS association was restricted to individuals with low to modest PAI-1 levels (OR = 1.33 [1.14 - 1.54], p = 0.0003) while no association was observed in individuals with high PAI-1 levels (OR = 0.87 [0.68 - 1.10], p = 0.24), the test for interaction being highly significant (p = 0.0009). In conclusion, baseline plasma vitronectin is a marker of incident MetS at nine years. Its predictive ability for MetS and T2DM should not be assessed independently of PAI-1 levels.     

老年2型糖尿病合并急性脑梗死患者血清IGF-1水平与神经功能及颈动脉斑块的关系

目的 探讨老年2型糖尿病合并急性脑梗死患者血清胰岛素生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)水平与神经功能及颈动脉斑块的关系。方法 选择2014年6月～2015年10月期间被我院神经内科收治的60例老年2型糖尿病并急性脑梗死患者为研究对象,60例老年2型糖尿病并急性脑梗死患者中,按照动脉粥样硬化严重程度不同分为:无斑块10例, 稳定斑块22例,不稳定斑块28例。选择40例老年急性脑梗死患者作为疾病对照组; 选老年健康者40名为健康对照组。采用双抗夹心法酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA法)检测IGF-1水平。采用美国国立卫生院卒中量表(NIHSS)于发病1周、2周时行神经功能评估; 采用改良 Rankin 量表(MRS)于90 d时行神经功能评估。结果 糖尿病合并脑梗死组1周、2周时IGF-1水平均低于脑梗死组和对照组,而脑梗死组IGF-1水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。1周、2周时糖尿病合并脑梗死患者NIHSS评分均高于脑梗死组患者(P<0.05); 糖尿病合并脑梗死组患者90 dMRS评分高于脑梗死组患者(P<0.05)。1周、2周时糖尿病合并脑梗死患者血清IGF-1水平与NIHSS评分均呈负相关(r=-0.561,P=0.006,r=-0.672,P=0.000); 1周、2周时糖尿病合并脑梗死患者血清IGF-1水平与MRS评分均呈负相关(r=-0.426,P=0.016,r=-0.445,P=0.009)。随着糖尿病合并脑梗死患者颈动脉斑块严重程度的加重,血清IGF-1水平呈下降趋势(P<0.05)。结论 IGF-1在老年2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者外周血血清中呈现异常表达,IGF-1水平与老年2型糖尿病合并脑梗死的神经功能缺损及颈动脉斑块严重程度密切相关。     

Immunoglobulin G antibodies to herpes simplex type 1 virus detected by radioimmunoassay in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia.

Serum and CSF specimens from 16 schizophrenic patients and 18 nonpsychiatric controls were tested by radioimmunoassay for immunoglobulin G antibody of capsid, envelope and excreted antigens of herpes simplex type 1 virus. There were no significant differences in the antibody levels between the schizophrenic patients and the controls. The etiological role of viruses and virus-like agents in schizophrenia and some methodological aspects are discussed.     

Susceptibility to diabetic neuropathy in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with a polymorphism at the 5' end of the aldose reductase gene

OBJECTIVES—There is evidence that the polyolpathway is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Aldosereductase (ALR2) is the first and rate limiting enzyme of this pathwayand recent studies have suggested that polymorphisms in and around thegene are associated with the development of diabetic microvascular disease. The aim was to examine the role of ALR2 in the susceptibility to diabetic neuropathy in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
METHODS—One hundred and fifty nine British whitepatients with IDDM and 102 normal healthy controls were studied usingthe polymerase chain reaction to test for a highly polymorphicmicrosatellite marker 2.1 kilobase (kb) upstream of the initiation siteof the ALR2 gene.
RESULTS—Seven alleles were detected (Z-6, Z-4,Z-2, Z, Z+2, Z+4, and Z+6). There was a highly significant decrease inthe frequency of the Z+2 allele in those patients with overt neuropathycompared with those with no neuropathy after 20 years duration ofdiabetes (14.1% v 38.2%, χ² =17.3,p<0.00001). A similar difference was also found between the neuropathygroup and those patients who have had diabetes for< five years with noovert neuropathy (14.1% v 30.2%, χ²=9.0,p<0.0025). The neuropathy group also had a significant decrease in thefrequency of the Z/Z+2 genotype compared with those patients who haveno neuropathy after 20 years duration of diabetes (14.0% v 44.7%, χ²=13.0, p<0.0005).
CONCLUSION—These results suggest that the aldosereductase gene is intimately involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.

     

Purification of autoantibodies to myelin basic protein by antigen specific affinity chromatography from cerebrospinal fluid IgG of multiple sclerosis patients. Immunoreactivity studies with human myelin basic protein.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was purified by single-step protein A-Sepharose (Pharmacia) affinity chromatography from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and controls. Autoantibodies to myelin basic protein (anti-MBP) were isolated from the purified IgG fraction by two-step antigen specific affinity chromatography. Anti-MBP in the context of whole CSF or in purified form reacts equally to MBP prepared from non-MS or MS brain tissue. Kinetic studies of anti-MBP titers demonstrate that when anti-MBP is reacted with increasing amounts of non-MS or MS MBP, the autoantibody is immunoabsorbed by either antigen in vitro. Immunoabsorption of anti-MBP by MBP or its synthetic peptides may also be possible in vivo as a potential therapeutic tool.     

Electrophysiological aspects of sensory conduction velocity in healthy adults. 1. Conduction velocity from digit to palm, from palm to wrist, and across the elbow, as a function of age.

The sensory conduction velocity from digit to palm and from palm to wrist was determined in median (digit 3) and ulnar (digit 5) nerves in 47 healthy subjects with age range from 21 to 77 years. The decrement of the sensory conduction as a function of age was more marked in the palm to wrist than in the digit to palm segment. Sensory conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve across the elbow was also studied. Irregularities in the shape of the sensory evoked potential recorded above the cubital sulcus were found in 12.76% of cases, especially in subjects over 50 years of age. These results suggest that aging causes decrement in sensory conduction and changes in the shape of the evoked potentials, especially at points where the nerves are more frequently compressed.     

Rapid isolation of human endothelial cells from whole blood using S-Endo1 monoclonal antibody coupled to immuno-magnetic beads: demonstration of endothelial injury after angioplasty.

The presence in whole blood of circulating endothelial cells (EC) has been a subject of debate for many years. It could represent a good marker of vessel injury. We demonstrate here that human endothelial cells can be directly isolated and identified in circulating blood by means of an endothelial cell specific monoclonal antibody, S-Endo1, coupled to micromagnetic beads. The specificity and efficacy of the assay were established using normal blood samples with cultured EC added. Specific rosettes formed between EC and beads could subsequently be isolated with a magnet. The rosetted cells were recovered with a yield greater than 80%. Their endothelial origin was confirmed by the positive labelling of von Willebrand factor and thrombomodulin, as well as the presence of Weibel-Palade bodies. We applied this method to demonstrate significantly increased levels of EC in venous and arterial human blood samples in patients undergoing heart catheterization. This new whole blood immuno-separation method may be useful in determining endothelial cell injury in vascular disorders.